煤碳资源开发生态补偿机制研究
|
摘要
改革开放以来,中国经济获得了突飞猛进的发展,经济建设取得了举世瞩目的成就。这当中能源的开发和利用在拉动经济增长,推进国民经济较快发展中扮演了至关重要的角色。但随着能源的开发和利用,生态和环境问题也已经日渐成为阻碍社会经济发展的瓶颈。
党的十七大明确提出要转变经济发展方式,并将资源环境问题作为推进国民经济又好又快发展的关键问题来抓。科学发展观强调以人为本,全面、协调、可持续发展,对生态建设给予高度重视,并采取了一系列加强生态保护和环境建设的政策措施,有力地促进了生态状况的改善。生态保护与经济利益关系的扭曲,不仅使中国的生态保护面临很大困难,而且也影响了利益相关者之间的和谐。因此,针对于矿产资源开发中的对生态环境的破坏问题,如何调整矿产资源开发中生态损害与保护的关系,建立生态补偿机制以加速矿区生态环境的修复,就成为我国当前一项十分重要的任务。
本文以陕北能源化工基地为切入点,围绕生态环境破坏问题展开论述。主要包括以下内容：第一章是导论,包括文章的研究背景、意义和方法,以及有关生态环境价值和生态补偿理论的国内外研究综述等；第二章对陕北煤炭开发现状及对生态环境造成的破坏、原因进行分析；第三章对陕北能源化工基地煤炭资源生态补偿机制的理论进行分析：第四章介绍陕北能源化工基地煤炭开发生态补偿机制的确立；第五章为态补偿机制建立的政策支持体系。
本文的数据来源于调研中相关资源部门提供的统计数据,包括陕西省统计年鉴和《陕西省榆林市环境质量报告书2001—2005年》。当前,资源开发补偿的问题不仅仅是陕北能源化工基地所特有的,我国很多资源型的城市都面临着同样的问题,都期待寻求破解之道,本研究的结果可以为其提供参考和借鉴。
Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy, the economy of China has gained rapid development, and economic development has made remarkable achievements. The exploitation and use of energy plays very crucial role in the promotion of economic growth and national economic development. However, with the trend goes on, ecological and environmental problems have increasingly become the bottleneck blocking the socio-economic development.
The Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China once clearly proposed the problem about the transformation of the mode of economic growth,and to put the energy and environment problems as the key issue to prompt the sound and fast development of national economy. Scientific concept of development emphasizes the idea of people-centered and comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, put high attention to ecological construction, and adopt a series of measures to strengthen ecological protection and environment construction to improve the condition of ecology effectively. The distorted relation between ecological protection and economic interests make the ecological protection of China face great difficulties, and affect the harmony among stakeholders. Hence, for the problem of destruction to the ecological environment by the exploitation of mineral resources, how to adjust the relationship between ecological protection and damage in the process of the exploitation of mineral resources, and the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism to accelerate the repair of the ecological environment, has become a significant task at the present stage in China.
The paper begins with the energy and chemical base in northern part of Shaanxi, and disscuss the problem of the destruction of the ecological environment.It include the following contents:The first part goes to the introduction, including the research background, significance and methods,and domestic and foreign research about the value of the ecological environment and the theory of ecological compensation; The second goes to the analysis about current situation of exploitation of coal mine in the northern part of Shaanxi, the damage to the environment and the reasons for that; The third part goes to analysis about the theory about the ecological compensation to the energy and chemical base in northern part of Shaanxi; The forth part goes to the introduction about the establishment of the theory about the ecological compensation to the energy and chemical base in northern part of Shaanxi; The fifth part goes to the establishment of the supporting policy system for the compensation mechanism.
The data in the paper comes from the statistics provided by the related resources sector, including《Statistical Yearbook of Shaanxi Province》and《Report of Environmental quality of Yulin in Shaanxi Province (2001-2005)》.In current times,the problem about the compensation to the exploitation of the resources is not only unique to the energy and chemical base in northern part of Shaanxi,and many resource-based cities in China are facing the same problem, which are looking for the solution,so the results of the paper could provide the reference for that dilemma.
