摘要
城市的发展改变了城市的结构,也改变了社会潮流和市民的心态。人们对自己周围环境的要求的不断提高,城市公园规划设计的趋势和方向不断发展变化,以设计师和领导者的决策为主导的设计过程已经在削弱,趋向于更加注重使用者的需求,规划和设计的目的不是创造一个有形的工艺品,而是创造一个满足人类行为的环境。城市公园设计越来越提倡人性化和尽可能的满足人们的不同需求,体现人的行为特性,使用人群的心理、生理、感情等多方面的需求,更加重视对当今社会潮流和市民心态的把握,尽可能满足人们对生态环境和心理环境的要求。环境设计成功的前提是设计者建立为使用者的行为需求服务的思想,而设计过程实际上就是探索怎样满足这种需要。
本研究选取泰安市与泰山风景名胜区结合部公园为研究对象,具体包括泰山东线入口处的虎山公园,西线入口处的天地广场,以及两者之间的环山路一线,以行为心理学的相关理论为基础,采用实地参与观察、访谈、问卷等研究方法对结合部的公园游人行为进行了归纳、分析、评价,研究结果如下:
(1)结合部公园有其不同于普通城市公园之处,如所处地理位置独特、属于泰山风景名胜区的区划、使用人群性质更为多样、本地游客为主等,体现了城市园林的职能。但在夏秋两个旅游旺季,也会出现大量外地游客集中使用结合部公园绿地的时段。“五一、十一”小长假时出现全年的两次游客接待高峰。
(2)天地广场做为泰山的主要进山入口之一,从广场的功能定位来看,更倾向于交通集散广场,具有游客集散、市民游憩休闲、泰山文化展示等职能。从使用对象来看,全天都有很多市民在此游憩健身,登山游客的使用则集中在夏秋季的上午数个小时。针对广场的遮荫性较差;台阶、公共服务设施等设计不够人性化;植物材料配置缺乏层次;入口处交通拥堵、混乱以及游客数目过多导致场地设施的过度使用等问题,提出了相应的解决对策。
(3)虎山公园位于泰山东线红门入口东侧,交通便利,环境条件优异,绿化覆盖率高,有大面积水面。公园使用者以本市居民为主,是泰安市民游览休憩的胜地,外地游客量较少,在公园一侧的王母池道教色彩浓厚,香客是其主要使用人群。针对公园建成时间较长,缺乏大规模的升级改造建设,现状景观较差,管理粗放,设施、标识不足,使用植物材料种类较单一等问题,提出了具体的解决办法。
(4)天地广场与虎山公园之间的环山路,虽然沿线景点资源丰富,景色绝佳,但因为功能定位为城市重要交通线,车流量大,不设交通灯,对徒步游人安全有较大威胁,严重影响了沿线景点的游客使用。建议将环山路定性为泰山风景名胜区旅游观光路,限制机动车的进入时间,或者只开通电瓶车、旅游观光巴士;在适合改造地段,增加游步道的建设。
The development of city has been changing the urban structure, and also transforming social trends and the mentality of the public. People’s requirements for the environment rising up day by day, the planning and designing trends and evolving direction of urban park varying day by day.the designing process led by the designers and conductor has been weakened, tending to focus more on users’needs. planning and designing are not intended to create a tangible craft, but to create an environment to meet human behaviors. City park designning today advocates more humanity and as far as possible to meet people's needs, reflect the behavior of people , pay more attention to grasp social trends and citizens' mentality , as far as possible to meet people's requests on the ecological environment and mental environment.The premise of a successful design for environment is that the designer established a theory for giving service to tourists' behavior needs,in fact,the process of a design is just exploring how to meet this need.
This study selected the conjunction area of the Mount Tai and Taian as the research object,including Hushan park near the east entrance of Mout Tai, Tiandi plaza near the west entrance of Mout Tai,and road around the mountain between the two.Based on the Behavioral psychology and some related theoretical, Done conclution,analysis and evaluation of the visitors' using condition of conjunction area park by observing the visitors' various activities, sample questionnaires, and interviewing.The results showed that:
(1)Conjunction area park has its differences from ordinary city park,such as special geographical location which belongs to Mout Tai; more various of users, local visitors are the majority,which reflects its urban landscape function. But in summer or autumn when suitable for mountaineering,there are also lots of tourists here.Two peak values of tourists' quantity appear at may 1 and october 1 holiday all year round.
(2)As one of the main entrance for climbing Mount Tai, Tiandi Plaza has functions such as tourists distribution, public recreation,culture exhibition and so on.There are many citizens recreating and doing body exercise here all day long,the tourists mainly come here in summer and autumn morning.Since so little shade on the plaza,designing of footsteps and public service facilities are dehumanizing,green plant materials used in the square are short of landscape depth,traffic congestion and chaos at the entrance to the plaza,and the excessive use of facilities because of the great quantity of visitors,the corresponding countermeasures for that are putting forward.
