我国生态安全立法问题探讨
摘要
当今社会生态危机日趋严重,生态安全已经与国防安全、经济安全、金融安全等具有同等重要的战略地位,并构成国家安全、区域安全的重要内容。保持全球及区域性的生态安全、环境安全和经济的可持续发展等已成为国际社会和人类的普遍共识。生态安全作为国家安全中的重要组成部分,越来越受到人们的关注。本文从生态安全的内涵、本质以及其表现和成因入手,对我国现行生态安全立法进行了评析,讨论了我国生态安全立法的必要性。同时,在借鉴美国、德国等国家生态安全立法经验的基础上,对完善我国生态安全立法提出了建议。
Ecological security is defined within a certain time or space, human and various eco-systems to maintain their structural integrity and functioning properly and sustainable development. At the same time various types of human and ecological systems to maintain a dynamic balance between the various eco-systems can provide mankind with a more comprehensive ecological services and to guarantee the sustainable development, and human development can also take into account other types of ecosystem protection and the development of a national security system. Worsening ecological crisis in today's society, ecological security and national defense has safety, economic security, financial security and other equally important strategic position, and constitute national security, regional security, important content. Maintaining global and regional ecological security, environmental security and sustainable economic development have become the international community and the general consensus of mankind. In this paper, the ecological security-depth analysis, drawing on foreign experience in ecological safety legislation, to China's ecological safety, legal issues to do further research, thereby enriching and improving our country's ecological securitylegislation.
A total of five parts, including full use of parallel structural arrangements, through the connotation of ecological security, the main features of the main problems and their causes, and foreign eco-security legislation, inspection, China's ecological security legislation, the status quo, improve China's ecological security legislation, etc., for our country ecological security in-depth study of legal issues.
The first part, a summary of ecological security, using illustrative expression. About what is "ecological security" at home and abroad there is no uniform definition. Academic discussion of the whole can be divided into two categories, respectively, from the perspective of broad and narrow understanding of ecological safety. Broad ecological security with biological cells, tissues, individual, population, community, ecosystem, ecological landscape, ecological zones, land and sea ecology and human ecology. The narrow sense refers specifically to the human ecology of ecological security system security, that is, mankind's survival of the environmental security as the target. Ecological security of the four main features are comprehensive and complex nature of externalities, strategic.
The second part, to discuss major issues of China's ecological security and their causes. At present, China's ecological security face many problems, mainly in the following six areas: land resource security, water security problems, the air environment, safety, food safety, biotechnology, environmental security, natural disasters, frequent problems. Caused by a low degree of ecological safety of the state because of the irrational use of natural resources, national decision-making mistakes, the traditional extensive production and consumption patterns, the lack of effective mechanisms for pesticides, fertilizers, feed additives and genetically modified unified effective management of foreign species into the lack of effective regulation.
The third part of the United States, Germany, Japan, Russia, the country's ecological security legislation to conduct investigations. The United States in the guiding ideology of environmental legislation from a governance-based to a prevention-oriented changes, the implementation of integrated environmental protection. In 1990 the U.S. Congress passed the“Pollution Prevention Act”, provides for a“source contro”and“3R”principles of a system characterized by a set of source reduction, pollution prevention and control to achieve ecosystem management thinking. German norms on natural resources damages, mainly in 1990,“Environmental Liability Law”. The Act emissions lead to environmental damage to industrial equipment of all the specific implementation of strict liability. Japan's“Basic Environment Act”, focusing on the protection of ecosystems, while in order to build a society of sustainable environmental conservation as the goal, and actively promoting international environmental protection, construction of ecological security protection for the Japanese legal system has laid a legal foundation system, which was constructed in order to“Environmental Basic Law”. The basic idea for the center established a complete legal system of a unified system of ecological security. Russia issued a series of policies and legal documents to clarify the state in dealing with ecological security policy on the issue for the country to protect ecological security of the legislation provides guidance.