党的十七大明确提出要转变经济发展方式,并将资源环境问题作为推进国民经济又好又快发展的关键问题来抓。科学发展观强调以人为本,全面、协调、可持续发展,对生态建设给予高度重视,并采取了一系列加强生态保护和环境建设的政策措施,有力地促进了生态状况的改善。生态保护与经济利益关系的扭曲,不仅使中国的生态保护面临很大困难,而且也影响了利益相关者之间的和谐。因此,针对于矿产资源开发中的对生态环境的破坏问题,如何调整矿产资源开发中生态损害与保护的关系,建立生态补偿机制以加速矿区生态环境的修复,就成为我国当前一项十分重要的任务。
本文以陕北能源化工基地为切入点,围绕生态环境破坏问题展开论述。主要包括以下内容：第一章是导论,包括文章的研究背景、意义和方法,以及有关生态环境价值和生态补偿理论的国内外研究综述等；第二章对陕北煤炭开发现状及对生态环境造成的破坏、原因进行分析；第三章对陕北能源化工基地煤炭资源生态补偿机制的理论进行分析：第四章介绍陕北能源化工基地煤炭开发生态补偿机制的确立；第五章为态补偿机制建立的政策支持体系。
本文的数据来源于调研中相关资源部门提供的统计数据,包括陕西省统计年鉴和《陕西省榆林市环境质量报告书2001—2005年》。当前,资源开发补偿的问题不仅仅是陕北能源化工基地所特有的,我国很多资源型的城市都面临着同样的问题,都期待寻求破解之道,本研究的结果可以为其提供参考和借鉴。
Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy, the economy of China has gained rapid development, and economic development has made remarkable achievements. The exploitation and use of energy plays very crucial role in the promotion of economic growth and national economic development. However, with the trend goes on, ecological and environmental problems have increasingly become the bottleneck blocking the socio-economic development.
The Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China once clearly proposed the problem about the transformation of the mode of economic growth,and to put the energy and environment problems as the key issue to prompt the sound and fast development of national economy. Scientific concept of development emphasizes the idea of people-centered and comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, put high attention to ecological construction, and adopt a series of measures to strengthen ecological protection and environment construction to improve the condition of ecology effectively. The distorted relation between ecological protection and economic interests make the ecological protection of China face great difficulties, and affect the harmony among stakeholders. Hence, for the problem of destruction to the ecological environment by the exploitation of mineral resources, how to adjust the relationship between ecological protection and damage in the process of the exploitation of mineral resources, and the establishment of ecological compensation mechanism to accelerate the repair of the ecological environment, has become a significant task at the present stage in China.
The paper begins with the energy and chemical base in northern part of Shaanxi, and disscuss the problem of the destruction of the ecological environment.It include the following contents:The first part goes to the introduction, including the research background, significance and methods,and domestic and foreign research about the value of the ecological environment and the theory of ecological compensation; The second goes to the analysis about current situation of exploitation of coal mine in the northern part of Shaanxi, the damage to the environment and the reasons for that; The third part goes to analysis about the theory about the ecological compensation to the energy and chemical base in northern part of Shaanxi; The forth part goes to the introduction about the establishment of the theory about the ecological compensation to the energy and chemical base in northern part of Shaanxi; The fifth part goes to the establishment of the supporting policy system for the compensation mechanism.
The data in the paper comes from the statistics provided by the related resources sector, including《Statistical Yearbook of Shaanxi Province》and《Report of Environmental quality of Yulin in Shaanxi Province (2001-2005)》.In current times,the problem about the compensation to the exploitation of the resources is not only unique to the energy and chemical base in northern part of Shaanxi,and many resource-based cities in China are facing the same problem, which are looking for the solution,so the results of the paper could provide the reference for that dilemma.
