动态疏散决策方法研究
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摘要
随着现代大型公共建筑的不断增多,火灾隐患与火灾事故层出不穷,给建筑的消防系统带来了严峻的考验。提高安全疏散的效率以减少火灾时的人员伤亡,是当今消防疏散设计的新课题。
基于现代建筑的大型化、复杂化本文提出了一种新的智能化疏散方法——动态疏散。它有别于传统的借助于报警装置以及独立的、固定的疏散指示灯来引导人们逃生的静态疏散模式,而是通过搜集火灾现场的一系列动态信息,并对这些信息进行分析、计算,从而得出各个节点的风险大小,找出风险最小且疏散距离最短的疏散路径,即为最优疏散路径。因此疏散路径是随着环境的改变而改变的。
本文研究的重点是应用一种计算最优路径的有效方法,从而可以及时的更新最优路径,大大提高疏散效率。本文综合分析了火灾现场危险因素及人员行为特征,并深入研究了Dijkstra算法、模拟退火算法、遗传算法、蚁群算法等几种经典的路径诱导算法。由于蚁群算法具有发现较优解的能力,不易陷入局部最优,而且在所有问题上的性能都优于其他算法。因此本文最终确定蚁群算法作为动态疏散路径优化的方法,并通过实例证明,蚁群算法能够实时跟踪火场环境变化并及时输出新的全局最优路径。
With the continuous increasing of modern large-scale public buildings, fire risks and fire incident frequently happen, which bring a big challenge to the fire control system of constructions. Nowadays the fire evacuation design needs to focus on safety evacuation efficiency's improvement and fire casualties'reduction.
Based on the large-scale and complex of modern architecture, a new intelligent evacuation method which was called dynamic evacuation has been suggested. It is different from the traditional static evacuation depending on alarm devices and independent and fixed evacuation lights to guide people escaping. Dynamic evacuation is just that collect a series of dynamic information at the fire scene, and then get the degree of risk of all nodes through doing the information analysis and calculation work, and find an optimal evacuation being the shortest distance of minimum risk. So evacuation path changes with the environment changing.
This paper focuses on the application of a method calculating an optimal path effectively, which can replace the optimal path in time and greatly enhanced the evacuation efficiency. This paper analyzes the risk factors of fire scene and the behavior characteristics of attendee, and deeply does the study of the classic route guidance algorithms like dijkstra algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, genetic algorithm, ant colony algorithm and so on. As the ant colony algorithm can find better solutions and not focus local optimum, its performance is better than others in all matters. Therefore, this article determines the ant colony algorithm to be dynamic path evacuation optimization method ultimately. And examples prove that the method can track environmental changes in real time and output a new global optimal path in time
基于现代建筑的大型化、复杂化本文提出了一种新的智能化疏散方法——动态疏散。它有别于传统的借助于报警装置以及独立的、固定的疏散指示灯来引导人们逃生的静态疏散模式,而是通过搜集火灾现场的一系列动态信息,并对这些信息进行分析、计算,从而得出各个节点的风险大小,找出风险最小且疏散距离最短的疏散路径,即为最优疏散路径。因此疏散路径是随着环境的改变而改变的。
本文研究的重点是应用一种计算最优路径的有效方法,从而可以及时的更新最优路径,大大提高疏散效率。本文综合分析了火灾现场危险因素及人员行为特征,并深入研究了Dijkstra算法、模拟退火算法、遗传算法、蚁群算法等几种经典的路径诱导算法。由于蚁群算法具有发现较优解的能力,不易陷入局部最优,而且在所有问题上的性能都优于其他算法。因此本文最终确定蚁群算法作为动态疏散路径优化的方法,并通过实例证明,蚁群算法能够实时跟踪火场环境变化并及时输出新的全局最优路径。
With the continuous increasing of modern large-scale public buildings, fire risks and fire incident frequently happen, which bring a big challenge to the fire control system of constructions. Nowadays the fire evacuation design needs to focus on safety evacuation efficiency's improvement and fire casualties'reduction.
Based on the large-scale and complex of modern architecture, a new intelligent evacuation method which was called dynamic evacuation has been suggested. It is different from the traditional static evacuation depending on alarm devices and independent and fixed evacuation lights to guide people escaping. Dynamic evacuation is just that collect a series of dynamic information at the fire scene, and then get the degree of risk of all nodes through doing the information analysis and calculation work, and find an optimal evacuation being the shortest distance of minimum risk. So evacuation path changes with the environment changing.
