盾构刀具的三维动态仿真研究
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摘要
在人口密集、城市化进程日益加速的今天，人们把越来越多的目光聚焦到地下空间的开发与利用。这就极大地促进了隧道及地下工程修建技术的发展和应用。在隧道及地下工程众多的修建方法中，盾构法隧道施工技术以其机械化施工、对周围环境影响较小等优点在世界各国被广泛应用。而在盾构法施工过程中位于盾构机最前端的盾构刀盘通过刀盘上的刀具对前方的土体进行切削来完成掘进开挖的任务。所以研究盾构刀具切削土壤的机理对于盾构刀盘的设计有着重要的意义。
本文的具体内容包括：
1、研究了近十几年来国内外对于刀具切削研究的发展状况和重点方向，以及各种盾构刀具各自的工作原理、适用范围和相互之间的配置形式。
2、针对刀具切削土壤过程中出现的土壤大变形问题，将Lagrange、ALE、EFG等三种典型方法做了较深层次的研究，并分别使用了这三种方法对上海典型的软粘土壤切削过程进行仿真模拟分析。分析了三种方法在土壤切削过程中各自的特点和优势，就其计算结果及计算时间等因素进行权衡比对，其中ALE方法在软粘土刀具切削仿真中得到的结果与理论数据较为一致。此外，对于这三种方法在土壤切削仿真的过程中常出现的问题进行了总结并给予了一定的解决方法和建议。
3、使用流固耦合理论以及ALE算法进一步对盾构刀具在各种工况下对土壤切削过程进行数值模拟。得到了切削过程中刀具—土壤的接触力随切深、刀刃角、后角、速度等因素改变时的变化规律，其结果与相关理论对比，较为吻合，为盾构刀盘的设计提供了相关的理论依据。
Nowadays, as the population is getting crowded and the process of urbanizationis getting faster, people are more focusing on the exploitation and utilization ofunderground space. This trend, in turn, has greatly promoted the development andapplication of tunnel and underground civil engineering technology. From numerousmethods for tunnel and underground engineering, the shield method is increasinglyused all over the world due to its advantage of mechanization and little impact on theenvironment. When the shield machine works in the course of construction, shieldcutting pan, at the top of the shield machine takes responsibility of excavation taskwith its cutters cutting soil. Hence, research of the shield cutters cutting soilmechanism plays a very important role in the design of shield cutting pan.
The specific content of this paper include:
1. The development and major trend of the cutter cutting soil mechanism overthe past decade at home and abroad, the shield cutter’s respective work principles,scope of application, and the combination schemes of different cutters have beenstudied.
2. Against the large deformation of soil in the course of the shield cutters cuttingsoil, three typical formulations named Lagrange, ALE and EFG have been deeplyconsidered, and respectively used to simulate the course of the shield cutter cuttingsoil. The features and advantages of these three different formulations have beenanalyzed and pointed out respectively. With the three formulations’calculation resultsand computing time being balanced, it was found that some results from thesimulation with the soft clay by the ALE formulation were in good accordance to thetheory. In addition, when the three formulations were used to simulate the course ofthe shield cutter cutting soil, a number of problems were often arisen. In this paper,these problems were summed up, and the solutions to them were generalized.
3. The theory of Fluid-Structure interaction and the ALE formulation wereemployed further to simulate the soil cut by the shield cutter under different situations.Contact force’s changing rules under the influence of the change of some factors such as cutting depth, cutting edge angle, clearance angle and cutting speed weregeneralized. As the simulation results were in good accordance to the theory, theyprovide theory for the design of shield cutting pan.
