氘氚中子发生器脉冲束线与中子能谱测量关键技术研究
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摘要
核科学的研究和应用对强流氘氚中子发生器需求巨大,但具有脉冲功能的强流氘氚中子发生器尤其缺乏。设计建设一台具有脉冲/直流两用型强流氘氚中子发生器和相关的核测量装置对于发展先进核能相关技术具有重要意义。本文的主要研究内容是：(1)强流氘氚中子发生器HINEG(Highly Intensified Neutron Generator)的脉冲束线物理设计(2)HINEG的源中子分析(3)中子能谱测量研究,包括中子飞行时间测量系统、Bonner多球谱仪、能谱反卷积算法。
首先完成HINEG脉冲束线的物理设计。脉冲束线分为束流传输系统和脉冲化装置两部分分别进行设计。为保证氘束流能够顺利传输到靶,使用Transport和LEADS两种束流光学程序计算脉冲束线的束流包络图。脉冲化装置设计采用解析公式和经验完成初步参数的确定,而后使用LMOVE程序和数值模拟方法进行了详细计算,并最终基于数值模拟方法进行优化。最终完成的脉冲束线物理设计能够在离子源引出2mA流强的情况下,到靶束流达到如下指标：束斑控制在4.6～7.4mm,最大流强达到164μA,脉冲宽度为1.26ns,均达到了设计指标。
随后论文分析了HINEG所产生的源中子情况。在源中子分析中,氚浓度深度分布是必需的参数,通常假设为均匀分布,经过评估后发现这种假设对于源中子分析会引入较大的误差。由此提出一种使用伴随α粒子能谱数据反演氚浓度深度分布数据的方法,并基于已报道的伴随α粒子能谱对该方法进行了测试,反演结果基本符合物理事实,在此基础上,完成了HINEG脉冲束线的T(d,n)4He源中子分析,并考虑了D(d,n)3He源中子、到靶束流参数等因素的影响。
最后对中子能谱测量技术进行研究。完成中子飞行时间测量系统建设,并进行了相关的实验刻度。对于Bonner多球谱仪,提出一种基于奇异值分解和信息熵理论的设计方法。对于关键的中子能谱反卷积算法,提出一种多模型单输出的人工神经网络反卷积方法,测试结果表明该方法优于目前常用的最大熵法,并具有能群误差独立的优点。
There was a strong demand for the high-intensity neutron generator in the research and application of nuclear science, especially for the high-intensity neutron generator with pulse function. The design and construction of a DC/pulse high-intensity neutron generator and the nuclear measurement systems were of great significance for the development of advanced nuclear energy technology and relevant technology. This dissertation's main works were as follows:(1) the physical design of pulse line of Highly Intensified Neutron Generator (HINEG)(2) the analysis of source neutron of HINEG (3) the neutron spectrum measurement technologies, including time of flight measurement system, Bonner spheres spectrometer and the spectra unfolding methods.
The design of the pulse line of HINEG was divided into the beam transport system design and the pulsed system design respectively. In order to guarantee the deuteron beam can be smoothly transport to the target, the beam envelope of pulse line was calculated by the Transport and LEADS program. As to the design of the pulsed system, which was critical equipment for realizing nanosecond pulses, used the analytical formulas and experience to complete the preliminary design of the chopper and buncher. Then followed by detailed calculations conducted by numerical simulation and LMOVE codes and design was optimized based on the results of numerical simulation. Using the optimized design, in case the initial bema intensity from ion source was2mA, the spot diameter on the target was4.6-7.4mm, the maximum deuteron intensity on the target was over164u A, and the FWHM(full width at half maximum) of pulse beam on the target was1.26ns. All the parameters were better than designed specifications.
Subsequently the source neutron generated by HINEG was analyzed. The source neutron analysis required tritium concentration depth profile in the tritium target, which was under uniform distribution assumption in the previous analysis. The evaluation results showed that this assumption would introduce remarkable error into the source neutron analysis. Then a method based on the alpha spectrum from associated particle method for acquiring the depth profile of tritium in the target was presented, also this method was tested and the test result was consistent with the physical facts. Then the analysis of T(d,n)4He source neutrons of HINEG was finished and increased consideration of D(d,n)3He unexpected neutrons and the parameters of deuteron beam.