This paper focuses on the application of a method calculating an optimal path effectively, which can replace the optimal path in time and greatly enhanced the evacuation efficiency. This paper analyzes the risk factors of fire scene and the behavior characteristics of attendee, and deeply does the study of the classic route guidance algorithms like dijkstra algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, genetic algorithm, ant colony algorithm and so on. As the ant colony algorithm can find better solutions and not focus local optimum, its performance is better than others in all matters. Therefore, this article determines the ant colony algorithm to be dynamic path evacuation optimization method ultimately. And examples prove that the method can track environmental changes in real time and output a new global optimal path in time
引文
[1]张小英,马晓茜,陶平.高层建筑火灾时的人员安全疏散性能[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(6)：124
[2]李引擎.建筑防火性能化设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：86-139
[3]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香.火灾风险评估方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2004：296-336
[4]郭铁男.中国火灾形势与消防科学技术的发展[J].消防技术与产品信息,2005(11)：3-10
[5]王旺军,黄平,李生才.2005年5-6月国内安全事故统计分析[J].安全与环境,2005,(3)：119-122
[6]王亚军,黄平,李生才.2005年11-12月国内安全事故统计分析[J].安全与环境,2006,(1)：146-150
[7]刘茂,王振.行人和疏散动力学研究现状及进展[J].安全与环境学报,2006,7(6)：121-125
[8]陈春晓.大型公共场所疏散指示标志布局优化与人员容量控制研究[D].北京师范大学硕士学位论文.2007.5.
[9]马骏驰.火灾中人群疏散的仿真研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2007
[10]Sime L. People in fires-a study of the behavioural reactions of people in a fire incident in Hong Kong[J]. Fire Engineers Journal,1996,7:21-25
[11]Melinek SJ, Booth S. An analysis of evacuation times and the movement of crowds in buildings[M]. Borchamwood:Fire Research Station,1975
[12]Togawa K. Study of fire escapes basing on the observation of multitude current [R]. Tokyo:Ministry of Construction,1995
[13]Fahy R F. EXIT89-an evacuation model for high-rise buid ings-model description and example applications [C]//International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering. Orlando:[s. n.],1995:332-337
[14]Thompson P A, Marchant E W. A computer model for the evacuation of large building populations[J].Fire Safety Journal,1995,24:131-148
[15]Benthorn L, Frantzich H. Fire alarm in a public building:how do people evaluate information and choose an evacuation exit [J].Fire and Materials, 1999,23(6):311-315
[16]Norris R. J, William E. F. The impact of exit instructions and number of exits in fire emergencies:a computer simulation investigation [J]. Journal of Environ-mental Psychology,1997,17:123-133
[17]Shields T J, Boyce K E. A study of evacuation from large retail stores[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2000,35(1):25-49
[18]Collins BL, DahirMS, Madrzykowski D. Visibility of exit sighs in clear and smoky conditions [J].Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society,1992,21(1): 69-84
[19]ProulxG, Kyle B, Creak J. Effectiveness of a photoluminescent wayguidance system [J]. Fire Technology,2000,36(4):236-248
[20]G. Cook, G.Webber, S. A. Gillham, etal. The legibility and conspicuity of emergency escape route signage for people with visual impairments [J]. International Congress Series,2005 (1282):1016-1020
[21]肖国清,温丽敏,陈宝智.建筑物火灾疏散中人的行为研究的回顾与发展[J].中国安全科学学报,2001,11(3)：50-54
[22]狄建华.模糊数学理论在建筑安全综合评价中的应用[J].华南理工大学学报：自然科学版,2002,30(7)：87-90,98
[23]陈晋,张盼娟,杨伟等.基于系统动力学模型的影剧院人员疏散策略[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(6)：125-132
[24]陈涛,宋卫国,范维澄等.十字型出口人员疏散的堵塞研究[J].中国工程科学,2004,6(4)：56-60.