The fourth part of the assessment of ecological safety legislation. Presented an overview of China's ecological security legislation, as well as the existence of defects and the need for ecological safety legislation. At present, China's ecological safety legislation are the main flaw of the modern transformation of China's environmental legislation is lagging behind, ecological efficiency, economic compensation mechanism has been established, laws and regulations, lack of coordination. Eco-security crisis worsening, the state must establish recycling-based society, preserving China's sovereignty claim over the environment and resources we need to establish the ecological security legislation system, and improve China's ecological security legislation.
Fifth part, proposed a change from five complete ecological safety of China's legal system. First, ecological security should be established to protect the legal system, from an overall perspective on China's ecological safety protection. Second, the establishment of economic decision-making of environmental impact assessment system in the country's ecological security, economic decision-making has played a very significant impact on economic decision-making should therefore be carried out on the environmental impact assessment. Thirdly, to strengthen our safety management of bio-genetic objective needs, establish and improve the bio-genetic safety legislation, biotechnology, genetically modified organisms and genetically modified to conduct law-based administration, ranging from biotechnology research, development, use start to the general use of genetically modified organisms, release, disposal, and genetically modified products in the market and so on various segments of the control of legal norms. Fourth, to enhance the ecological aspects of the executive authorities of administrative enforcement capacity and training of law enforcement subjects of ecological quality, strengthen the government's environmental responsibility, environmental responsibility to establish accountability. Fifth, establish a universal awareness of ecological security, and enhancing people's sense of urgency to maintain ecological safety.
In this paper, the above-mentioned five-part study of the legal issues of ecological security of our country. My aim is to provide legal support to protect ecological security, improve the ecological safety of China's legal system to better protect China's ecological safety.
Ecological security is defined within a certain time or space, human and various eco-systems to maintain their structural integrity and functioning properly and sustainable development. At the same time various types of human and ecological systems to maintain a dynamic balance between the various eco-systems can provide mankind with a more comprehensive ecological services and to guarantee the sustainable development, and human development can also take into account other types of ecosystem protection and the development of a national security system. Worsening ecological crisis in today's society, ecological security and national defense has safety, economic security, financial security and other equally important strategic position, and constitute national security, regional security, important content. Maintaining global and regional ecological security, environmental security and sustainable economic development have become the international community and the general consensus of mankind. In this paper, the ecological security-depth analysis, drawing on foreign experience in ecological safety legislation, to China's ecological safety, legal issues to do further research, thereby enriching and improving our country's ecological securitylegislation.
A total of five parts, including full use of parallel structural arrangements, through the connotation of ecological security, the main features of the main problems and their causes, and foreign eco-security legislation, inspection, China's ecological security legislation, the status quo, improve China's ecological security legislation, etc., for our country ecological security in-depth study of legal issues.
The first part, a summary of ecological security, using illustrative expression. About what is "ecological security" at home and abroad there is no uniform definition. Academic discussion of the whole can be divided into two categories, respectively, from the perspective of broad and narrow understanding of ecological safety. Broad ecological security with biological cells, tissues, individual, population, community, ecosystem, ecological landscape, ecological zones, land and sea ecology and human ecology. The narrow sense refers specifically to the human ecology of ecological security system security, that is, mankind's survival of the environmental security as the target. Ecological security of the four main features are comprehensive and complex nature of externalities, strategic.
The second part, to discuss major issues of China's ecological security and their causes. At present, China's ecological security face many problems, mainly in the following six areas: land resource security, water security problems, the air environment, safety, food safety, biotechnology, environmental security, natural disasters, frequent problems. Caused by a low degree of ecological safety of the state because of the irrational use of natural resources, national decision-making mistakes, the traditional extensive production and consumption patterns, the lack of effective mechanisms for pesticides, fertilizers, feed additives and genetically modified unified effective management of foreign species into the lack of effective regulation.
