儿童记忆成套测验的编制和常模制定
摘要
目的：本研究在已有研究的基础上,对编制于2002年的龚氏儿童记忆成套测验的内容和结构进行调整和完善,并进一步扩大取样。具体目的如下：量表建构；条目分析及信效度检验；建立儿童记忆功能的湖南地区参考标准,为进一步建立严格标准化的全国常模奠定基础。
方法：儿童记忆成套测验由13个分测验构成,分别涉及听觉和视觉即时记忆,听觉和视觉延时记忆以及工作记忆等方面的内容。测验结果由各分测验量表分及基本记忆指数分表示,如听觉即时记忆、视觉即时记忆、听觉延时记忆、视觉延时记忆、工作记忆、即时记忆、延时记忆、听觉记忆、视觉记忆以及总记忆指数等。本次研究取样来自湖南长沙市的在校小学生,共266名,其中男生为136名(51.1%),女生为130名(48.9%)。被试的年龄跨度为6-13岁,主要集中在8-12岁之间,其平均年龄为9.58±1.73岁。采用重测相关、分半相关、Cronbachα系数检验量表的信度。效度检验主要包括结构效度和效标效度两个方面。
结果：项目分析显示,儿童记忆成套测验各分测验的难度指数为0.35-0.80,平均0.54,各分测验鉴别指数为0.27-0.59。儿童记忆成套测验各分测验和基本记忆指数分的重测相关系数在0.38-0.85之间,均具有统计学意义；除即时图片回忆、延时图片回忆和延时词语回忆分测验的分半相关系数分别为0.40,0.44,0.53外,其余各分测验在0.78-0.93之间,所有分测验的Cronbacha系数在0.79-0.92之间。探索性因素分析提取出5个特征根大于1的因子,可分别命名为逻辑记忆因子、自由回忆因子、联想记忆因子、再认因子及工作记忆因子。5因子累计解释变异的75.00%。内部相关结果显示,各分测验之间的相关系数为0.16-0.96,分测验与记忆指数间的相关系数为0.18-0.92,各记忆指数间的相关系数为0.43-0.97。儿童记忆成套测验与WMS-RC的联想学习分测验相关较高,相关系数为0.02-0.76；与WMS-RC的图片回忆、视觉再认、视觉再生和理解记忆分测验有低至中度相关；儿童记忆成套测验与非文字智力测验相关较低且不显著。儿童记忆成套测验所有记忆指数及大多数分测验成绩与语文成绩相关高于与数学成绩的相关,相关系数在0.01-0.29之间。不同教学水平学校的学生在各分测验和基本记忆指数分上存在显著差异；不同职业和文化背景的父母其孩子的记忆测验成绩有差异,且母亲的职业和文化影响较父亲的更大；各分测验和基本记忆指数分的性别差异均不显著；除即时图案再认、延时图案再认外,其余各分测验和基本记忆指数均有显著的年龄差异,测验得分基本上随着年龄而递增；进一步进行多重比较分析发现,6-7岁组与8-9岁组、10-13岁组的测验得分差异较大；在各记忆指数构成中,一般以11岁为最高临界点,呈峰状趋势分布。不同年级在各分测验和基本记忆指数上(即时图案再认和延时图案再认除外)有显著性差异,进一步的多重比较发现,即时逻辑记忆、延时逻辑记忆、工作记忆分测验在一年级、二三年级和四五六年级这三组中差异显著。本研究采用标准分常模中的T分常模制定儿童记忆成套测验的年级常模和年龄常模。
结论：本研究完成了儿童记忆成套测验的编制和完善,其信效度符合心理测量学的指标；儿童的记忆水平与所在学校的教学条件、父母亲的文化程度和职业有关,儿童记忆成套测验的性别差异不显著,年级和年龄差异均显著。
Objects:To rectify and improve the content and the structure of Memory Assessment Battery for Children(MABC) in 2002 by expanding the sampling. The main objectives are as follows:①the construction of scales;②the analysis of reliability and validity;③establishment of locally normal performance in children in Hunan province.
