基于语料的经济新闻体裁结构潜势分析
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摘要
目前大部分对新闻的研究多停留于语言层面特征的描述,重在揭示社会学及意识形态对新闻写作的限制及影响,以及讨论新闻写作翻译技巧。本文一方面尝试运用Hasan的Generic Structure Potential(GSP)理论,构建英语经济新闻的体裁结构潜势,分析其深层结构;另一方面,通过关键词分析,研究经济新闻用词特征。
作者收集了美国权威性刊物华尔街日报中60篇经济新闻,建立一个语料库。本文第一部分从体裁分析的视角,运用Hasan的体裁分析法,对经济新闻的体裁结构进行了描述性和解释性的研究,分析英语经济新闻的必要成分和可选择成分及其展开顺序,初步探讨了英语经济新闻的体裁结构;第二部分运用牛津大学研发的语料分析软件WordSmith Tool 5.0对数据库进行关键词分析及词频分析,并对词频分析中突出的词汇特点进行了分析,进一步解释其如何实现经济新闻的交际目的。
本文分析了经济新闻的深层结构,尝试构建了经济新闻的GSP公式。另一方面,Wordsmith Tool的数据分析表明,经济术语和引语在经济新闻报道出现相当频繁,这些都是为了更好的传递经济新闻的真实性和专业性。
Hasan的GSP理论提出至今,已有不少学者将其应用到语言研究,但鲜有人研究经济新闻的体裁结构潜势。本文试图在前人对商场交易、商业信函、学术论文的研究基础上,将GSP理论运用与经济新闻领域,在一定程度上对体裁结构潜势的分析应用是一个新的扩展,并希望能为经济新闻写作和阅读提供启发和帮助。
Most studies of news start their studies from sociological perspective with focus on cultural context of news writing, or the ideological constraints that govern the routines of journalism. When news texts are analyzed, linguistic features of business news and skills for writing and translation are mostly studied. The present study, however, was designed to apply Hasan’s genre analysis approach to analyze the generic structure, ie, the underlying structure of business news reporting; also, a keyword analysis was carried out to analyze the surface lexical features of business news.
To this end, sixty pieces of buisness news were collected from the Wall Street Journal as the data corpus for this study. The materials cover a wide range of business events. Based on Hasan’s generic structure potential (GSP) approach to genre analysis, the author adopted a qualitative study to present all the obligatory and optional elements and their sequence, attempting to formulate the GSP of business news. A quantitative analysis is further carried out with the help of WordSmith Tool, a special software application for morphological analysis concentrating on the keyword analysis and the usage of quotations.
The author makes an attempt to formulate the GSP of business news , which, of course, needs further contest and modification. And the outcome data of Wordsmith Tool shows that business news adopts a lot of industry-specific terminologies and quotations, which help to convey specific and authentic information.
The significance of this research is to study the field of journalistic business English through Hasan’s approach and Wordsmith Tool. It is hoped to help business news readers to have a better grasp of business news writing and reading.
作者收集了美国权威性刊物华尔街日报中60篇经济新闻,建立一个语料库。本文第一部分从体裁分析的视角,运用Hasan的体裁分析法,对经济新闻的体裁结构进行了描述性和解释性的研究,分析英语经济新闻的必要成分和可选择成分及其展开顺序,初步探讨了英语经济新闻的体裁结构;第二部分运用牛津大学研发的语料分析软件WordSmith Tool 5.0对数据库进行关键词分析及词频分析,并对词频分析中突出的词汇特点进行了分析,进一步解释其如何实现经济新闻的交际目的。
本文分析了经济新闻的深层结构,尝试构建了经济新闻的GSP公式。另一方面,Wordsmith Tool的数据分析表明,经济术语和引语在经济新闻报道出现相当频繁,这些都是为了更好的传递经济新闻的真实性和专业性。
Hasan的GSP理论提出至今,已有不少学者将其应用到语言研究,但鲜有人研究经济新闻的体裁结构潜势。本文试图在前人对商场交易、商业信函、学术论文的研究基础上,将GSP理论运用与经济新闻领域,在一定程度上对体裁结构潜势的分析应用是一个新的扩展,并希望能为经济新闻写作和阅读提供启发和帮助。
Most studies of news start their studies from sociological perspective with focus on cultural context of news writing, or the ideological constraints that govern the routines of journalism. When news texts are analyzed, linguistic features of business news and skills for writing and translation are mostly studied. The present study, however, was designed to apply Hasan’s genre analysis approach to analyze the generic structure, ie, the underlying structure of business news reporting; also, a keyword analysis was carried out to analyze the surface lexical features of business news.