The third part of the United States, Germany, Japan, Russia, the country's ecological security legislation to conduct investigations. The United States in the guiding ideology of environmental legislation from a governance-based to a prevention-oriented changes, the implementation of integrated environmental protection. In 1990 the U.S. Congress passed the“Pollution Prevention Act”, provides for a“source contro”and“3R”principles of a system characterized by a set of source reduction, pollution prevention and control to achieve ecosystem management thinking. German norms on natural resources damages, mainly in 1990,“Environmental Liability Law”. The Act emissions lead to environmental damage to industrial equipment of all the specific implementation of strict liability. Japan's“Basic Environment Act”, focusing on the protection of ecosystems, while in order to build a society of sustainable environmental conservation as the goal, and actively promoting international environmental protection, construction of ecological security protection for the Japanese legal system has laid a legal foundation system, which was constructed in order to“Environmental Basic Law”. The basic idea for the center established a complete legal system of a unified system of ecological security. Russia issued a series of policies and legal documents to clarify the state in dealing with ecological security policy on the issue for the country to protect ecological security of the legislation provides guidance.
The fourth part of the assessment of ecological safety legislation. Presented an overview of China's ecological security legislation, as well as the existence of defects and the need for ecological safety legislation. At present, China's ecological safety legislation are the main flaw of the modern transformation of China's environmental legislation is lagging behind, ecological efficiency, economic compensation mechanism has been established, laws and regulations, lack of coordination. Eco-security crisis worsening, the state must establish recycling-based society, preserving China's sovereignty claim over the environment and resources we need to establish the ecological security legislation system, and improve China's ecological security legislation.