Methods:Memory Assessment Battery for Children contained 13 subtests including auditory and visual immediate memory, auditory and visual delayed memory, working memory and other aspects.Test results consisted of sub-scale scores and basic memory index,which called auditory immediate memory, visual immediate memory, auditory delayed memory and visual delayed memory, working memory, immediate memory, delayed memory, auditory memory and visual memory index. The 266 samples are Changsha pupils,136 boys (51.1%) and 130 girls (48.9%).The age of subjects ranged from 6 to 13 years, mainly among the eights to twelves, and the average was 9.58±1.73 years.The retest coefficient, half related coefficient, and Cronbach a reliability coefficient were used to analyse the reliablity. And validity included construct validity and criterion validity.
Results:(1)Item analysis showed that children Memory Battery and the difficulty of each subtest index 0.35-0.80, average 0.54, test identification of the sub-index 0.27-0.59.(2)The retest correlation coefficients of sub-tests were statistically significant with 0.38-0.85.And the half correlation coefficients were among 0.78-0.93 in adition to three sub-testes.All Cronbach a coefficients of the sub-tests were 0.79-0.92.(3)Exploratory factor analysis extracted five factors eigenvalue greater than 1 named as logical memory factor,free recall factor, associative memory factor, recognition factor, and working memory factor. Five factors cumulatively explained the variation of 75%;and the inner correlation coefficients were 0.16-0.96,and the correlation coefficients among the MABC and basic memory index were 0.43 -0.97.(4)MABC had a higher correlation with the Associate Learning of WMS-RC by 0.02-0.76,but the rests of WMS-RC were low or moderate;and MABC had non significant relation with Test of Nonverbal Intelligence.(5) The differences among schools were significant in all sub-tests,and parents' professional and cultural background effected their children's performance.Interestingly, mother's impact was greater than father's.There was no sex difference but significant differences in age and grade.Further multiple comparison analysis showed that 6-7s group,8-9s group and 10-13s group were significantly different,and the same as grade one,grade 2-3 and grade 4-6 y. The group of 11 years old usually had the best performance.In this study, we chose the norm-T as MABC's norm in grade and age.
Conclusion:This study completed the establishment of MABC and reliability and validity in Hunan Provinice;children's memory was related to the teaching and learning conditions in schools,parental education and profession.The grade and agwas not significant.
方法：儿童记忆成套测验由13个分测验构成,分别涉及听觉和视觉即时记忆,听觉和视觉延时记忆以及工作记忆等方面的内容。测验结果由各分测验量表分及基本记忆指数分表示,如听觉即时记忆、视觉即时记忆、听觉延时记忆、视觉延时记忆、工作记忆、即时记忆、延时记忆、听觉记忆、视觉记忆以及总记忆指数等。本次研究取样来自湖南长沙市的在校小学生,共266名,其中男生为136名(51.1%),女生为130名(48.9%)。被试的年龄跨度为6-13岁,主要集中在8-12岁之间,其平均年龄为9.58±1.73岁。采用重测相关、分半相关、Cronbachα系数检验量表的信度。效度检验主要包括结构效度和效标效度两个方面。
结果：项目分析显示,儿童记忆成套测验各分测验的难度指数为0.35-0.80,平均0.54,各分测验鉴别指数为0.27-0.59。儿童记忆成套测验各分测验和基本记忆指数分的重测相关系数在0.38-0.85之间,均具有统计学意义；除即时图片回忆、延时图片回忆和延时词语回忆分测验的分半相关系数分别为0.40,0.44,0.53外,其余各分测验在0.78-0.93之间,所有分测验的Cronbacha系数在0.79-0.92之间。探索性因素分析提取出5个特征根大于1的因子,可分别命名为逻辑记忆因子、自由回忆因子、联想记忆因子、再认因子及工作记忆因子。5因子累计解释变异的75.00%。内部相关结果显示,各分测验之间的相关系数为0.16-0.96,分测验与记忆指数间的相关系数为0.18-0.92,各记忆指数间的相关系数为0.43-0.97。儿童记忆成套测验与WMS-RC的联想学习分测验相关较高,相关系数为0.02-0.76；与WMS-RC的图片回忆、视觉再认、视觉再生和理解记忆分测验有低至中度相关；儿童记忆成套测验与非文字智力测验相关较低且不显著。儿童记忆成套测验所有记忆指数及大多数分测验成绩与语文成绩相关高于与数学成绩的相关,相关系数在0.01-0.29之间。不同教学水平学校的学生在各分测验和基本记忆指数分上存在显著差异；不同职业和文化背景的父母其孩子的记忆测验成绩有差异,且母亲的职业和文化影响较父亲的更大；各分测验和基本记忆指数分的性别差异均不显著；除即时图案再认、延时图案再认外,其余各分测验和基本记忆指数均有显著的年龄差异,测验得分基本上随着年龄而递增；进一步进行多重比较分析发现,6-7岁组与8-9岁组、10-13岁组的测验得分差异较大；在各记忆指数构成中,一般以11岁为最高临界点,呈峰状趋势分布。不同年级在各分测验和基本记忆指数上(即时图案再认和延时图案再认除外)有显著性差异,进一步的多重比较发现,即时逻辑记忆、延时逻辑记忆、工作记忆分测验在一年级、二三年级和四五六年级这三组中差异显著。本研究采用标准分常模中的T分常模制定儿童记忆成套测验的年级常模和年龄常模。
结论：本研究完成了儿童记忆成套测验的编制和完善,其信效度符合心理测量学的指标；儿童的记忆水平与所在学校的教学条件、父母亲的文化程度和职业有关,儿童记忆成套测验的性别差异不显著,年级和年龄差异均显著。
Objects:To rectify and improve the content and the structure of Memory Assessment Battery for Children(MABC) in 2002 by expanding the sampling. The main objectives are as follows:①the construction of scales;②the analysis of reliability and validity;③establishment of locally normal performance in children in Hunan province.