To this end, sixty pieces of buisness news were collected from the Wall Street Journal as the data corpus for this study. The materials cover a wide range of business events. Based on Hasan’s generic structure potential (GSP) approach to genre analysis, the author adopted a qualitative study to present all the obligatory and optional elements and their sequence, attempting to formulate the GSP of business news. A quantitative analysis is further carried out with the help of WordSmith Tool, a special software application for morphological analysis concentrating on the keyword analysis and the usage of quotations.
The author makes an attempt to formulate the GSP of business news , which, of course, needs further contest and modification. And the outcome data of Wordsmith Tool shows that business news adopts a lot of industry-specific terminologies and quotations, which help to convey specific and authentic information.
The significance of this research is to study the field of journalistic business English through Hasan’s approach and Wordsmith Tool. It is hoped to help business news readers to have a better grasp of business news writing and reading.
引文
[1] Allan Bell. The Language of News Media[M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991:59-67
[2] Akar, D. Towards a new genre: A comparative study of business faxes[M]. London: Longman, 1999: 207-226
[3] Baynham, M. Direct speech: What’s it doing in non-narrative discourse? [J]. Journal of pragmatics, 1996, 25:61-81
[4] Bhatia, V.K. Analysing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings[M]. London: Longman.1993:69-77
[5] Cappon, Rene J. The Word: An Associated Press Guide to Good News Writing[M]. New York: Associated Press, 1982:58
[6] Curran, James (Ed.). Advertising and the Press. In the British Press: A Manifesto by James Curran[C].. London: Methuen, 1978
[7] Fairclough, N. Discourse and Social Change[M]. Cambridge: Blackwell Press, 1995:37
[8] Fedler, Fred, et. al. Reporting for the Media[M]. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997:75
[9] Ferguson, Donald, et. al. Journalism Today[M]. Illinois: National Textbook Company, 2001:67
[10]Fortanet, I., Posteguillo. Genre Studies in English for Academic Purposes[M]. Castelló: Servei de Publicacions-Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, 1998:73-80
[11]Fowler, Roger, et. al. Language and control[M]. London: London: Routkedge, 1979.
[12]Fowler, R. Language in the news[M]. London: Routledge, 1991
[13]Ghadessy, M. On the nature of written business communication[A]. In M. Ghadessy (Ed.), Register analysis: Theory and practice[C]. London: Printer Publisher, 1993:149-164
[14]Gibbs, Cheryl, et. al. Getting the Whole Story-Reporting and Writing the news[M]. New York: The Guilford Press, 2002:88
[15]Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 55-65
[16]Hartley, John. Understanding news[M]. London: Methuen,1982:11
[17]Hasan Ansary & Esmat Babaii. The Generic Integrity of Newspaper Editorials: A Systemic Functional Perspective[J]. Asian EFL Journal, 2005, 2: 30-35
[18]Hasan, R. Ways of saying: ways of meaning [A]. In R. Fawcett, M. A. K. Halliday, S. M.Lamb & A. Makkai (eds.), The Semiotics of Culture and Language, Vol.I:Language as Social Semiotics [C]. London: Printer, 1996:30
[19]Hatch, Evelyn et. al. Research design and statistics[M]. Cambridge: Newbury House Publishers, 1982:74
[20]Henry, A. & Roseberry, R. An investigation of the functions, strategies and lingu'istic features of the introductions and conclusions of essays[J]. System, 1997, 25 (4): 153-167
[21]Hough, George A. News Writing[M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984, 47 [2]
[22]Hyland, K. Genre: Language, context, and literacy[J]. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2002, 20:113-135.
[23]Kniffka, Hannes. Sociolinguistik und empirische Textanalyse. Schlagzeilen und Leadformulierungen in amerikanischen Tageszeitungen[M]. Tübingen: Niemever, 1980:150-233.
