我国中小型企业英语语言使用调查研究
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摘要
Marco Crugnola(2005)使用实证研究探讨了瑞士公司外语使用和员工英语能力的现状,并且提到了外语的经济性,语言能力和收入的关系;然而国内针对中小型企业英语语言使用状况的研究却是凤毛麟角。根据统计,2005年经国家工商行政管理部门注册,我国中小型企业约占全国企业总数的99.6%,它们共吸纳全社会75%的就业人员,为全国提供了近70%的进出口额和约50%的税收,为全国创造了60%的生产总值。鉴于中小型企业在我国国民生产和建设中所占据的重要比例和我国经济与国际化接轨的趋势,在越来越注重英语使用的国际贸易冲击下,对国内中小型企业的英语语言使用情况展开调查研究是十分有必要和有意义的。
本论文基于语言管理的理论基础,对我国中小型企业的英语语言使用情况开展了探索性的调查与研究,主要针对的是中小型企业中使用英语频繁的部门。通过语言规划研究提出的最新视角—语言管理理论的运用以及“语言使用问卷”和访谈形式相结合的实证研究,本论文旨在阐述和解决我国中小型企业英语使用和规划相关的四个主要问题:企业中英语语言使用的现状,员工英语语言使用和能力现状,使用中存在的问题和解决方法,以及公司相关的语言管理政策和态度。
语言管理理论发展的重点领域即公司语言管理,从公司内部沟通和管理的语言因素着手,研究语言问题在商务环境下的体现和解决办法。本论文从公司语言管理理论出发,结合我国中小型企业的实际情况设计调查问卷与访谈,通过邮件的形式共回收问卷75份,有效问卷70份,开展现场访谈2次。通过对企业和员工英语使用情况的统计分析,发现企业管理者和员工已经认识到了提高自身外语能力的必要性和经济性,同时正确有效的使用英语是提高公司内部沟通效率的有效途径,但是使用中仍然存在误用等问题导致企业内部不能达到有效沟通,因此公司制定相关语言使用标准和政策是解决问题的有效途径。
本论文还存在某些不足。首先,语言规划和语言管理理论是新兴的社会语言学学科理论,本文针对语言的研究方法尚需完善,分析方法有待改进;其次,论文数据收集途径有限。
Marco Crugnola(2005)had an empirical study on the use of English as the language of communication in Swiss corporations using questionnaires and also the economic value of English in business settings; However, few studies were found relating to the use of English in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. According to statistics in 2005, the registered small and medium-sized enterprises in China accounts for 99.6% of the total enterprise numbers, enrolling 75% of China’s labors, taking up 70% of the country's total foreign trade, 50% of the state tax income and providing nearly 60% of China's gross domestic product. Since the importance of SMEs in China, the trend of China’s integration into the world economy, and the development of English-dominated foreign trade, there is an urgent demand to have a thorough study on SMEs’use of English in China.
This thesis focuses on an exploratory investigation into the use of English within SMEs in China. Through exploring language management theory, a new perspective in language planning, the thesis tends to identify how English is used and perceived in SMEs in relation to four areas: the functional use of corporate English language within businesses, personal language use situation and the language proficiency of the employees, problems in using and issues preventing their use, the corporate language management policies and attitudes.
New perspective of Language Management is corporate language management, viewing language as communicative factors in business settings, and finding the solutions to settle language problems. Based on the above theories with analysis of actual situation in China’s SMEs, the questionnaires are designed and sent through e-mail. Totally 75 were returned and 70 were valid. 2 face-to-face interviews were carried out afterwards as supplementary. By analyzing the statistics of both individual and corporate English use, the findings indicated that most employees and managerial personnel had realized the significance as well as economic returns to English language in business, and the importance of effective communication by correct use of English; however, there were some problems in misuses of English that lead to inefficient communication; due to the fact, a sufficient language using policy made by the corporate managerial level is a necessity to solve these problems.
The Thesis still has some problems. Firstly, Language planning and language management theory are new research fields and subjects in sociolinguistics, and some research methods in the thesis concerning languages are to be improved; the analyzing method of statistics should be revised later on. Secondly, there are some limitations in data collection.