Fifth part, proposed a change from five complete ecological safety of China's legal system. First, ecological security should be established to protect the legal system, from an overall perspective on China's ecological safety protection. Second, the establishment of economic decision-making of environmental impact assessment system in the country's ecological security, economic decision-making has played a very significant impact on economic decision-making should therefore be carried out on the environmental impact assessment. Thirdly, to strengthen our safety management of bio-genetic objective needs, establish and improve the bio-genetic safety legislation, biotechnology, genetically modified organisms and genetically modified to conduct law-based administration, ranging from biotechnology research, development, use start to the general use of genetically modified organisms, release, disposal, and genetically modified products in the market and so on various segments of the control of legal norms. Fourth, to enhance the ecological aspects of the executive authorities of administrative enforcement capacity and training of law enforcement subjects of ecological quality, strengthen the government's environmental responsibility, environmental responsibility to establish accountability. Fifth, establish a universal awareness of ecological security, and enhancing people's sense of urgency to maintain ecological safety.
In this paper, the above-mentioned five-part study of the legal issues of ecological security of our country. My aim is to provide legal support to protect ecological security, improve the ecological safety of China's legal system to better protect China's ecological safety.
引文
[1]陈星、周成虎:《生态安全:国内外研究综述》,《地理科学进展》2005年第6期,第10页。
[2]肖笃宁、陈文波、郭福良:《论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容》,《应用生态学报》2002年第3期,第355页。
[3]参见陈国阶:《论生态安全》,《重庆环境科学》2002年第3期,第3页。
[4]杨京平:《生态安全的系统分析》,化学工业出版社2002年第1版,第131-132页。
[5]参见江伟钰:《论依法架构国家生态安全体系》,《天中学刊》2003年第3期,第46页。
[6]参见余谋昌:《论生态安全的概念及其主要特点》,《清华大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2004年第2期,第33页。
[7]参见张辉:《论生态安全原则》,《环境法治与建设和谐社会——2007年全国环境资源法学研讨会(2007.8.12-15·兰州)论文集》,第1323页。
[8]陈国阶:《论生态安全》,《重庆环境》2002第3期,第2页。
[9]参见余谋昌:《论生态安全的概念及其主要特点》,《清华大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2004年第2期,第34页。
[10]邹长新、沈渭寿:《生态安全研究进展》,《农村生态环境》2003年第1期,第57页。
[11]张才琴:《我国生态安全问题的法律对策》,《经营与管理》2007年第9期,第51页。
[12]向为化:《论我国生态安全建设的法律支持》,《商场现代化》2006年5月下旬刊,第216页。
[13]周珂、王权典:《论国家生态环境安全法律问题》,《江海学刊》2003年第1期,第117页。
[14]参见张晓:《我国生态安全的法律思考》,《河南省政法管理干部学院学报》2003年第6期,第110页。
[15]赵同军:《浅议我国生态安全法律保护的必要性》,《国家林业局管理干部学院学报》2006年第4期,第41页。
[16]参见靳国胜、王文旭:《全球化背景下我国生态安全问题及应对措施》,《攀镫》(双月刊)2008年第5期,第77页。
[17]参见蔡守秋:《论综合生态系统管理法的发展概况》,《甘肃政法学院学报》2006年第5期,第8-9页。
[18]王树义、刘静:《美国自然资源损害赔偿制度探析》,《法学评论》2009年第1期,第72-73页。
[19]王树义、刘静:《美国自然资源损害赔偿制度探析》,《法学评论》2009年第1期,第72页。
[20]参见罗丽:《日本生态安全保护法律制度研究》,《河北法学》2006年第6期,第122页。
[21]参见颜士鹏:《论俄罗斯生态安全的立法保障及其对我国的借鉴意义》,《2005年武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议论文集》,第98页。