[25]王辉.浅析人在火灾中的心理与行为规律.聪慧网消防行.http://info. fire. hc360. com/2005/07/12104431042-4. shtml
[26]中国消防协会建筑防火专业委员会,现代建筑防火设计技术[M].成都：四川科学技术出版社,1987
[27]王昭亚.浅谈高层建筑火灾危险性及防范对策,http://www. jxzs119. com/ Show. aspx?ID=1112樟树消防网
[28]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设[M].安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2003,9
[29]E. G. BUTCHER and A. C. Parnell著.Smoke control in fire safety design,1979,王磊译.防火设计中的烟控[M].北京：中国建筑上业出版社,1990
[30]Building Code of Australia. Australia,1996
[31]避难设计,日本
[32]G. Cox, Combustion Fundamentals of Fire, Academic Press Limited,1995
[33]Babrauskas V, Gann R G, Levin BC, et al. A menthodoogy for obtaining and using toxic potency data for fire hazard analysis[J].Fire Safety Journal,1998,31:345-358
[34]郭丹.建筑物火灾安全性能评价(BF-SPES)的研究与应用软件开发[D].硕士学位论文,重庆大学
[35]中国建筑学会防火综合技术委员会.建筑防火设计与应用[M],北京：海洋出版社,1991
[36]杨铠腾,覃潘丽.安全疏散研究综述[J].中国西部科技,2008,4
[37]李嘉华,王月明,雷劲松.火灾时人的避难心理行为及建筑疏散设计[J].消防科学与技术,2004,23(1)：39-42
[38]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香.火灾风险评估方法学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004,6
[39]史聪灵,钟茂华,徐旭炜,符泰然等.深埋地铁式站点火灾模型试验研究(3)——站台火灾[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2006.2(3)：33-38
[40]沈建明等.项目风险管理[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[41]郭仲伟.风险分析与决策[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987
[42]刘浩.交通网络分析中的最优路径算法研究[D].中国科学技术大学硕士学位论文,2007,5
[43]江斌,黄波,陆峰.GIS环境下的空间分析和地学视觉化[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002
[44]陆峰.最短路径算法分类体系与研究进展[J].测绘学报,2001,30(3)：269-275.
[45]WATTSD J, STRO GA S H. Collective Dynamics of'Small-world'Networks[J]. Nature, 1998,393(4):440-442
[46]LU Feng, LU Dong mei, CU IW ei hong Time Shortest Path A lgorithm for Restricted Searching Area in Transportation Networks[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 1999,4A(10):849-853. (in Chinese)
[47]李士勇等.蚁群算法及其应用[M].哈尔滨工业大学.2004,9
[48]周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及应用[M].国防工业出版社,2001,4
[49]席裕庚,柴天佑,恽为民.遗传算法综述[J].控制理论与应用,1996,12
[2]李引擎.建筑防火性能化设计[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：86-139
[3]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香.火灾风险评估方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2004：296-336
[4]郭铁男.中国火灾形势与消防科学技术的发展[J].消防技术与产品信息,2005(11)：3-10
[5]王旺军,黄平,李生才.2005年5-6月国内安全事故统计分析[J].安全与环境,2005,(3)：119-122
[6]王亚军,黄平,李生才.2005年11-12月国内安全事故统计分析[J].安全与环境,2006,(1)：146-150
[7]刘茂,王振.行人和疏散动力学研究现状及进展[J].安全与环境学报,2006,7(6)：121-125
[8]陈春晓.大型公共场所疏散指示标志布局优化与人员容量控制研究[D].北京师范大学硕士学位论文.2007.5.