本文的具体内容包括：
1、研究了近十几年来国内外对于刀具切削研究的发展状况和重点方向，以及各种盾构刀具各自的工作原理、适用范围和相互之间的配置形式。
2、针对刀具切削土壤过程中出现的土壤大变形问题，将Lagrange、ALE、EFG等三种典型方法做了较深层次的研究，并分别使用了这三种方法对上海典型的软粘土壤切削过程进行仿真模拟分析。分析了三种方法在土壤切削过程中各自的特点和优势，就其计算结果及计算时间等因素进行权衡比对，其中ALE方法在软粘土刀具切削仿真中得到的结果与理论数据较为一致。此外，对于这三种方法在土壤切削仿真的过程中常出现的问题进行了总结并给予了一定的解决方法和建议。
3、使用流固耦合理论以及ALE算法进一步对盾构刀具在各种工况下对土壤切削过程进行数值模拟。得到了切削过程中刀具—土壤的接触力随切深、刀刃角、后角、速度等因素改变时的变化规律，其结果与相关理论对比，较为吻合，为盾构刀盘的设计提供了相关的理论依据。
Nowadays, as the population is getting crowded and the process of urbanizationis getting faster, people are more focusing on the exploitation and utilization ofunderground space. This trend, in turn, has greatly promoted the development andapplication of tunnel and underground civil engineering technology. From numerousmethods for tunnel and underground engineering, the shield method is increasinglyused all over the world due to its advantage of mechanization and little impact on theenvironment. When the shield machine works in the course of construction, shieldcutting pan, at the top of the shield machine takes responsibility of excavation taskwith its cutters cutting soil. Hence, research of the shield cutters cutting soilmechanism plays a very important role in the design of shield cutting pan.
The specific content of this paper include:
1. The development and major trend of the cutter cutting soil mechanism overthe past decade at home and abroad, the shield cutter’s respective work principles,scope of application, and the combination schemes of different cutters have beenstudied.
2. Against the large deformation of soil in the course of the shield cutters cuttingsoil, three typical formulations named Lagrange, ALE and EFG have been deeplyconsidered, and respectively used to simulate the course of the shield cutter cuttingsoil. The features and advantages of these three different formulations have beenanalyzed and pointed out respectively. With the three formulations’calculation resultsand computing time being balanced, it was found that some results from thesimulation with the soft clay by the ALE formulation were in good accordance to thetheory. In addition, when the three formulations were used to simulate the course ofthe shield cutter cutting soil, a number of problems were often arisen. In this paper,these problems were summed up, and the solutions to them were generalized.
3. The theory of Fluid-Structure interaction and the ALE formulation wereemployed further to simulate the soil cut by the shield cutter under different situations.Contact force’s changing rules under the influence of the change of some factors such as cutting depth, cutting edge angle, clearance angle and cutting speed weregeneralized. As the simulation results were in good accordance to the theory, theyprovide theory for the design of shield cutting pan.
引文
[1]傅德明，我国隧道盾构掘进机技术的发展历程(上)，建设科技，2000，6:80-81
[2]周文波，盾构法隧道施工技术及应用，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2004