Methods:Memory Assessment Battery for Children contained 13 subtests including auditory and visual immediate memory, auditory and visual delayed memory, working memory and other aspects.Test results consisted of sub-scale scores and basic memory index,which called auditory immediate memory, visual immediate memory, auditory delayed memory and visual delayed memory, working memory, immediate memory, delayed memory, auditory memory and visual memory index. The 266 samples are Changsha pupils,136 boys (51.1%) and 130 girls (48.9%).The age of subjects ranged from 6 to 13 years, mainly among the eights to twelves, and the average was 9.58±1.73 years.The retest coefficient, half related coefficient, and Cronbach a reliability coefficient were used to analyse the reliablity. And validity included construct validity and criterion validity.
Results:(1)Item analysis showed that children Memory Battery and the difficulty of each subtest index 0.35-0.80, average 0.54, test identification of the sub-index 0.27-0.59.(2)The retest correlation coefficients of sub-tests were statistically significant with 0.38-0.85.And the half correlation coefficients were among 0.78-0.93 in adition to three sub-testes.All Cronbach a coefficients of the sub-tests were 0.79-0.92.(3)Exploratory factor analysis extracted five factors eigenvalue greater than 1 named as logical memory factor,free recall factor, associative memory factor, recognition factor, and working memory factor. Five factors cumulatively explained the variation of 75%;and the inner correlation coefficients were 0.16-0.96,and the correlation coefficients among the MABC and basic memory index were 0.43 -0.97.(4)MABC had a higher correlation with the Associate Learning of WMS-RC by 0.02-0.76,but the rests of WMS-RC were low or moderate;and MABC had non significant relation with Test of Nonverbal Intelligence.(5) The differences among schools were significant in all sub-tests,and parents' professional and cultural background effected their children's performance.Interestingly, mother's impact was greater than father's.There was no sex difference but significant differences in age and grade.Further multiple comparison analysis showed that 6-7s group,8-9s group and 10-13s group were significantly different,and the same as grade one,grade 2-3 and grade 4-6 y. The group of 11 years old usually had the best performance.In this study, we chose the norm-T as MABC's norm in grade and age.
Conclusion:This study completed the establishment of MABC and reliability and validity in Hunan Provinice;children's memory was related to the teaching and learning conditions in schools,parental education and profession.The grade and agwas not significant.