本论文基于语言管理的理论基础,对我国中小型企业的英语语言使用情况开展了探索性的调查与研究,主要针对的是中小型企业中使用英语频繁的部门。通过语言规划研究提出的最新视角—语言管理理论的运用以及“语言使用问卷”和访谈形式相结合的实证研究,本论文旨在阐述和解决我国中小型企业英语使用和规划相关的四个主要问题:企业中英语语言使用的现状,员工英语语言使用和能力现状,使用中存在的问题和解决方法,以及公司相关的语言管理政策和态度。
语言管理理论发展的重点领域即公司语言管理,从公司内部沟通和管理的语言因素着手,研究语言问题在商务环境下的体现和解决办法。本论文从公司语言管理理论出发,结合我国中小型企业的实际情况设计调查问卷与访谈,通过邮件的形式共回收问卷75份,有效问卷70份,开展现场访谈2次。通过对企业和员工英语使用情况的统计分析,发现企业管理者和员工已经认识到了提高自身外语能力的必要性和经济性,同时正确有效的使用英语是提高公司内部沟通效率的有效途径,但是使用中仍然存在误用等问题导致企业内部不能达到有效沟通,因此公司制定相关语言使用标准和政策是解决问题的有效途径。
本论文还存在某些不足。首先,语言规划和语言管理理论是新兴的社会语言学学科理论,本文针对语言的研究方法尚需完善,分析方法有待改进;其次,论文数据收集途径有限。
Marco Crugnola(2005)had an empirical study on the use of English as the language of communication in Swiss corporations using questionnaires and also the economic value of English in business settings; However, few studies were found relating to the use of English in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. According to statistics in 2005, the registered small and medium-sized enterprises in China accounts for 99.6% of the total enterprise numbers, enrolling 75% of China’s labors, taking up 70% of the country's total foreign trade, 50% of the state tax income and providing nearly 60% of China's gross domestic product. Since the importance of SMEs in China, the trend of China’s integration into the world economy, and the development of English-dominated foreign trade, there is an urgent demand to have a thorough study on SMEs’use of English in China.
This thesis focuses on an exploratory investigation into the use of English within SMEs in China. Through exploring language management theory, a new perspective in language planning, the thesis tends to identify how English is used and perceived in SMEs in relation to four areas: the functional use of corporate English language within businesses, personal language use situation and the language proficiency of the employees, problems in using and issues preventing their use, the corporate language management policies and attitudes.
New perspective of Language Management is corporate language management, viewing language as communicative factors in business settings, and finding the solutions to settle language problems. Based on the above theories with analysis of actual situation in China’s SMEs, the questionnaires are designed and sent through e-mail. Totally 75 were returned and 70 were valid. 2 face-to-face interviews were carried out afterwards as supplementary. By analyzing the statistics of both individual and corporate English use, the findings indicated that most employees and managerial personnel had realized the significance as well as economic returns to English language in business, and the importance of effective communication by correct use of English; however, there were some problems in misuses of English that lead to inefficient communication; due to the fact, a sufficient language using policy made by the corporate managerial level is a necessity to solve these problems.
The Thesis still has some problems. Firstly, Language planning and language management theory are new research fields and subjects in sociolinguistics, and some research methods in the thesis concerning languages are to be improved; the analyzing method of statistics should be revised later on. Secondly, there are some limitations in data collection.