[3]潘昌实，隧道力学数值方法，中国铁道出版社，1995
[4]宋克志，王梦恕，浅谈隧道施工盾构机的选型，铁道建筑，2004，（8）：39～41
[5]宋克志，王梦恕，盾构选型及国产化问题，鲁东大学学报，2004，20（1）：69～73
[6]乐贵平，浅谈北京地区地铁隧道施工用盾构机选型，现代隧道技术，2003，40（3）：14～30
[7]尹旅超，朱振宏，李玉珍等，日本隧道盾构新技术，武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1999
[8]宋克志，王梦恕，无水砂卵石地层盾构选型，铁道标准设计，2004，10（1）：51～53
[9]袁大军，小泉淳，盾构工法的新动向，市政技术，2004，22（增）：122～124
[10]宋克志，王梦恕，ECL技术在我国应用的可行性研究，建井技术，2004，25（5）：31～35
[11]张凤祥，杨宏燕，顾德昆等，对我国发展盾构技术的一点看法，岩石力学与工程学报，1999，18（5）：611～614
[12]丁峻宏，盾构切削及掘进的三维动态数值仿真研究：[博士学位论文]，上海：上海交通大学，2006
[13]宋克志，泥岩砂岩交互地层越江隧道盾构掘进效能研究：[博士学位论文]，北京：北京交通大学，2005
[14]G. M. L. Glanwell著，范天佑译，经典弹性理论中的接触问题，北京：北京理工大学出版社，1991
[15]孔祥安，江晓禹，金学松，固体接触力学，北京：北京铁道出版社，1999
[16]Teale, R. The mechanical Excavation of rock-experiments with roller cutter, Int. J.Rock Mech. Min. Sci. &Geomech. Abstr, 1963, 1: 63～78
[17]徐小何，余静，岩石破碎学，北京：煤炭工业出版社，1984
[18]Nishimatsu, Y. The mechanics of rock cutting, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Mining Sci.,1972, 9
[19]Evans.I, The forcer equired to cut coal with blunt wedges, Int. J. Rock. Mech.Mining Sci., 1965, (2): 1～12
[20]何其平，土压平衡盾构刀盘结构探讨，工程机械，2003,（11）：10～16
[21]何伦，盾构施工工艺及刀盘刀具切削机理的研究：[硕士学位论文]，广东：华南理工大学，2003
[22]赵伟民，诸文农，对土的三维掘削模式的分析，吉林工业大学学报,1998,28(3)：13～17
[23]高建民，桑正中，斜置旋转耕耘机三维仿真研究，农业机械学报，2002,33(5)：40～43
[24]郭志军，周志立，佟金等，抛物线型切削面切削性能二维有限元分析，洛阳工学院学报，2002,23（4）：1～4
[25]Yong R. N., Hanna A. W., Finite element analysis of plane soil cuting. J. ofTerramechanic, 1977, 14(3): 103～125
[26]Desai C. S., Phan H. V., Perumpral J. V. Mechanics of three-dimensional soilstructureinteraction, J. Soil Mech. Foundation Division, ASCE, 1982, 10 8: 731-747
[27]Chi L., Kushwaha R. L., Finite element analysis of forces on a plane soil blade,Can. Agric. Eng., 1989, 31(2): 135～140
[28]Chi L., Kushwaha R. L., A non-linear 3-D finite element analysis of soil failurewith tillage tools, Journal of Terramechanics, 1990, 27(4): 343～366
[29]Chi L., Kushwaha R. L., A non-linear three dimensional finite element analysisof soil failure with curved tillage tools，ASAE Paper 90-1546, 1990
[30]Chi L., Kushwaha R. L., Finite element analysis of soil forces on two shapes oftillage tool, Canadian Agricultural Engineering, 1991, 33(1): 39～45
[31]Kushwaha. R. L., Finite element modelling of tillage tool design, Transactions ofthe Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, 1993, 17(2): 257～269
[32]Fielke J. M., Finite element modelling of the cutting edge of tillage implementswith soil, J. Agric. Engng. Res., 1999, 74(1): 91～101
[33]Mouazen A. M., Ramon H., A numerical-statistical hybrid modeling scheme forevaluation of draught requirements of a subsoiler cutting a sandy loam soil,aseffected by moisture content, bulk density and depth, Soil&Tillage Research,2002, 63: 155～165
[34]郭志军，佟金，任露泉，耕作部件土壤接触问题研究方法分析，农业机械学报，2001,32(4)：102～112
[35]徐中华，王建华，有限元法分析土壤切削问题的研究进展，农业机械学报2005, 36（1）：134～137
[36]Bohatier C., NouguierC., Dynamic soil-tool interaction forces and flow state,Pnoc. Int. Conf. on Applied Mechanics(SACAM2000), pp.294-298, Durban,South Africa, 2000