引文
[1]Larson J S. Rapid assessment of wet lands:history and application to manage-Ment[J].In:Mitsch(ed.), Global Wetlands:Old World and New. Elsevier,1994, (6): 23-636
[2]赵景逵,朱荫湄.美国露天矿区的土地管理及复垦[J].中国土地科学,1991,(1)：31-33
[3]Cuperus R, Canters K J, Pipers A A G. Ecological compensation of the impacts of a road-preliminary method for the A50 road link [M]. Ecological Engeering,1996, (7):327-349
[4]Plantinga A J, Alig R,Cheng H.The supply of land for conservation uses: evidence from the conservation reservation reserve programme[J]. Resource, Conservation and Recycling,2001,31:199-215
[5]Cooper J C, Osborn, CT. The effect of rental rates on the Extension of conservation reserve Program Contracts[J]. Amer. J. Agr. Econ,1998,8
[6]Hamndar, B.,1999. An efficiency approach to managing Mississippi's marginal land based on the conservation reserve program[J]. Resource, Conservation and Recycling,26,15-24
[7]Mcharty S, Matthews A, Riordan B. Economic determinants of private afforestation in the Republic of Ireland[J]. Land Use Policy,2003,20:51-59
[8]张陆彪,郑海霞.流域生态服务市场的研究进展与形成机制.生态保护与建设的补偿机制及政策国际研讨会投稿论文集.北京,2004.10：45-54
[9]Gamez L.,2002. The Development of Environmental Services Payments in Costa Rica. Presented to Forest Trends-China Workshop on"Forests and Ecosystem Services in China", April 2002. Beijing, China
[10]Heimlich R.E.,2002.The U. S. Experience With Land Retirement for Natural Resource Conservation. Presented to Forest Trends-China Workshop on"Forests and Ecosystem Services in China", Aprit 2002. Beijing, China
[11]Jenkins M., Scherr S. and Inbar M.,2004. Markets for biodiversity services:potential roles and challenges. Environment,46(6):32-42
[12]仲敏.生态补偿与生物多样性保护.中国林业,2006,8A：25
[13]杨润高.我国生态补偿问题及其应对策略.新经济杂志,2005,5：88-91.
[14]《环境科学大辞典》,中国环境科学出版社,1991
[15]Rund Cupers, Kees J. Canters, Helias etal. Guidelines for ecological compensation associated with highways. Biological Conservation,1999,90:41-51
[16]章铮.生态环境补偿费的若干基本问题.国家环境保护局自然保护司编.中国生态环境补偿费的理论与实践.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995,81-87
[17]叶文虎,魏斌,仝川.城市生态补偿能力衡量和应用.中国环境科学,1998,18(4)：298～301
[18]毛显强,钟瑜,张胜等.生态补偿理论探讨.中国人口·资源与环境,2002,12(4)：38-41
[19]熊鹰,王克林,汪朝辉.洞庭湖区退田还湖生态补偿机制.农村生态环境,2003,19(4)：10-13
[20]李文华,李芬,李世东等.森林生态效益补偿的研究现状与展望.自然资源学报,2006,21(5)：677-688
[21]国合会专题政策报告2006年第六期,生态补偿机制与政策研究
[22]宗建树.亟待建立生态环境补偿机制.中国环境报,2003-03-08
[23]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5)：607-613
[24]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值.科学通报,2000,45(1)：17-22.
[25]Costanza R, d'Arge R, Rudolf de Gri, et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature,1997,387:253-260
[26]高彤,杨姝影.国际生态补偿政策对中国的借鉴意义.环境保护,2006,10A ：71-76
[27]RuudCuperus, Marco Bakermans, Helias DeHaes, etal. Ecological Compensation in Dutch Highway Planning. Environmental Management,2001, Vol.27, No.1, pp:75-89
[28]张智玲,王华东.矿产资源生态环境补偿收费的理论依据研究.重庆环境科学,1997,19(1)：30-34,41
[29]欧明豪,宗臻铃,董元华等.区域生态重建的经济补偿办法探讨——以长江上游地区为例.南京农业大学学报,2000,(4)：109-112
[30]杜万平.构建区域补偿机制,促进西部生态建设.重庆环境科学,2001,23(5)：1-3
[31]洪尚群,马丕京,郭慧光.生态补偿制度的探索.环境科学与技术,2001,97：40-43
[32]洪尚群,吴晓青,段昌群等.生态补偿的融资——生态融资.江苏环境科技,2002,15(2)：40-43
[33]刘金平.矿区直接环境成本评估.能源环境保护,2003,17(1)：41-42
