干扰对东北次生林结构与过程影响的模拟体系研究
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摘要
森林动态模拟是获取森林演替过程中定量信息的重要途径,也是验证各种干扰假说的重要方法。为预测次生林在不同干扰情景下的动态变化过程,本文在Visual Studio2005平台下,运用C#开发语言,在Access数据库和地理信息系统二次开发控件Arcgis Engine的支持下,建立了干扰的一体化模拟体系,以描述次生林结构动态与变化过程。干扰模拟体系由地形数据预处理、气候数据预处理、植被动态模拟(含干扰)、结果分析四大模块组成。该体系在原有基于个体的集水区森林动态模型(CFDM)的基础上,改进了模型的部分结构,修正了模型的输入参数,并加入了干扰模块,以探索次生林对干扰的动态响应过程。本研究以老爷岭张家沟次生林集水区为模拟区域,首先对该地区的次生林在无干扰情景下发展变化的模拟过程进行验证与分析,然后分别探讨在3种预设干扰情景下次生林的响应动态过程。
结果表明：1)在自然模拟情景——模拟区域天然次生林在当地原生地带性顶极群落优势种——红松缺失的情况下,由水曲柳、色木槭、紫椴等主要阔叶树种组成的天然次生林能够顺利的完成演替与更新,使次生林长期处于相对稳定的亚顶极状态。验证结果表明,模拟的个体数量和次生林蓄积量的时间变化与树木的特性和森林演替规律相吻合；次生林中的树种组成和群落结构的时空分布状况也与集水区次生林的实际分布状况相似；模拟的树种年龄结构符合树种的生态对策。2)各种干扰模拟情景——单次大范围干扰并不是摧毁次生林的决定因素；皆伐干扰中,周期的选取非常关键,对于每一个采伐带,最佳干扰周期出现在60年-80年之间；择伐干扰情景中,多次干扰采伐总量最大值出现在起始采伐胸为10cm及干扰间隔周期为20年的方案中,该方案下林分密度维持在较为适中的水平,林内光照条件的优化使林木产生生长释放。通过各种干扰场景的模拟,揭示了景观水平上潜在的自然植被分布、受干扰后植被的恢复与重建等规律,探索了干扰因素对次生林景观结构和过程的影响。
Forest dynamic simulation is a significant approach of acquiring quantitative information in forest succession and a vital method of verifying various disturbance hypotheses. In order to predict dynamic changes of secondary forest in different disturbances, an integrative disturbance simulation system describing the process of structure changes of secondary forest was established on the development platform of Visual Studio by using C# language, Access database and ArcGIS Engine. The system comprised terrain and meteorological data pre-process module, vegetation dynamic simulation module (including disturbance) and results analysis module. Based on CFDM, the model structure was improved, parameters were optimized and a disturbance module for studying dynamic response of secondary forest to disturbances was integrated in the system. Taking the catchment of Zhangjiagou as study area, the dynamics of secondary forest without disturbance was firstly simulated in this study, and then, dynamic response processes of secondary forest to three predetermined disturbance scenarios were discussed respectively. Results showed that:
1) In natural simulation, the secondary forest, composed of major broadleaved tree species such as Fraxinus mandshurica、Acer tegmenlosum、Tilia amurensis, could complete succession and regeneration smoothly and then stayed in a long and relative steady subclimax status without Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis); the original climax dominant species. The verification result showed that, numbers of trees and time dependant variations of volume for secondary forest coincided with characteristics of trees and succession regulation of forest; spatial and temporal distribution of species composition and community structure of secondary forest was similar to the practical distribution; the simulated age structure of species conformed to ecological strategy.
2) In different disturbance simulations, singe and wide-range disturbance is not the determinants of destroying secondary forest in different disturbances. Period selection is the key point in clear cutting disturbance. The best disturbance period appeared between 60 and 80 years for each cutting strip. In selection cutting, the maximum of total cutting of multi-disturbances appeared in the scheme of initial cutting diameter at breast height of 10cm and disturbance period of 20 years. Under this disturbance scenario, forest density was maintained in a moderate level and the optimum of light illumination under the forest canopy produced biomass increasing sharply. Potential distribution regulation of natural vegetation, restoration and reconstruction regulation of vegetation after disturbance on landscape level were revealed and the disturbance influences on landscape structure and process of secondary forest were explored by simulating different disturbances conditions.