[37]Susila E., Hryciw R. D., Large displacement FEM modeling of the conepenetration test(CPT) in normally consolidated sand, International Journal forNumerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2003, 27: 585～602
[38]Abo-Elnor M., Hamilton R., Boyle J. T., Simulation of soil-blade interaction forsandy soil using advanced 3D finite element analysis, Soil&Tillage Research,2004, 75: 61～73
[39]On te E., Rojek J., Combination of discrete element and finite element methoa? dsfor dynamic analysis of geomechanics problems, Computer methods in appliedmechanics and engineering, 2004, 193: 3087～3128
[40]Karmakar S., Kushwaha R. L., Simulation of soil deformation around a tillagetool using computational fluid dynamics, Transactions of the ASAE, 2005, 48(3):923～932
[41]Renon N., Montmitonnet P., Laborde P., Numerical formulation for solvingsoil/too linteraction problem involving large deformation, EngineeringComputations: International Journal for Computer-Aided Engineering andSoftware, 2005, 22 (1): 87～109
[42]陈国彬，土压平衡盾构机刀盘结构介绍与刀具应用浅析，中国水运，2007，7（6）
[43]闫岢宏，复合地层中大直径盾构刀盘刀具的选型与优化，工程机械与维护，2008，2
[44]李裕春，时党勇，赵远，ANSYS 11.0 LS-DYNA基础理论与工程实践，北京：中国水利水电出版社，2008，1～80
[45]孙宏图，汽车碰撞分析专家系统：[硕士学位论文]，大连：大连理工大学，2002
[46]张延军，唐红兵，EFG法在土体固结中的应用，吉林大学学报，2001，1（32）
[47]张学言，岩土塑性力学，北京：人民交通出版社，1993
[48]荣长发，孙光明，吴华，土壤切削力学，农业与技术，1997，2
[49]林就发，土壤切削，工程机械，1965，3
[2]周文波，盾构法隧道施工技术及应用，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2004
[3]潘昌实，隧道力学数值方法，中国铁道出版社，1995
[4]宋克志，王梦恕，浅谈隧道施工盾构机的选型，铁道建筑，2004，（8）：39～41
[5]宋克志，王梦恕，盾构选型及国产化问题，鲁东大学学报，2004，20（1）：69～73
[6]乐贵平，浅谈北京地区地铁隧道施工用盾构机选型，现代隧道技术，2003，40（3）：14～30
[7]尹旅超，朱振宏，李玉珍等，日本隧道盾构新技术，武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1999
[8]宋克志，王梦恕，无水砂卵石地层盾构选型，铁道标准设计，2004，10（1）：51～53
[9]袁大军，小泉淳，盾构工法的新动向，市政技术，2004，22（增）：122～124
[10]宋克志，王梦恕，ECL技术在我国应用的可行性研究，建井技术，2004，25（5）：31～35
[11]张凤祥，杨宏燕，顾德昆等，对我国发展盾构技术的一点看法，岩石力学与工程学报，1999，18（5）：611～614
[12]丁峻宏，盾构切削及掘进的三维动态数值仿真研究：[博士学位论文]，上海：上海交通大学，2006
[13]宋克志，泥岩砂岩交互地层越江隧道盾构掘进效能研究：[博士学位论文]，北京：北京交通大学，2005
[14]G. M. L. Glanwell著，范天佑译，经典弹性理论中的接触问题，北京：北京理工大学出版社，1991
[15]孔祥安，江晓禹，金学松，固体接触力学，北京：北京铁道出版社，1999
[16]Teale, R. The mechanical Excavation of rock-experiments with roller cutter, Int. J.Rock Mech. Min. Sci. &Geomech. Abstr, 1963, 1: 63～78
[17]徐小何，余静，岩石破碎学，北京：煤炭工业出版社，1984
[18]Nishimatsu, Y. The mechanics of rock cutting, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Mining Sci.,1972, 9
[19]Evans.I, The forcer equired to cut coal with blunt wedges, Int. J. Rock. Mech.Mining Sci., 1965, (2): 1～12
[20]何其平，土压平衡盾构刀盘结构探讨，工程机械，2003,（11）：10～16
[21]何伦，盾构施工工艺及刀盘刀具切削机理的研究：[硕士学位论文]，广东：华南理工大学，2003
[22]赵伟民，诸文农，对土的三维掘削模式的分析，吉林工业大学学报,1998,28(3)：13～17
[23]高建民，桑正中，斜置旋转耕耘机三维仿真研究，农业机械学报，2002,33(5)：40～43
[24]郭志军，周志立，佟金等，抛物线型切削面切削性能二维有限元分析，洛阳工学院学报，2002,23（4）：1～4
[25]Yong R. N., Hanna A. W., Finite element analysis of plane soil cuting. J. ofTerramechanic, 1977, 14(3): 103～125