引文
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7 姚洪秀.注意缺陷多动障碍患者的短时记忆和执行功能研究.神经疾病与精神卫生,2007,7(4)：275-276
8 陈图农.利他林对注意缺陷儿童认知功能的影响.江苏医药,1997,23(11)：806-807
9刘津,王玉凤.共患对立违抗性障碍的注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的认知特点研究.中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(2)：75-77
10姚洪秀,李国海.儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的记忆和执行功能研究.四川精神卫生,2003,16(1)：7-9
11武丽杰,陶雨春,刘爱书等.注意缺陷多动障碍儿童精神运动功能与记忆能力.中国心理卫生杂志,2006,20(4)：215-217
12刘豫鑫,王玉凤.注意缺陷多动障碍儿童认知特点的研究.中华医学杂志,2002,82(6)：389-392
13李荔,王玉凤.共患抽动障碍的ADHD儿童的脑电生物反馈治疗研究.中国心理卫生杂志,2005,19(4)：262-264
14姜荣环,王玉凤,顾伯美.ADHD儿童脑电生物反馈治疗前后认知功能的比较.中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(6)：407-410
15周世杰,张拉艳,杨娟,蔡太生.不同学习障碍亚型儿童的认知功能比较.中国临床心理学杂志,2007,15(3)：266-269
16袁秀琴,谢红卫,李纯颖.儿童学习困难的影响因素探讨.南华大学学报,2002,30(4)：344-346
17程灶火,龚耀先,解亚宁.学习困难儿童的神经心理研究.心理学报,1992,3：297-303
18陈洪波,杨志伟,唐效兰.汉语阅读障碍儿童的认知能力[I].中国心理卫生杂志,2001,16(1)：49-54
19陈洪波,王大斌,杨志伟.汉语阅读障碍儿童认知能力与脑影像学变化的关系.中国临床康复,2004,8(27)：5750-5752
20颜家睦,陈太兴.学习困难儿童的临床治疗研究.现代特殊教育,1994,2：14
21郑惠,林文璇,胡华芸.数学学习障碍儿童认知缺陷的初步分析.中国儿童保健杂志,2008,16(3)：287-289
22叶海翠,谢小玲,金丽娟等.30例lourette综合征患儿的智力和记忆功能分析.中国医师杂志,2000,2(10)：614-615
23姚声涛,陈佳琳,钟安纯.Tourette综合征患者智力和记忆水平研究.遵义医学院学报,2003,26(2)：127-129
24陈极寰,魏孝琴.抽动-秽语综合征的韦氏记忆测定.中国行为医学科学,1999,8(2)：134-135
25刘智胜,杨立志,王芳琳等.多发性抽动的记忆功能和记忆模式缺陷研究.中国心理卫生杂志,1999,3(6)：361
26刘智胜,林庆,左启华.Tourette综合征儿童智力和记忆功能的对照研究.中国临床心理学杂志,1996,4(2)：65-67
27姚洪秀,包和华,欧阳华等.Tourette综合征的认知功能研究.中国行为医学科学,2005,14(1)：60-61
28姚洪秀,包和华,欧阳华等.利培酮对Tourette综合征患者认知功能的影响.中国行为医学科学,2005,14(7)：608-609
29叶海翠,谢小玲,彭旭等.多发性抽动症患儿的智力和记忆结构缺陷及其胃复安治疗后的对比研究.湖南医科大学学报,2002,27(5)：462-463
30叶海翠,谢小玲,游泳等：胃复安治疗Tourette综合征对智力、记忆功能的影响.湖南医科大学学报,2003,28(3)：301-302
31丁玎,洪震,徐志一.乙型脑炎患者智力及记忆测验结果分析.中国临床心理学杂志,2001,9(1)：33-35
32宋峰生,袁光固,吴世政.矽肺病人的慢性毒性行为.华西医学,1991,6(1)：38-39
33马军,斯颀,叶广俊.环境镉污染对儿童学习记忆的影响.中国学校卫生,2000,21(6)：440
34陈凯良,徐家免,俞萍等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征手术治疗对儿童记忆的影响.中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,2006,13(7)：452-453
35王延平,熊希民,陆雪芬等.三种主要抗癫痫药物对癫痫患儿记忆的影响.临床神经病学杂志,1996,9(5)：270-272
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1 周世杰,龚耀先.临床记忆评估的现状及发展趋势.中国心理卫生杂志,2003,17(1)：57-59
2龚耀先.中国修订韦氏记忆量表手册.湖南医科大学(内部资料),1989：33-48