引文
[1] Anne Daniels, Pam Garfoot. Language Management in Centrelink: Colliding Worlds. http://conferences.alia.org.au/online2005/papers/c11.pdf., 2004
[2] Anna Prunés, Joan Solé i Camardons. CECOT Companies and their Language Uses, Attitudes and services. Noves SL. Revista de Sociolinguistics. 2002
[3] Anne Lise Laursen. Language Policy en Danish Companies. http://www.cttic.org/ACTI/2004/papers/Anne_Lise_Laursen_Towardsacorporatelanguagepolicy.pdf., 2004
[4] Ayako Shikama. Integration Policy concerning Migrants in Japan: From the Viewpoint of Japanese Language Education. Symposium: Foreign language learning in the age of globalization. 2006
[5] Anne-Wil Harzing, Martha Maznevsld. The Interaction Between Language and. Culture: A Test of the Cultural Accommodation Hypothesis in Seven Countries. www.multilingual-matters.net/laic/002/0120/laic0020120.pdf., 2002
[6] Alan J. Feely, Anne-Wil Harzing. The Language Barrier and its Implications for HQ-Subsidiary Relationships. Journal of University of Melbourne, 2004: 5-6
[7] Alan J. Feely, Anne-Wil Harzing. Language Management In Multinational Companies, International Journal of Cross-cultural Management. http://www.harzing.com/download/langman.pdf., 2002
[8] Anette Bj?rkman, Rebecca Marschan-Piekkari. Hiding behind the language: Language fluency of subsidiary staff and headquarter control in multinational corporations. http://www.aueb.gr/deos/EIBA2002.files/PAPERS/C153.pdf., 2002
[9] Bernard Spolsky. Language Policy. London: Cambridge University Press, 2004, 3
[10] B. Weinstein. The Civic Tongue: Political Consequences of Language Choices. New York and London: Longman Press. 1983
[11] Bernard Spolsky. Sociolinguistics, Oxford: Oxford Introduction to Language Study. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000, 66-77
[12] B.H. Jernudd, J.V. Neustupny. Language plannning: for whom? Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Language Planning. Les Press de L′Université Laval, 1987: 69-84
[13] Business Alert-China. New SME Classification Standards. www.tdctrade.com/alert/cba-e0305a-6.htm., 2003
[14] David L. Rouse. A Practical Introduction To Formal Logic. http://people.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Logic%20Text/Chapter%201%20The%20Uses%20of%20Language.pdf., 2001
[15] Ernest Cyril De Run, Chin Sien Fah. Language Use in Packaging: The reaction of Malay and Chinese Consumers in Malaysia. Malaysia: University Malaysia Sarawak. Sunway Academic Journal. 2006: 133-145
[16] Taiwan Financial Legal Representatives’ language Training and Testing Center. English Language Proficiency Investigation Report of Staff engaged in Taiwan Financial Sector (Phase II). http://www.lttc.ntu.edu.tw/academics/April_06_report.pdf., 1995
[17] Fran?ois Grin, Fran?ois Vaillancourt. The cost-effectiveness evaluation of minority language policies: Case studies on Wales, Ireland and the Basque Country. Foreign language learning in the age of globalization. 2006
[18] Gabrielle Hogan-Brun, Stefan Wolff. Minority Languages in Europe: An Introduction to the Current Debate. http://stefanwolff.com/sample-chapters/minlang-ch1.pdf., 2003
[19] H. Marriott. Native-speaker behavior in Australian-Japanese business communication. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 1991: 87-117.
[20] Hanne Tange, Jakob Lauring. What kind of English is that? Contained and dilute communication in the global workplace. http://nic2006.dk/submitted-abstracts-and-papers/papers/tange.pdf., 2004
[21] Jeremy Sandford. English Language Proficiency and Wage Rates of Mexican Immigrants, Normal, Illinois: Illinois Wesleyan University, 2002
[22] J.V. Neustupny. Post-Structural Approaches to Language: Language Theory in a Japanese Context. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1978, 1-18, 243-278
[23] Ji?í Nekvapil, Marek Nekula. On language management in multinational companies in the Czech Republic. Current Issues in Language Planning. 2006: 307-327
[24] J.V. Neustupny. Problems in Australian-Japanese contact situations. Cross-cultural Encounters: Communication and Miscommunication, Melbourne, River Seine: J. B. Pride, 1985a, 44-63.
[25] J.V. Neustupny. Language nouns in Australian-Japanese contact situations. Meeting Place of Languages, Pacific Linguistics, 1985b: 161-170.