(3)Hushan park,located near the Hong Entry of Mout Tai,which has convenient traffic,excellent environmental condition,high green coverage and large lake surface,is regard as a wonderful resort for Taian's citizens to go to,but quantity of tourists is small.Wangmu pool,which located near the park,pilgrims are its main users.Since the park has been built for a long time, and the lacking of large-scale reconstruction,the landscape situation of the park is bad, the management is inefficient, facilities and signs are not enough, types of plant material are few ,the corresponding countermeasures for that are putting forward.
(4)There are many excelent attractions located near the ring road between the park and the plaza,but as the function orientation of the road is important public transportation route,without traffic lights,which bring much inconvenience and insecurity feeling for the tourists' using .Suggestion for that:the function orientation of the ring road should be changed as the tourist road of Mout Tai,less time can the motor vehicle enter into,or just battery car and sightseeing bus allowed to enter into,construct more side walks at the place suitable for reconstruction.
引文
阿尔伯特J·拉特利奇.大众行为与公园设计[M].王求是,高峰,译.中国建筑工业出版社,1990.
曹虹,推动无障碍环境建设,实现人性化空间[J],重庆建筑大学学报,1999.(10):91-96.
曹如姬,建筑环境心理学在环境设计中的应用[J].山西建筑,2008,34(5):5-6.
程倩.人·空间·环境·情感[J].山西建筑,2004,30(18):24-25.
初东旭、李世春.城市新园林的特质[J].中国园林,1994.(4):40-43.
储亦婷,顾远英,杨学军,唐东芹. POE方法在桂林市城市绿地系统规划中的应用[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2005(23):192-193.
冯茜茜.园林景观设计中心理学思维的研究[J].河南林业科技,2006,26(2):38-39.
付春卉.中国古典园林中的“尚圆”心理.苏州教育学院学报,.2009,6(1):42-45.
高琴.城市公园使用状况评价(POE)初探——以北京紫竹院公园为例[硕士学位论文].北京林业大学,2007.
郭国勋,杨国军.空间环境与人的行为[J ].甘肃科技,2006 ,22 (5) :143-144.
郭洁.关于城市广场的思考[J].中国园林,2000(4):18-19.
韩静,胡绍学.温故而知新一使用后评价(POE)方法简介[J].建筑学报,2006(1):80-82.
韩俊杰,陈静艳.格式塔理论对园林建筑的启发.山西建筑,2009,35(18):351-352.
洪亮平.城市设计历程[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
霍尔著.刘建荣译.无声的语言[M].上海人民出版社, 1991.
凯文·林奇著.方益萍,何晓军译.城市意象[M].北京:华夏出版社,2003.
克莱尔·库珀·卡罗林·弗朗西丝著.俞孔坚等译.人性场所—城市开放空间设计导则[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
李春明.常德市园林绿地游乐设施的设置与布局[J].湖南林业科技,2003.9:83-84.
李斌.环境行为学的环境行为理论及其拓展[J].建筑学报,2008(2):30-33.
李道增.环境行为学概论[M].清华大学出版社,1999.
李和平,李浩编著.城市规划社会调查方法[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
廖建军、付美云.城市小型绿地中设置儿童活动区的探讨[J].湖南林业科技,2001.6:94-96.
林玉莲,胡正凡著.环境心理学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.
刘承华,园林城市的文化定位[J].安徽电力职工大学学报,2002.(6):103-107.
刘秀晨.建筑形象·城市设计·城市广场[J].中国园林,2001(1):40-42.
刘琼,张朝晖.格式塔心理学在环境艺术设计中的应用[J].上海理工大学学报(社会科学版),2005,27(3):35-36.
刘翔,邹志荣.园林景观空间尺度的视觉性量化控制.安徽农业科学,2008,36(7):2757-2758,2761.
刘永德等著.建筑外环境设计[M].中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
吕红.城市公共空间的人性化设计[硕士学位论文].天津大学,2004.
罗玲玲,陆伟.POE研究的国际趋势与引入中国的现实思考[J].建筑学报,2004(8):82-83.
马利波,曹荣林.城市公园设计的重新审视.华中建筑,2008,(26):128-131.
马丽娟.人性空间—营造魅力城市公园[J].建筑环境,2004(5):66-68.
孟刚.城市公园设计[M].中国农业出版社,1995.
孟刚.现代城市公园—对人性的挽救[J].新建筑,1995(3):22.
石金莲,王兵,李俊清.城市公园使用状况评价(POE)应用案例研究—以北京玉渊潭公园为例[J].旅游学刊,2006(2):67-70.
石谦飞.环境一行为关系研究中的行为调查方法[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003(7):135-136.