Finally, the equipment and methods for measuring neutron spectra were studied. For the neutron time of flight measurement system, after the design and the construction of systems, timescale of the channel width, experimental calibration and n-y screening were tested. For the Bonner sphere spectrometers, a design method based on singular value decomposition and information entropy theory was proposed. As to the neutron spectra inverse problem, a multi-model single-output artificial neural network unfolding method was presented, and the test results showed that this method was superior to the maximum entropy method. Also it was found that this method with the unique feature that error of each energy-bin was independent.
首先完成HINEG脉冲束线的物理设计。脉冲束线分为束流传输系统和脉冲化装置两部分分别进行设计。为保证氘束流能够顺利传输到靶,使用Transport和LEADS两种束流光学程序计算脉冲束线的束流包络图。脉冲化装置设计采用解析公式和经验完成初步参数的确定,而后使用LMOVE程序和数值模拟方法进行了详细计算,并最终基于数值模拟方法进行优化。最终完成的脉冲束线物理设计能够在离子源引出2mA流强的情况下,到靶束流达到如下指标：束斑控制在4.6～7.4mm,最大流强达到164μA,脉冲宽度为1.26ns,均达到了设计指标。
随后论文分析了HINEG所产生的源中子情况。在源中子分析中,氚浓度深度分布是必需的参数,通常假设为均匀分布,经过评估后发现这种假设对于源中子分析会引入较大的误差。由此提出一种使用伴随α粒子能谱数据反演氚浓度深度分布数据的方法,并基于已报道的伴随α粒子能谱对该方法进行了测试,反演结果基本符合物理事实,在此基础上,完成了HINEG脉冲束线的T(d,n)4He源中子分析,并考虑了D(d,n)3He源中子、到靶束流参数等因素的影响。
最后对中子能谱测量技术进行研究。完成中子飞行时间测量系统建设,并进行了相关的实验刻度。对于Bonner多球谱仪,提出一种基于奇异值分解和信息熵理论的设计方法。对于关键的中子能谱反卷积算法,提出一种多模型单输出的人工神经网络反卷积方法,测试结果表明该方法优于目前常用的最大熵法,并具有能群误差独立的优点。
There was a strong demand for the high-intensity neutron generator in the research and application of nuclear science, especially for the high-intensity neutron generator with pulse function. The design and construction of a DC/pulse high-intensity neutron generator and the nuclear measurement systems were of great significance for the development of advanced nuclear energy technology and relevant technology. This dissertation's main works were as follows:(1) the physical design of pulse line of Highly Intensified Neutron Generator (HINEG)(2) the analysis of source neutron of HINEG (3) the neutron spectrum measurement technologies, including time of flight measurement system, Bonner spheres spectrometer and the spectra unfolding methods.
The design of the pulse line of HINEG was divided into the beam transport system design and the pulsed system design respectively. In order to guarantee the deuteron beam can be smoothly transport to the target, the beam envelope of pulse line was calculated by the Transport and LEADS program. As to the design of the pulsed system, which was critical equipment for realizing nanosecond pulses, used the analytical formulas and experience to complete the preliminary design of the chopper and buncher. Then followed by detailed calculations conducted by numerical simulation and LMOVE codes and design was optimized based on the results of numerical simulation. Using the optimized design, in case the initial bema intensity from ion source was2mA, the spot diameter on the target was4.6-7.4mm, the maximum deuteron intensity on the target was over164u A, and the FWHM(full width at half maximum) of pulse beam on the target was1.26ns. All the parameters were better than designed specifications.
Subsequently the source neutron generated by HINEG was analyzed. The source neutron analysis required tritium concentration depth profile in the tritium target, which was under uniform distribution assumption in the previous analysis. The evaluation results showed that this assumption would introduce remarkable error into the source neutron analysis. Then a method based on the alpha spectrum from associated particle method for acquiring the depth profile of tritium in the target was presented, also this method was tested and the test result was consistent with the physical facts. Then the analysis of T(d,n)4He source neutrons of HINEG was finished and increased consideration of D(d,n)3He unexpected neutrons and the parameters of deuteron beam.
Finally, the equipment and methods for measuring neutron spectra were studied. For the neutron time of flight measurement system, after the design and the construction of systems, timescale of the channel width, experimental calibration and n-y screening were tested. For the Bonner sphere spectrometers, a design method based on singular value decomposition and information entropy theory was proposed. As to the neutron spectra inverse problem, a multi-model single-output artificial neural network unfolding method was presented, and the test results showed that this method was superior to the maximum entropy method. Also it was found that this method with the unique feature that error of each energy-bin was independent.
引文
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