[34]曹明德.对建立我国生态补偿制度的思考.法学,2004,3：40-43
[35]蔡邦成,温林泉,陆根法.生态补偿机制建立的理论思考.生态经济,2005,1：47-50
[2]赵景逵,朱荫湄.美国露天矿区的土地管理及复垦[J].中国土地科学,1991,(1)：31-33
[3]Cuperus R, Canters K J, Pipers A A G. Ecological compensation of the impacts of a road-preliminary method for the A50 road link [M]. Ecological Engeering,1996, (7):327-349
[4]Plantinga A J, Alig R,Cheng H.The supply of land for conservation uses: evidence from the conservation reservation reserve programme[J]. Resource, Conservation and Recycling,2001,31:199-215
[5]Cooper J C, Osborn, CT. The effect of rental rates on the Extension of conservation reserve Program Contracts[J]. Amer. J. Agr. Econ,1998,8
[6]Hamndar, B.,1999. An efficiency approach to managing Mississippi's marginal land based on the conservation reserve program[J]. Resource, Conservation and Recycling,26,15-24
[7]Mcharty S, Matthews A, Riordan B. Economic determinants of private afforestation in the Republic of Ireland[J]. Land Use Policy,2003,20:51-59
[8]张陆彪,郑海霞.流域生态服务市场的研究进展与形成机制.生态保护与建设的补偿机制及政策国际研讨会投稿论文集.北京,2004.10：45-54
[9]Gamez L.,2002. The Development of Environmental Services Payments in Costa Rica. Presented to Forest Trends-China Workshop on"Forests and Ecosystem Services in China", April 2002. Beijing, China
[10]Heimlich R.E.,2002.The U. S. Experience With Land Retirement for Natural Resource Conservation. Presented to Forest Trends-China Workshop on"Forests and Ecosystem Services in China", Aprit 2002. Beijing, China
[11]Jenkins M., Scherr S. and Inbar M.,2004. Markets for biodiversity services:potential roles and challenges. Environment,46(6):32-42
[12]仲敏.生态补偿与生物多样性保护.中国林业,2006,8A：25
[13]杨润高.我国生态补偿问题及其应对策略.新经济杂志,2005,5：88-91.
[14]《环境科学大辞典》,中国环境科学出版社,1991
[15]Rund Cupers, Kees J. Canters, Helias etal. Guidelines for ecological compensation associated with highways. Biological Conservation,1999,90:41-51
[16]章铮.生态环境补偿费的若干基本问题.国家环境保护局自然保护司编.中国生态环境补偿费的理论与实践.北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995,81-87
[17]叶文虎,魏斌,仝川.城市生态补偿能力衡量和应用.中国环境科学,1998,18(4)：298～301
[18]毛显强,钟瑜,张胜等.生态补偿理论探讨.中国人口·资源与环境,2002,12(4)：38-41
[19]熊鹰,王克林,汪朝辉.洞庭湖区退田还湖生态补偿机制.农村生态环境,2003,19(4)：10-13
[20]李文华,李芬,李世东等.森林生态效益补偿的研究现状与展望.自然资源学报,2006,21(5)：677-688
[21]国合会专题政策报告2006年第六期,生态补偿机制与政策研究
[22]宗建树.亟待建立生态环境补偿机制.中国环境报,2003-03-08
[23]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5)：607-613
[24]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值.科学通报,2000,45(1)：17-22.
[25]Costanza R, d'Arge R, Rudolf de Gri, et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature,1997,387:253-260
[26]高彤,杨姝影.国际生态补偿政策对中国的借鉴意义.环境保护,2006,10A ：71-76
[27]RuudCuperus, Marco Bakermans, Helias DeHaes, etal. Ecological Compensation in Dutch Highway Planning. Environmental Management,2001, Vol.27, No.1, pp:75-89
[28]张智玲,王华东.矿产资源生态环境补偿收费的理论依据研究.重庆环境科学,1997,19(1)：30-34,41
[29]欧明豪,宗臻铃,董元华等.区域生态重建的经济补偿办法探讨——以长江上游地区为例.南京农业大学学报,2000,(4)：109-112
[30]杜万平.构建区域补偿机制,促进西部生态建设.重庆环境科学,2001,23(5)：1-3
[31]洪尚群,马丕京,郭慧光.生态补偿制度的探索.环境科学与技术,2001,97：40-43
[32]洪尚群,吴晓青,段昌群等.生态补偿的融资——生态融资.江苏环境科技,2002,15(2)：40-43
[33]刘金平.矿区直接环境成本评估.能源环境保护,2003,17(1)：41-42
[34]曹明德.对建立我国生态补偿制度的思考.法学,2004,3：40-43
[35]蔡邦成,温林泉,陆根法.生态补偿机制建立的理论思考.生态经济,2005,1：47-50