[24]Lin Mei. A Classified Dictionary of Media English [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001
[25]Martin J.R. Language, register and genre [A]. In F.Christie (ed), Language Studies: Children's Writing:Reader[C]. Geelong: Deakin University Press, 1984:126-152
[26]Mitchell, T. The language of buying and selling in Cyrenaica: A situational segment. In T. Mitchell (Ed.), The principles of Firthian linguistics[C]. London: Longman, 1975:167-200
[27]O’Donnell, W.R. & Todd, L. Varieties in Contemporary English[M], London: Harper Collins Academics. 1991:77
[28] Paltridge, B. Writing up research: A systemic functional perspective[J]. System, 21(2): 175-192, 1993
[29]Scott, Mike. WordSmith Tools[M]. UK: Oxford University Press, 1999:22
[30]Scott, M. PC analysis of key words-and key key words[J]. System, 25(2):233-245, 1997.
[31]Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990:58-88
[32]Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis, English in Academic and Research Settings (M), Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press, 2001:89-90
[33]Tunstall, Jeremy. Journalists at work[M]. London: Constable, 1971
[34]Van Dijk, Teun A. Episodes as units of discourse analysis. In: D. Tannen(ed.) Analyzing discourse: Text and talk[C]. Washington, DC: Georgetown UP., 1982:177-195.
[35]Van Dijk, Teun A. & Kintsch, Walter. Strategies of discourse comprehension[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1983:84
[36]Van Dijk, (Ed.) Discourse and Communication[M]. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1985: 69-93
[37]Van Dijk. Semantic discourse analysis [A]. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.). Handbook of Discourse Analysis [C]. London: Academic Press. 1985:82
[38]Van Dijk. News as Discourse[M]. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum,1988:55 [4]
[39]Xiao, McEnery. Two Approaches to Genre Analysis[J]. JEngL ,2005,33(1)
[40]董广安.现代新闻写作教程[M]. 郑州大学出版社, 2004:12
[41]陈红. 新闻访谈英语的文体研究——CCTV 国际频道新闻访谈英语的文体特征 [J]. 外语与外语教学,2003,3: 13
[42]廖益清,丁建新. 体裁结构潜势、语义特征与语法体现—格林童话的首尾研究[J]. 外国语:上海外国语大学学报, 2007,4:39
[43]尚媛媛. 现代英语财经报道阅读教程 [M]. 广州: 中山大学出版社, 1996
[44]王华庆. 经济新闻采访与写作[M].北京中国广播电视出版社,2003
[45]辛斌. 新闻语篇转述引语的批评性分析[J]. 外语教学与研究,1998,2:9-12
[46]徐有志. 现代英语文体学[M].河南大学出版社,1992: 64-65
[47]张健. 英语报刊财经报道的语言特点[J].外国语, 2003,02:39-40
[48]张健.新闻英语文体与范文评析 [M].上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2001:39-42
[2] Akar, D. Towards a new genre: A comparative study of business faxes[M]. London: Longman, 1999: 207-226
[3] Baynham, M. Direct speech: What’s it doing in non-narrative discourse? [J]. Journal of pragmatics, 1996, 25:61-81
[4] Bhatia, V.K. Analysing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings[M]. London: Longman.1993:69-77
[5] Cappon, Rene J. The Word: An Associated Press Guide to Good News Writing[M]. New York: Associated Press, 1982:58
[6] Curran, James (Ed.). Advertising and the Press. In the British Press: A Manifesto by James Curran[C].. London: Methuen, 1978
[7] Fairclough, N. Discourse and Social Change[M]. Cambridge: Blackwell Press, 1995:37
[8] Fedler, Fred, et. al. Reporting for the Media[M]. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997:75
[9] Ferguson, Donald, et. al. Journalism Today[M]. Illinois: National Textbook Company, 2001:67
[10]Fortanet, I., Posteguillo. Genre Studies in English for Academic Purposes[M]. Castelló: Servei de Publicacions-Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, 1998:73-80
[11]Fowler, Roger, et. al. Language and control[M]. London: London: Routkedge, 1979.