[26] J.V. Neustupny, Ji?í Nekvapil. Language Management in the Czech Republic:Current Issues In Language Planning. www.multilingual-matters.net/cilp/004/0181/cilp0040181.pdf., 2003
[27] J. Rubin, B. H. Jernudd. Can language be planned? Sociolinguistic theory and practice for developing nations. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971
[28] Joan Solé i Camardons. Insurance Companies and language uses, attitudes and services. Intititut DEP: Noves SL. Revista de Sociolinguistics. 2001
[29] José Lambert, Ann Opsomer, Mary Valiouli. WG6 Language Management report. http://reve.europace.org/docs/cevu/lang_management.pdf., 2001
[30] Kaplan, B. Robert, Baldauf et al. Language planning from practice to theory. Multilingual Matters. 1997: 3
[31] Marco Crugnola. The importance of English language competence in Swiss corporations. Journal of the University of Bern. 2005: 29-73
[32] M. Heller, Undoing the macro/micro dichotomy: ideology and categorization in a linguistic minority school. Sociolinguistics and Social Theory. 2001: 212-234
[33] Marschan, Rebecca, Denice Welch, et al. Language: The Forgotten Multinational Management. European Management Journal, 1997: 59-98
[34] Modest Munene Mwaniki. Language Planning in South Africa: Towards A Language Management Approach. http://etd.uovs.ac.za/ETD-db//theses/available/etd-09302005-100916/unrestricted/MWANIKIMM.pdf., 2004
[35] N. Holden, The treatment of language and linguistic issues in the current English-language management literature. Multilingua, 1987: 233-246.
[36] Nahir, Moshe. Micro language planning and the revival of Hebrew: A schematic framework. Language in Society. 1998: 335-357
[37] Nestor Rychtyckyj. Standard Language at Ford Motor Company: A Case Study in Controlled Language Development and Deployment of Ford Motor Company. http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~rolfs/controlled-natural-languages/papers/claw-2006-final-paper-nrychtyckyj.pdf, 2006
[38] Nancy M Smith. A Plain English Handbook: How to create clear SEC disclosure documents. Washington, DC: the Office of Investor Education and Assistance U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1998
[39] Patrick E. Merlevede. Analysing language and behavior in Top Performers and its uses in the employment area. http://www.goodcall.cc/research.pdf., 1997
[40] P.M. San Antonio. Social Mobility and Language Use in an American Company in Japan. Language and Ethnic Identity. Multilingual Matters, In W.B. Gudykunst,1988
[41] Robert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf Jr. Editing Contributed Scholarly Articles from a Language Management Perspective. Journal of Second Language Writing. 2005: 47-62
[42] Rebecca Marschan-Piekkari. Language: The Forgotten Factor in Multinational Management. European Management Journal. 1997(8): 591-598
[43] Suzanne Romaine. The Impact of Language Policy on Endangered Languages. International Journal on Multicultural Societies. http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2romaine.pdf., 2002
[44] Vic Webb. Language in South Africa: The role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development. www.up.ac.za/academic/libarts/crpl/Language-in-SA.pdf., 2001
[45] Wilhelm Barner-Rasmussen. Knowledge Sharing in Multinational Corporations: A Social Capital Perspective. www.fcee.lisboa.ucp.pt/resources/documents/seminario/KNOWLEDGE_SHARING_Paper.pdf., 2005
[46] 2006-2007 51 Job Salary Report. http://hr.51job.com/member/sample_en.pdf., 2007
[47] 金艳.大学英语四、六级考试改革思路与未来展望—解读《全国大学英语四、六级考试改革方案(试行)》.中国大学教学, 2005(5):49-53
[48] 刘润清.外语教学中的科研方法.北京:外语教育与研究出版社,2004, 88-92
[49] 刘海涛.欧洲联盟语言状况及语言政策,中国语言生活状况报告(2005).北京:商务印书馆,2006:374-389
[50] 吴锡德.全球化冲击下的欧洲语言政策.2006
[51] 吴慧萍.欧盟机构的语言机制—机构语言问题的误区及重新定位.德国研究, 2004, 2(19):14-18
[52] 肖辉.财经、商贸汉英互译误译举隅—兼谈其翻译原则.中美外语,2006 (4): 69-73
[2] Anna Prunés, Joan Solé i Camardons. CECOT Companies and their Language Uses, Attitudes and services. Noves SL. Revista de Sociolinguistics. 2002