[22]陈国生:《论我国生态安全建设的法律保障》,《南华大学学报》(社会科学版)2003年9月第4卷第3期,第74页。
[23]参见周珂、王权典:《论国家生态环境安全法律问题》,《江海学刊》2003年1月,第114页。
[24]参见王明远:《中国环境侵权救济法律制度的现状与完善》,《环境导刊》2000年3月,第7-11页。
[25]参见朱坦:《循环经济与循环型社会》,《人民日报海外版》2005年3月30日,第1版。
[26]张梓太:《论国家环境权》,《政治与法律》1998年第1期,第37页。
[27]参见李亚杰:《生物基因安全呼唤立法》,《人民日报海外版》2001年4月7日,第9版。
[28]李艳芳:《我国生态安全的现状与法律保障》,《法商研究》2004年第2期,第74页。
[29]参见陈国生:《论我国生态安全建设的法律保障》,《南华大学学报》(社会科学版)2003年第3期,第76页。
[30]靳国胜、王文旭:《全球化背景下我国生态安全问题及应对措施》,《攀镫》(双月刊)2008年第5期,第78页。
1.王树义:《生态安全及其立法问题专题研究》,科学出版社2007年第1版。
2.杨京平:《生态安全的系统分析》,化学工业出版社2002年第1版。
3.周珂:《生态环境法论》,法律出版社2001年第1版。
4.曲格平:《关注中国生态安全》,中国环境科学出版社2004年第1版。
5.贺培育、杨畅:《中国生态安全报告-预警与风险化解》,红旗出版社2009年第1版。
1.周珂、王权典:《论国家生态环境安全法律问题》,《江海学刊》2003年第1期。
2.王树义:《生态安全及其立法问题探讨》,《武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议论文集》2005年。
3.张才琴、黄英:《试论我国生态安全问题的法律对策》,《武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议》2005年。
4.张晓:《我国生态安全的法律思考》,《河南省政法管理干部学院学报》2003年第6期。
5.赵惊涛:《生态安全与法律秩序》,《当代法学》2004年第3期。
6.曹鼎新:《生态安全研究进展》,《江西化工》2008年第4期。
7.马艳丽:《论我国的生态安全及其法律保障》,《河北环境保护》2006年第4期。
8.赵同军:《浅议我国生态安全法律保护的必要性》,《国家林业局管理干部学院学报》2006年第4期。
9.李艳芳:《我国生态安全的现状与法律保障》,《法商研究》2004年第2期。
10.陈国生:《论我国生态安全建设的法律保障》,《南华大学学报》(社会科学版)2003年第3期。
11.向卫华:《论我国生态安全建设的法律支持》,《商场现代化》2006年第15期。
12.颜士鹏:《论俄罗斯生态安全的立法保障及其对我国的借鉴意义》,《武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议论文集》2005年。
13.靳国胜、王文旭:《全球化背景下我国生态安全问题及应对措施》,《攀镫》2008年第5期。
14.陈国阶:《论生态安全》,《重庆环境科学》2002年第3期。
15.毛正刚:《生态安全问题及其对策》,《中共成都市委党校学报》2005年第2期。
16.周毅:《中国生态环境安全》,《青岛科技大学学报》2003年第2期。
17.周珂、王权典:《我国生态安全的法律价值与法律体系之初探》,《华南农业大学学报》2002年第1期。
18.王韩民:《国家生态安全概念评价及对策》,《管理世界》2001年第2期。
19.江伟钰:《论依法架构国家生态安全体系》,《天中学刊》2003年第6期。
20.肖笃宁、陈文波、郭福良:《论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容》,《应用生态学报》2002年第3期。
21.蔡守秋:《论环境安全问题》,《安全与环境学报》2001年第5期。
22.张德尧、程晓冰:《我国水环境问题及对策》,《水利简报》第21-23期。
23.陈星、周成虎:《生态安全:国内外研究综述》,《地理科学进展》2005年第6期。
24.蔡守秋:《论综合生态系统管理法的发展概况》,《甘肃政法学院学报》2006年第5期。
25.王树义、刘静:《美国自然资源损害赔偿制度探析》,《法学评论》2009年第1期。
26.罗丽:《日本生态安全保护法律制度研究》,《河北法学》2006年第6期。
27.朱坦:《循环经济与循环型社会》,《人民日报海外版》2005年03月30日第1版。
28.李亚杰:《生物基因安全呼唤立法》,《人民日报海外版》2001年4月7日。
29.张梓太:《论国家环境权》,《政治与法律》1998年第1期。
[2]肖笃宁、陈文波、郭福良:《论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容》,《应用生态学报》2002年第3期,第355页。
[3]参见陈国阶:《论生态安全》,《重庆环境科学》2002年第3期,第3页。
[4]杨京平:《生态安全的系统分析》,化学工业出版社2002年第1版,第131-132页。
[5]参见江伟钰:《论依法架构国家生态安全体系》,《天中学刊》2003年第3期,第46页。
[6]参见余谋昌:《论生态安全的概念及其主要特点》,《清华大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2004年第2期,第33页。
[7]参见张辉:《论生态安全原则》,《环境法治与建设和谐社会——2007年全国环境资源法学研讨会(2007.8.12-15·兰州)论文集》,第1323页。
[8]陈国阶:《论生态安全》,《重庆环境》2002第3期,第2页。
[9]参见余谋昌:《论生态安全的概念及其主要特点》,《清华大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2004年第2期,第34页。
[10]邹长新、沈渭寿:《生态安全研究进展》,《农村生态环境》2003年第1期,第57页。