结果表明：1)在自然模拟情景——模拟区域天然次生林在当地原生地带性顶极群落优势种——红松缺失的情况下,由水曲柳、色木槭、紫椴等主要阔叶树种组成的天然次生林能够顺利的完成演替与更新,使次生林长期处于相对稳定的亚顶极状态。验证结果表明,模拟的个体数量和次生林蓄积量的时间变化与树木的特性和森林演替规律相吻合；次生林中的树种组成和群落结构的时空分布状况也与集水区次生林的实际分布状况相似；模拟的树种年龄结构符合树种的生态对策。2)各种干扰模拟情景——单次大范围干扰并不是摧毁次生林的决定因素；皆伐干扰中,周期的选取非常关键,对于每一个采伐带,最佳干扰周期出现在60年-80年之间；择伐干扰情景中,多次干扰采伐总量最大值出现在起始采伐胸为10cm及干扰间隔周期为20年的方案中,该方案下林分密度维持在较为适中的水平,林内光照条件的优化使林木产生生长释放。通过各种干扰场景的模拟,揭示了景观水平上潜在的自然植被分布、受干扰后植被的恢复与重建等规律,探索了干扰因素对次生林景观结构和过程的影响。
Forest dynamic simulation is a significant approach of acquiring quantitative information in forest succession and a vital method of verifying various disturbance hypotheses. In order to predict dynamic changes of secondary forest in different disturbances, an integrative disturbance simulation system describing the process of structure changes of secondary forest was established on the development platform of Visual Studio by using C# language, Access database and ArcGIS Engine. The system comprised terrain and meteorological data pre-process module, vegetation dynamic simulation module (including disturbance) and results analysis module. Based on CFDM, the model structure was improved, parameters were optimized and a disturbance module for studying dynamic response of secondary forest to disturbances was integrated in the system. Taking the catchment of Zhangjiagou as study area, the dynamics of secondary forest without disturbance was firstly simulated in this study, and then, dynamic response processes of secondary forest to three predetermined disturbance scenarios were discussed respectively. Results showed that:
1) In natural simulation, the secondary forest, composed of major broadleaved tree species such as Fraxinus mandshurica、Acer tegmenlosum、Tilia amurensis, could complete succession and regeneration smoothly and then stayed in a long and relative steady subclimax status without Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis); the original climax dominant species. The verification result showed that, numbers of trees and time dependant variations of volume for secondary forest coincided with characteristics of trees and succession regulation of forest; spatial and temporal distribution of species composition and community structure of secondary forest was similar to the practical distribution; the simulated age structure of species conformed to ecological strategy.
2) In different disturbance simulations, singe and wide-range disturbance is not the determinants of destroying secondary forest in different disturbances. Period selection is the key point in clear cutting disturbance. The best disturbance period appeared between 60 and 80 years for each cutting strip. In selection cutting, the maximum of total cutting of multi-disturbances appeared in the scheme of initial cutting diameter at breast height of 10cm and disturbance period of 20 years. Under this disturbance scenario, forest density was maintained in a moderate level and the optimum of light illumination under the forest canopy produced biomass increasing sharply. Potential distribution regulation of natural vegetation, restoration and reconstruction regulation of vegetation after disturbance on landscape level were revealed and the disturbance influences on landscape structure and process of secondary forest were explored by simulating different disturbances conditions.
引文
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[16]Mesquita R C G. Management of advanced regeneration in secondary forests of the Brazilian Amazon[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,130 (1-3):131-140.
[17]Aiba S, Hill D A, Agetsuma N. Comparison between old-growth stands and secondary stands regenerating after clear-felling in warm-temperate forests of Yakushima, [J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2001,140(2-13):163-175
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