孙雪芳.行为心理学在园林设计中的应用[J].北方园艺,2008,(4):162-165.
唐燕,黄晶涛.设计中的文脉传承探索—以惠安中新绿化广场规划设计为例[J].小城镇建设,2002(3):41-42.
田国行,李柏兴.园林景观发展研究刍议[J].河南农业大学学报,2004,38(2).
王坷,夏健,杨新海.城市广场设计[J].东南大学出版社,1999.
翁奕城、许乙弘.浅谈室外环境全方位的无障碍设计[J].华中建筑,2000.(2):59-61.
吴承照.滨海景观游憩开发的潜力评价与结构规划[J].同济大学学报,1995,6(2):43-49.
吴敬需,李娟.试论造园设计与人类心理[J].中国园林,1990(3):39-41.
吴良镛著.人居环境科学导论[M].中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
肖星等.城市建成区户外游憩系统初探一以兰州市为例[J].人文地理,2002(6):6-10.
熊明.建筑场与城市广场尺度[J].建筑创作,2000(3):20-27.
亚伯拉罕·马斯洛著.动机与人格[M].许金声等译.中国社会科学出版.2003.
扬·盖尔著.何人可译.交往与空间(第四版)[M].北京:中国建筑出版社,2002.
杨曙光.传统园林设计中暗藏的心理学应用[J].建筑,2006 ,(24 ):114-116.
杨新军,刘军民.城市旅游开发中的产品类型与空间格局仁[J].西北大学学报,2001(2):179-184.
杨玉梅.人的行为与城市公园设计[硕士学位论文].北京:北京林业大学,2005.
俞晨.城市旅游和城市游憩学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社2003:46.俞晨.城市游憩商业区(RBD)布局研究[J].西安人文地理,2003(4):10-15.
姚亦锋.现代中国城市公园的问题以及景观规划[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(1).
张安,丁登山等.南京城市游憩者时空分布规律与活动频率分析[J].经济地理,1999( l):106-110.
张溪明.环境心理学在景观设计中的应用[J].山西建筑,2007,33(5):349-350.
张秀珍.北京紫竹院公园老年人游憩行为的研究[硕士学位论文].北京林业大学,2007.
张汛翰.游憩规划设计研究一游憩项目设置方法探析[J].中国园林,2001(2):11-13.
赵东汉.使用后评价POE在国外的发展特点及在中国的适用性研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2007(6):797-802.
赵阳.从城市设计的角度理解城市广场[J].工业建筑,2003,(8):28-30.
郑宏.广场设计[M].中国林业出版社,2000.
周晨,龙岳林,甘德欣.“以人为本”在儿童游戏场地建设中的运用[J].湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004.6:84-85.
周丽苹,王江毅.中国城市不同类型家庭的养老比较分析[J].人口与经济,1996(4):57.
Almo F ,Andrea B. The eco-field hypothesis : toward a cognitive landscape[J ]. Landscape Ecology , 2005 ,21(1) :5-17.
CAarr,Stephen,Mark Francis,Leanne G.Rivlin,and Jader T , Clara C.Body organization and spatial representation[J]. Cog2 nitive Processing,2006 ,07(5) :95.
Donald C. Jame’s“Transfigured Nature”: Where Art and Religion Converge[J]. Journal of Religion and Health ,1997 ,36(2) :109-126.
Forman Richard.Landscape ecology[M].T.T.John wiley&Sons, 1986.
Frederick Steiner.Following nature's ad[M].Washington,DC,2002.
Friedman A, Zimring K著.环境设计评估的结构-过程方法[J].薄曦,韩冬青译.新建筑,1990,27(2):66-69.
J·雅各布斯著.美国大城市的死与生[M].金衡山译.译林出版社,2005.
Jader T , Clara C.Body organization and spatial representation[J]. Cog-nitive Processing ,2006 ,07(5) :95
John O.Simonds.Landscape architecture:the shaping of man's natural nvironment[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Book Co.,1961.
Mc Graw-Hill.Landscape architecture:a manual of site planning and design[M].New York,1998.
Norman Newton.Design on the land–the development of Landscape Architecture[M].New York,1998.
StansfieldC.A.and Riekert.J.E.The recreational business district[J].Journal of Leisure Research,1970(2):213-215.
Steven L.Cantor.Contemporary Trends in Landscape Architecture[M]..New York,e1997.
StevenR.Lawson.RobetE.Manning,Solitude Versus Access:a Study 69.of Tradeofs in Outdoor Ecreation Using In difference Curve Analysis[J].Leisure Science,2001.
http://www.xinli110.com/mainsite/xinlizhishi/huanjingxinlixue/200612/2655.html
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1240415.htm?fr=ala0_1
http://www.taian.gov.cn/zhts/task/hsgy/200711/t20071109_68869.Htm