[12]Fowler, R. Language in the news[M]. London: Routledge, 1991
[13]Ghadessy, M. On the nature of written business communication[A]. In M. Ghadessy (Ed.), Register analysis: Theory and practice[C]. London: Printer Publisher, 1993:149-164
[14]Gibbs, Cheryl, et. al. Getting the Whole Story-Reporting and Writing the news[M]. New York: The Guilford Press, 2002:88
[15]Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989: 55-65
[16]Hartley, John. Understanding news[M]. London: Methuen,1982:11
[17]Hasan Ansary & Esmat Babaii. The Generic Integrity of Newspaper Editorials: A Systemic Functional Perspective[J]. Asian EFL Journal, 2005, 2: 30-35
[18]Hasan, R. Ways of saying: ways of meaning [A]. In R. Fawcett, M. A. K. Halliday, S. M.Lamb & A. Makkai (eds.), The Semiotics of Culture and Language, Vol.I:Language as Social Semiotics [C]. London: Printer, 1996:30
[19]Hatch, Evelyn et. al. Research design and statistics[M]. Cambridge: Newbury House Publishers, 1982:74
[20]Henry, A. & Roseberry, R. An investigation of the functions, strategies and lingu'istic features of the introductions and conclusions of essays[J]. System, 1997, 25 (4): 153-167
[21]Hough, George A. News Writing[M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1984, 47 [2]
[22]Hyland, K. Genre: Language, context, and literacy[J]. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2002, 20:113-135.
[23]Kniffka, Hannes. Sociolinguistik und empirische Textanalyse. Schlagzeilen und Leadformulierungen in amerikanischen Tageszeitungen[M]. Tübingen: Niemever, 1980:150-233.
[24]Lin Mei. A Classified Dictionary of Media English [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001
[25]Martin J.R. Language, register and genre [A]. In F.Christie (ed), Language Studies: Children's Writing:Reader[C]. Geelong: Deakin University Press, 1984:126-152
[26]Mitchell, T. The language of buying and selling in Cyrenaica: A situational segment. In T. Mitchell (Ed.), The principles of Firthian linguistics[C]. London: Longman, 1975:167-200
[27]O’Donnell, W.R. & Todd, L. Varieties in Contemporary English[M], London: Harper Collins Academics. 1991:77
[28] Paltridge, B. Writing up research: A systemic functional perspective[J]. System, 21(2): 175-192, 1993
[29]Scott, Mike. WordSmith Tools[M]. UK: Oxford University Press, 1999:22
[30]Scott, M. PC analysis of key words-and key key words[J]. System, 25(2):233-245, 1997.
[31]Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990:58-88
[32]Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis, English in Academic and Research Settings (M), Shanghai Foreign Languages Education Press, 2001:89-90
[33]Tunstall, Jeremy. Journalists at work[M]. London: Constable, 1971
[34]Van Dijk, Teun A. Episodes as units of discourse analysis. In: D. Tannen(ed.) Analyzing discourse: Text and talk[C]. Washington, DC: Georgetown UP., 1982:177-195.
[35]Van Dijk, Teun A. & Kintsch, Walter. Strategies of discourse comprehension[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1983:84
[36]Van Dijk, (Ed.) Discourse and Communication[M]. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1985: 69-93
[37]Van Dijk. Semantic discourse analysis [A]. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.). Handbook of Discourse Analysis [C]. London: Academic Press. 1985:82
[38]Van Dijk. News as Discourse[M]. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum,1988:55 [4]
[39]Xiao, McEnery. Two Approaches to Genre Analysis[J]. JEngL ,2005,33(1)
[40]董广安.现代新闻写作教程[M]. 郑州大学出版社, 2004:12
[41]陈红. 新闻访谈英语的文体研究——CCTV 国际频道新闻访谈英语的文体特征 [J]. 外语与外语教学,2003,3: 13
[42]廖益清,丁建新. 体裁结构潜势、语义特征与语法体现—格林童话的首尾研究[J]. 外国语:上海外国语大学学报, 2007,4:39
[43]尚媛媛. 现代英语财经报道阅读教程 [M]. 广州: 中山大学出版社, 1996
[44]王华庆. 经济新闻采访与写作[M].北京中国广播电视出版社,2003
[45]辛斌. 新闻语篇转述引语的批评性分析[J]. 外语教学与研究,1998,2:9-12
[46]徐有志. 现代英语文体学[M].河南大学出版社,1992: 64-65
[47]张健. 英语报刊财经报道的语言特点[J].外国语, 2003,02:39-40
[48]张健.新闻英语文体与范文评析 [M].上海:上海外语教育出版社. 2001:39-42