[11]张才琴:《我国生态安全问题的法律对策》,《经营与管理》2007年第9期,第51页。
[12]向为化:《论我国生态安全建设的法律支持》,《商场现代化》2006年5月下旬刊,第216页。
[13]周珂、王权典:《论国家生态环境安全法律问题》,《江海学刊》2003年第1期,第117页。
[14]参见张晓:《我国生态安全的法律思考》,《河南省政法管理干部学院学报》2003年第6期,第110页。
[15]赵同军:《浅议我国生态安全法律保护的必要性》,《国家林业局管理干部学院学报》2006年第4期,第41页。
[16]参见靳国胜、王文旭:《全球化背景下我国生态安全问题及应对措施》,《攀镫》(双月刊)2008年第5期,第77页。
[17]参见蔡守秋:《论综合生态系统管理法的发展概况》,《甘肃政法学院学报》2006年第5期,第8-9页。
[18]王树义、刘静:《美国自然资源损害赔偿制度探析》,《法学评论》2009年第1期,第72-73页。
[19]王树义、刘静:《美国自然资源损害赔偿制度探析》,《法学评论》2009年第1期,第72页。
[20]参见罗丽:《日本生态安全保护法律制度研究》,《河北法学》2006年第6期,第122页。
[21]参见颜士鹏:《论俄罗斯生态安全的立法保障及其对我国的借鉴意义》,《2005年武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议论文集》,第98页。
[22]陈国生:《论我国生态安全建设的法律保障》,《南华大学学报》(社会科学版)2003年9月第4卷第3期,第74页。
[23]参见周珂、王权典:《论国家生态环境安全法律问题》,《江海学刊》2003年1月,第114页。
[24]参见王明远:《中国环境侵权救济法律制度的现状与完善》,《环境导刊》2000年3月,第7-11页。
[25]参见朱坦:《循环经济与循环型社会》,《人民日报海外版》2005年3月30日,第1版。
[26]张梓太:《论国家环境权》,《政治与法律》1998年第1期,第37页。
[27]参见李亚杰:《生物基因安全呼唤立法》,《人民日报海外版》2001年4月7日,第9版。
[28]李艳芳:《我国生态安全的现状与法律保障》,《法商研究》2004年第2期,第74页。
[29]参见陈国生:《论我国生态安全建设的法律保障》,《南华大学学报》(社会科学版)2003年第3期,第76页。
[30]靳国胜、王文旭:《全球化背景下我国生态安全问题及应对措施》,《攀镫》(双月刊)2008年第5期,第78页。
1.王树义:《生态安全及其立法问题专题研究》,科学出版社2007年第1版。
2.杨京平:《生态安全的系统分析》,化学工业出版社2002年第1版。
3.周珂:《生态环境法论》,法律出版社2001年第1版。
4.曲格平:《关注中国生态安全》,中国环境科学出版社2004年第1版。
5.贺培育、杨畅:《中国生态安全报告-预警与风险化解》,红旗出版社2009年第1版。
1.周珂、王权典:《论国家生态环境安全法律问题》,《江海学刊》2003年第1期。
2.王树义:《生态安全及其立法问题探讨》,《武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议论文集》2005年。
3.张才琴、黄英:《试论我国生态安全问题的法律对策》,《武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议》2005年。
4.张晓:《我国生态安全的法律思考》,《河南省政法管理干部学院学报》2003年第6期。
5.赵惊涛:《生态安全与法律秩序》,《当代法学》2004年第3期。
6.曹鼎新:《生态安全研究进展》,《江西化工》2008年第4期。
7.马艳丽:《论我国的生态安全及其法律保障》,《河北环境保护》2006年第4期。
8.赵同军:《浅议我国生态安全法律保护的必要性》,《国家林业局管理干部学院学报》2006年第4期。
9.李艳芳:《我国生态安全的现状与法律保障》,《法商研究》2004年第2期。
10.陈国生:《论我国生态安全建设的法律保障》,《南华大学学报》(社会科学版)2003年第3期。
11.向卫华:《论我国生态安全建设的法律支持》,《商场现代化》2006年第15期。
12.颜士鹏:《论俄罗斯生态安全的立法保障及其对我国的借鉴意义》,《武汉大学环境法研究所基地会议论文集》2005年。
13.靳国胜、王文旭:《全球化背景下我国生态安全问题及应对措施》,《攀镫》2008年第5期。
14.陈国阶:《论生态安全》,《重庆环境科学》2002年第3期。
15.毛正刚:《生态安全问题及其对策》,《中共成都市委党校学报》2005年第2期。
16.周毅:《中国生态环境安全》,《青岛科技大学学报》2003年第2期。
17.周珂、王权典:《我国生态安全的法律价值与法律体系之初探》,《华南农业大学学报》2002年第1期。
18.王韩民:《国家生态安全概念评价及对策》,《管理世界》2001年第2期。
19.江伟钰:《论依法架构国家生态安全体系》,《天中学刊》2003年第6期。
20.肖笃宁、陈文波、郭福良:《论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容》,《应用生态学报》2002年第3期。
21.蔡守秋:《论环境安全问题》,《安全与环境学报》2001年第5期。
22.张德尧、程晓冰:《我国水环境问题及对策》,《水利简报》第21-23期。
23.陈星、周成虎:《生态安全:国内外研究综述》,《地理科学进展》2005年第6期。
24.蔡守秋:《论综合生态系统管理法的发展概况》,《甘肃政法学院学报》2006年第5期。
25.王树义、刘静:《美国自然资源损害赔偿制度探析》,《法学评论》2009年第1期。
26.罗丽:《日本生态安全保护法律制度研究》,《河北法学》2006年第6期。
27.朱坦:《循环经济与循环型社会》,《人民日报海外版》2005年03月30日第1版。
28.李亚杰:《生物基因安全呼唤立法》,《人民日报海外版》2001年4月7日。
29.张梓太:《论国家环境权》,《政治与法律》1998年第1期。