[3] Anne Lise Laursen. Language Policy en Danish Companies. http://www.cttic.org/ACTI/2004/papers/Anne_Lise_Laursen_Towardsacorporatelanguagepolicy.pdf., 2004
[4] Ayako Shikama. Integration Policy concerning Migrants in Japan: From the Viewpoint of Japanese Language Education. Symposium: Foreign language learning in the age of globalization. 2006
[5] Anne-Wil Harzing, Martha Maznevsld. The Interaction Between Language and. Culture: A Test of the Cultural Accommodation Hypothesis in Seven Countries. www.multilingual-matters.net/laic/002/0120/laic0020120.pdf., 2002
[6] Alan J. Feely, Anne-Wil Harzing. The Language Barrier and its Implications for HQ-Subsidiary Relationships. Journal of University of Melbourne, 2004: 5-6
[7] Alan J. Feely, Anne-Wil Harzing. Language Management In Multinational Companies, International Journal of Cross-cultural Management. http://www.harzing.com/download/langman.pdf., 2002
[8] Anette Bj?rkman, Rebecca Marschan-Piekkari. Hiding behind the language: Language fluency of subsidiary staff and headquarter control in multinational corporations. http://www.aueb.gr/deos/EIBA2002.files/PAPERS/C153.pdf., 2002
[9] Bernard Spolsky. Language Policy. London: Cambridge University Press, 2004, 3
[10] B. Weinstein. The Civic Tongue: Political Consequences of Language Choices. New York and London: Longman Press. 1983
[11] Bernard Spolsky. Sociolinguistics, Oxford: Oxford Introduction to Language Study. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000, 66-77
[12] B.H. Jernudd, J.V. Neustupny. Language plannning: for whom? Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Language Planning. Les Press de L′Université Laval, 1987: 69-84
[13] Business Alert-China. New SME Classification Standards. www.tdctrade.com/alert/cba-e0305a-6.htm., 2003
[14] David L. Rouse. A Practical Introduction To Formal Logic. http://people.uvawise.edu/philosophy/Logic%20Text/Chapter%201%20The%20Uses%20of%20Language.pdf., 2001
[15] Ernest Cyril De Run, Chin Sien Fah. Language Use in Packaging: The reaction of Malay and Chinese Consumers in Malaysia. Malaysia: University Malaysia Sarawak. Sunway Academic Journal. 2006: 133-145
[16] Taiwan Financial Legal Representatives’ language Training and Testing Center. English Language Proficiency Investigation Report of Staff engaged in Taiwan Financial Sector (Phase II). http://www.lttc.ntu.edu.tw/academics/April_06_report.pdf., 1995
[17] Fran?ois Grin, Fran?ois Vaillancourt. The cost-effectiveness evaluation of minority language policies: Case studies on Wales, Ireland and the Basque Country. Foreign language learning in the age of globalization. 2006
[18] Gabrielle Hogan-Brun, Stefan Wolff. Minority Languages in Europe: An Introduction to the Current Debate. http://stefanwolff.com/sample-chapters/minlang-ch1.pdf., 2003
[19] H. Marriott. Native-speaker behavior in Australian-Japanese business communication. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 1991: 87-117.
[20] Hanne Tange, Jakob Lauring. What kind of English is that? Contained and dilute communication in the global workplace. http://nic2006.dk/submitted-abstracts-and-papers/papers/tange.pdf., 2004
[21] Jeremy Sandford. English Language Proficiency and Wage Rates of Mexican Immigrants, Normal, Illinois: Illinois Wesleyan University, 2002
[22] J.V. Neustupny. Post-Structural Approaches to Language: Language Theory in a Japanese Context. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1978, 1-18, 243-278
[23] Ji?í Nekvapil, Marek Nekula. On language management in multinational companies in the Czech Republic. Current Issues in Language Planning. 2006: 307-327
[24] J.V. Neustupny. Problems in Australian-Japanese contact situations. Cross-cultural Encounters: Communication and Miscommunication, Melbourne, River Seine: J. B. Pride, 1985a, 44-63.
[25] J.V. Neustupny. Language nouns in Australian-Japanese contact situations. Meeting Place of Languages, Pacific Linguistics, 1985b: 161-170.