[9]马骏驰.火灾中人群疏散的仿真研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2007
[10]Sime L. People in fires-a study of the behavioural reactions of people in a fire incident in Hong Kong[J]. Fire Engineers Journal,1996,7:21-25
[11]Melinek SJ, Booth S. An analysis of evacuation times and the movement of crowds in buildings[M]. Borchamwood:Fire Research Station,1975
[12]Togawa K. Study of fire escapes basing on the observation of multitude current [R]. Tokyo:Ministry of Construction,1995
[13]Fahy R F. EXIT89-an evacuation model for high-rise buid ings-model description and example applications [C]//International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering. Orlando:[s. n.],1995:332-337
[14]Thompson P A, Marchant E W. A computer model for the evacuation of large building populations[J].Fire Safety Journal,1995,24:131-148
[15]Benthorn L, Frantzich H. Fire alarm in a public building:how do people evaluate information and choose an evacuation exit [J].Fire and Materials, 1999,23(6):311-315
[16]Norris R. J, William E. F. The impact of exit instructions and number of exits in fire emergencies:a computer simulation investigation [J]. Journal of Environ-mental Psychology,1997,17:123-133
[17]Shields T J, Boyce K E. A study of evacuation from large retail stores[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2000,35(1):25-49
[18]Collins BL, DahirMS, Madrzykowski D. Visibility of exit sighs in clear and smoky conditions [J].Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society,1992,21(1): 69-84
[19]ProulxG, Kyle B, Creak J. Effectiveness of a photoluminescent wayguidance system [J]. Fire Technology,2000,36(4):236-248
[20]G. Cook, G.Webber, S. A. Gillham, etal. The legibility and conspicuity of emergency escape route signage for people with visual impairments [J]. International Congress Series,2005 (1282):1016-1020
[21]肖国清,温丽敏,陈宝智.建筑物火灾疏散中人的行为研究的回顾与发展[J].中国安全科学学报,2001,11(3)：50-54
[22]狄建华.模糊数学理论在建筑安全综合评价中的应用[J].华南理工大学学报：自然科学版,2002,30(7)：87-90,98
[23]陈晋,张盼娟,杨伟等.基于系统动力学模型的影剧院人员疏散策略[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(6)：125-132
[24]陈涛,宋卫国,范维澄等.十字型出口人员疏散的堵塞研究[J].中国工程科学,2004,6(4)：56-60.
[25]王辉.浅析人在火灾中的心理与行为规律.聪慧网消防行.http://info. fire. hc360. com/2005/07/12104431042-4. shtml
[26]中国消防协会建筑防火专业委员会,现代建筑防火设计技术[M].成都：四川科学技术出版社,1987
[27]王昭亚.浅谈高层建筑火灾危险性及防范对策,http://www. jxzs119. com/ Show. aspx?ID=1112樟树消防网
[28]霍然,袁宏永.性能化建筑防火分析与设[M].安徽：安徽科学技术出版社,2003,9
[29]E. G. BUTCHER and A. C. Parnell著.Smoke control in fire safety design,1979,王磊译.防火设计中的烟控[M].北京：中国建筑上业出版社,1990
[30]Building Code of Australia. Australia,1996
[31]避难设计,日本
[32]G. Cox, Combustion Fundamentals of Fire, Academic Press Limited,1995
[33]Babrauskas V, Gann R G, Levin BC, et al. A menthodoogy for obtaining and using toxic potency data for fire hazard analysis[J].Fire Safety Journal,1998,31:345-358
[34]郭丹.建筑物火灾安全性能评价(BF-SPES)的研究与应用软件开发[D].硕士学位论文,重庆大学
[35]中国建筑学会防火综合技术委员会.建筑防火设计与应用[M],北京：海洋出版社,1991
[36]杨铠腾,覃潘丽.安全疏散研究综述[J].中国西部科技,2008,4
[37]李嘉华,王月明,雷劲松.火灾时人的避难心理行为及建筑疏散设计[J].消防科学与技术,2004,23(1)：39-42
[38]范维澄,孙金华,陆守香.火灾风险评估方法学[M].北京：科学出版社,2004,6
[39]史聪灵,钟茂华,徐旭炜,符泰然等.深埋地铁式站点火灾模型试验研究(3)——站台火灾[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2006.2(3)：33-38
[40]沈建明等.项目风险管理[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2006
[41]郭仲伟.风险分析与决策[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987
[42]刘浩.交通网络分析中的最优路径算法研究[D].中国科学技术大学硕士学位论文,2007,5
[43]江斌,黄波,陆峰.GIS环境下的空间分析和地学视觉化[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002
[44]陆峰.最短路径算法分类体系与研究进展[J].测绘学报,2001,30(3)：269-275.
[45]WATTSD J, STRO GA S H. Collective Dynamics of'Small-world'Networks[J]. Nature, 1998,393(4):440-442
[46]LU Feng, LU Dong mei, CU IW ei hong Time Shortest Path A lgorithm for Restricted Searching Area in Transportation Networks[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 1999,4A(10):849-853. (in Chinese)
[47]李士勇等.蚁群算法及其应用[M].哈尔滨工业大学.2004,9
[48]周明,孙树栋.遗传算法原理及应用[M].国防工业出版社,2001,4
[49]席裕庚,柴天佑,恽为民.遗传算法综述[J].控制理论与应用,1996,12