3刘豫鑫,王玉凤.注意缺陷多动障碍性别差异的认知研究.中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(6)：403-406
4程嘉,王玉凤,丰雷.注意缺陷多动障碍儿童视反馈平衡功能训练前后认知功能比较.中国实用儿科杂志,2006,21(3)：174-177
5刘建安,静进,俞红等.伴铅中毒注意缺陷多动障碍患儿神经心理及行为特征.中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(17)：3313-3315
6刘豫鑫,王玉凤.伴与不伴学习困难的注意缺陷多动障碍患儿认知特点的比较.中华精神科杂志,2002,35(4)：220-223
7 姚洪秀.注意缺陷多动障碍患者的短时记忆和执行功能研究.神经疾病与精神卫生,2007,7(4)：275-276
8 陈图农.利他林对注意缺陷儿童认知功能的影响.江苏医药,1997,23(11)：806-807
9刘津,王玉凤.共患对立违抗性障碍的注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的认知特点研究.中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(2)：75-77
10姚洪秀,李国海.儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的记忆和执行功能研究.四川精神卫生,2003,16(1)：7-9
11武丽杰,陶雨春,刘爱书等.注意缺陷多动障碍儿童精神运动功能与记忆能力.中国心理卫生杂志,2006,20(4)：215-217
12刘豫鑫,王玉凤.注意缺陷多动障碍儿童认知特点的研究.中华医学杂志,2002,82(6)：389-392
13李荔,王玉凤.共患抽动障碍的ADHD儿童的脑电生物反馈治疗研究.中国心理卫生杂志,2005,19(4)：262-264
14姜荣环,王玉凤,顾伯美.ADHD儿童脑电生物反馈治疗前后认知功能的比较.中国心理卫生杂志,2002,16(6)：407-410
15周世杰,张拉艳,杨娟,蔡太生.不同学习障碍亚型儿童的认知功能比较.中国临床心理学杂志,2007,15(3)：266-269
16袁秀琴,谢红卫,李纯颖.儿童学习困难的影响因素探讨.南华大学学报,2002,30(4)：344-346
17程灶火,龚耀先,解亚宁.学习困难儿童的神经心理研究.心理学报,1992,3：297-303
18陈洪波,杨志伟,唐效兰.汉语阅读障碍儿童的认知能力[I].中国心理卫生杂志,2001,16(1)：49-54
19陈洪波,王大斌,杨志伟.汉语阅读障碍儿童认知能力与脑影像学变化的关系.中国临床康复,2004,8(27)：5750-5752
20颜家睦,陈太兴.学习困难儿童的临床治疗研究.现代特殊教育,1994,2：14
21郑惠,林文璇,胡华芸.数学学习障碍儿童认知缺陷的初步分析.中国儿童保健杂志,2008,16(3)：287-289
22叶海翠,谢小玲,金丽娟等.30例lourette综合征患儿的智力和记忆功能分析.中国医师杂志,2000,2(10)：614-615
23姚声涛,陈佳琳,钟安纯.Tourette综合征患者智力和记忆水平研究.遵义医学院学报,2003,26(2)：127-129
24陈极寰,魏孝琴.抽动-秽语综合征的韦氏记忆测定.中国行为医学科学,1999,8(2)：134-135
25刘智胜,杨立志,王芳琳等.多发性抽动的记忆功能和记忆模式缺陷研究.中国心理卫生杂志,1999,3(6)：361
26刘智胜,林庆,左启华.Tourette综合征儿童智力和记忆功能的对照研究.中国临床心理学杂志,1996,4(2)：65-67
27姚洪秀,包和华,欧阳华等.Tourette综合征的认知功能研究.中国行为医学科学,2005,14(1)：60-61
28姚洪秀,包和华,欧阳华等.利培酮对Tourette综合征患者认知功能的影响.中国行为医学科学,2005,14(7)：608-609
29叶海翠,谢小玲,彭旭等.多发性抽动症患儿的智力和记忆结构缺陷及其胃复安治疗后的对比研究.湖南医科大学学报,2002,27(5)：462-463
30叶海翠,谢小玲,游泳等：胃复安治疗Tourette综合征对智力、记忆功能的影响.湖南医科大学学报,2003,28(3)：301-302
31丁玎,洪震,徐志一.乙型脑炎患者智力及记忆测验结果分析.中国临床心理学杂志,2001,9(1)：33-35
32宋峰生,袁光固,吴世政.矽肺病人的慢性毒性行为.华西医学,1991,6(1)：38-39
33马军,斯颀,叶广俊.环境镉污染对儿童学习记忆的影响.中国学校卫生,2000,21(6)：440
34陈凯良,徐家免,俞萍等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征手术治疗对儿童记忆的影响.中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,2006,13(7)：452-453
35王延平,熊希民,陆雪芬等.三种主要抗癫痫药物对癫痫患儿记忆的影响.临床神经病学杂志,1996,9(5)：270-272