[26]Desai C. S., Phan H. V., Perumpral J. V. Mechanics of three-dimensional soilstructureinteraction, J. Soil Mech. Foundation Division, ASCE, 1982, 10 8: 731-747
[27]Chi L., Kushwaha R. L., Finite element analysis of forces on a plane soil blade,Can. Agric. Eng., 1989, 31(2): 135～140
[28]Chi L., Kushwaha R. L., A non-linear 3-D finite element analysis of soil failurewith tillage tools, Journal of Terramechanics, 1990, 27(4): 343～366
[29]Chi L., Kushwaha R. L., A non-linear three dimensional finite element analysisof soil failure with curved tillage tools，ASAE Paper 90-1546, 1990
[30]Chi L., Kushwaha R. L., Finite element analysis of soil forces on two shapes oftillage tool, Canadian Agricultural Engineering, 1991, 33(1): 39～45
[31]Kushwaha. R. L., Finite element modelling of tillage tool design, Transactions ofthe Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering, 1993, 17(2): 257～269
[32]Fielke J. M., Finite element modelling of the cutting edge of tillage implementswith soil, J. Agric. Engng. Res., 1999, 74(1): 91～101
[33]Mouazen A. M., Ramon H., A numerical-statistical hybrid modeling scheme forevaluation of draught requirements of a subsoiler cutting a sandy loam soil,aseffected by moisture content, bulk density and depth, Soil&Tillage Research,2002, 63: 155～165
[34]郭志军，佟金，任露泉，耕作部件土壤接触问题研究方法分析，农业机械学报，2001,32(4)：102～112
[35]徐中华，王建华，有限元法分析土壤切削问题的研究进展，农业机械学报2005, 36（1）：134～137
[36]Bohatier C., NouguierC., Dynamic soil-tool interaction forces and flow state,Pnoc. Int. Conf. on Applied Mechanics(SACAM2000), pp.294-298, Durban,South Africa, 2000
[37]Susila E., Hryciw R. D., Large displacement FEM modeling of the conepenetration test(CPT) in normally consolidated sand, International Journal forNumerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2003, 27: 585～602
[38]Abo-Elnor M., Hamilton R., Boyle J. T., Simulation of soil-blade interaction forsandy soil using advanced 3D finite element analysis, Soil&Tillage Research,2004, 75: 61～73
[39]On te E., Rojek J., Combination of discrete element and finite element methoa? dsfor dynamic analysis of geomechanics problems, Computer methods in appliedmechanics and engineering, 2004, 193: 3087～3128
[40]Karmakar S., Kushwaha R. L., Simulation of soil deformation around a tillagetool using computational fluid dynamics, Transactions of the ASAE, 2005, 48(3):923～932
[41]Renon N., Montmitonnet P., Laborde P., Numerical formulation for solvingsoil/too linteraction problem involving large deformation, EngineeringComputations: International Journal for Computer-Aided Engineering andSoftware, 2005, 22 (1): 87～109
[42]陈国彬，土压平衡盾构机刀盘结构介绍与刀具应用浅析，中国水运，2007，7（6）
[43]闫岢宏，复合地层中大直径盾构刀盘刀具的选型与优化，工程机械与维护，2008，2
[44]李裕春，时党勇，赵远，ANSYS 11.0 LS-DYNA基础理论与工程实践，北京：中国水利水电出版社，2008，1～80
[45]孙宏图，汽车碰撞分析专家系统：[硕士学位论文]，大连：大连理工大学，2002
[46]张延军，唐红兵，EFG法在土体固结中的应用，吉林大学学报，2001，1（32）
[47]张学言，岩土塑性力学，北京：人民交通出版社，1993
[48]荣长发，孙光明，吴华，土壤切削力学，农业与技术，1997，2
[49]林就发，土壤切削，工程机械，1965，3