[26] J.V. Neustupny, Ji?í Nekvapil. Language Management in the Czech Republic:Current Issues In Language Planning. www.multilingual-matters.net/cilp/004/0181/cilp0040181.pdf., 2003
[27] J. Rubin, B. H. Jernudd. Can language be planned? Sociolinguistic theory and practice for developing nations. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971
[28] Joan Solé i Camardons. Insurance Companies and language uses, attitudes and services. Intititut DEP: Noves SL. Revista de Sociolinguistics. 2001
[29] José Lambert, Ann Opsomer, Mary Valiouli. WG6 Language Management report. http://reve.europace.org/docs/cevu/lang_management.pdf., 2001
[30] Kaplan, B. Robert, Baldauf et al. Language planning from practice to theory. Multilingual Matters. 1997: 3
[31] Marco Crugnola. The importance of English language competence in Swiss corporations. Journal of the University of Bern. 2005: 29-73
[32] M. Heller, Undoing the macro/micro dichotomy: ideology and categorization in a linguistic minority school. Sociolinguistics and Social Theory. 2001: 212-234
[33] Marschan, Rebecca, Denice Welch, et al. Language: The Forgotten Multinational Management. European Management Journal, 1997: 59-98
[34] Modest Munene Mwaniki. Language Planning in South Africa: Towards A Language Management Approach. http://etd.uovs.ac.za/ETD-db//theses/available/etd-09302005-100916/unrestricted/MWANIKIMM.pdf., 2004
[35] N. Holden, The treatment of language and linguistic issues in the current English-language management literature. Multilingua, 1987: 233-246.
[36] Nahir, Moshe. Micro language planning and the revival of Hebrew: A schematic framework. Language in Society. 1998: 335-357
[37] Nestor Rychtyckyj. Standard Language at Ford Motor Company: A Case Study in Controlled Language Development and Deployment of Ford Motor Company. http://www.ics.mq.edu.au/~rolfs/controlled-natural-languages/papers/claw-2006-final-paper-nrychtyckyj.pdf, 2006
[38] Nancy M Smith. A Plain English Handbook: How to create clear SEC disclosure documents. Washington, DC: the Office of Investor Education and Assistance U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1998
[39] Patrick E. Merlevede. Analysing language and behavior in Top Performers and its uses in the employment area. http://www.goodcall.cc/research.pdf., 1997
[40] P.M. San Antonio. Social Mobility and Language Use in an American Company in Japan. Language and Ethnic Identity. Multilingual Matters, In W.B. Gudykunst,1988
[41] Robert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf Jr. Editing Contributed Scholarly Articles from a Language Management Perspective. Journal of Second Language Writing. 2005: 47-62
[42] Rebecca Marschan-Piekkari. Language: The Forgotten Factor in Multinational Management. European Management Journal. 1997(8): 591-598
[43] Suzanne Romaine. The Impact of Language Policy on Endangered Languages. International Journal on Multicultural Societies. http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2romaine.pdf., 2002
[44] Vic Webb. Language in South Africa: The role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development. www.up.ac.za/academic/libarts/crpl/Language-in-SA.pdf., 2001
[45] Wilhelm Barner-Rasmussen. Knowledge Sharing in Multinational Corporations: A Social Capital Perspective. www.fcee.lisboa.ucp.pt/resources/documents/seminario/KNOWLEDGE_SHARING_Paper.pdf., 2005
[46] 2006-2007 51 Job Salary Report. http://hr.51job.com/member/sample_en.pdf., 2007
[47] 金艳.大学英语四、六级考试改革思路与未来展望—解读《全国大学英语四、六级考试改革方案(试行)》.中国大学教学, 2005(5):49-53
[48] 刘润清.外语教学中的科研方法.北京:外语教育与研究出版社,2004, 88-92
[49] 刘海涛.欧洲联盟语言状况及语言政策,中国语言生活状况报告(2005).北京:商务印书馆,2006:374-389
[50] 吴锡德.全球化冲击下的欧洲语言政策.2006
[51] 吴慧萍.欧盟机构的语言机制—机构语言问题的误区及重新定位.德国研究, 2004, 2(19):14-18
[52] 肖辉.财经、商贸汉英互译误译举隅—兼谈其翻译原则.中美外语,2006 (4): 69-73