信息技术空间：权力、网络经济特征与财富分配
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摘要
信息技术对人类社会的影响与先前的技术发展相比有一个质的变化——它构建了自然形态上并不存在的空间。信息技术空间能部分地将人类的生产、生活等社会活动吸纳进来。
本论文与一些研究信息技术对国际政治和世界经济影响的著作不同,不是在国际政治和世界经济传统研究领域引入信息技术这个因素,而是将信息技术空间这个特殊的空间作为研究域。以信息技术空间的资源属性和权力属性为切入点,运用苏珊·斯特兰奇的结构性权力说以及福柯的空间与权力嵌入理论分析信息技术空间中权力结构,这些权力结构部分地决定着空间中行为体之间的关系,也决定着相关财富的流向。
论文在讨论网络经济特征的基础上,对信息技术空间建造过程中权力结构的嵌入进行了理论分析,并对各种国际行为体在信息技术空间中多领域竞争进行具体分析。这些行为体包括国际组织、国家(技术核心国家、技术新兴国家和技术边缘国家)、国家集团、国际组织、企业(垄断企业、技术后发企业)、网络社区(如开放源代码运动)等。竞争的层面包括空间的竞争、管理权的竞争、平台的竞争、编码的竞争和标准的竞争。论文重点分析结构性权力的形成和作用,研究信息技术空间中各类行为体的权力地位、影响力、垄断和反垄断的博弈以及财富流向。全文主要内容如下:
从国际政治经济学的角度看,国际间权力的运作和经济往来,一个重要的目的就是获取资源。资源被许多政治学者视作权力。信息技术空间的资源包括空间资源、时间资源、信息和知识资源、注意力资源、信息技术基础设施的市场资源等。
本论文在第三章讨论了信息技术产业的经济特征。信息技术产业的经济特征是技术与市场结合后共同作用形成的技术经济机制。本文重点梳理了信息技术产品的网络效应;系统和技术标准对产业和用户的锁定效应及转换成本;技术标准与兼容问题;事实技术标准在拓展市场和获得垄断地位中的作用等。讨论了锁定效应引起的市场失灵,以及具有公共产品特征的信息产品因为研发动力不足引起的市场失灵问题。
全球化和信息化条件下资源重心出现转移,信息技术开始成为重要资源。信息技术空间中资源控制边界无法靠国界和军事控制边界来划定,而技术的编码在很大程度上扮演了这样一个边界的角色。本文第四章借用了福柯的关于空间构建与权力嵌入的理论和苏珊·斯特兰奇的结构性权力说来分析信息技术空间中结构性权力关系的形成,并对各种行为体所受信息技术权力结构的规训做了分析。
第五章讨论的是美国数字边疆战略。重点分析了信息技术空间中影响美国获取财富的权力结构,从企业和国家层面探究美国企业精英、技术精英和政治精英经略数字边疆的方式和过程。通过对美国信息技术发展计划的历史追述,得出了一条美国政府建立信息技术空间的控制中心、拓展数字边疆、建立信息技术空间的游戏规则、最终帮助美国的企业获取新空间新资源的能力的路线图。美国的技术企业承担着将全球财富向美国聚拢的任务。
美国在互联网中的霸权成为它获取新资源和扩大影响力的工具。在第六章本文分析了美国网络霸权的各种形态,分析了美国网络霸权的历史由来和由技术决定的结构性权力。本章运用产权、公共选择、相互依赖与制度变迁的分析框架对目前全球互联网管理的相关权力关系进行分析。因为拥有主要基础设施的产权,美国成为互联网核心管理者。一些网络化国家希望改革体制分享互联网的管理权,网络边缘国家则希望获得援助跨越数字鸿沟。在互联网资源结构和产权归属没有大的变化的前提下,美国控制互联网的局面不会有根本性的改变。
信息技术空间中存在着系统平台之间的竞争与兼容的对立统一。在第七章中论文选择了欧洲的伽利略系统和美国的GPS系统之间的竞争为研究案例。首先分析了欧洲启动伽利略计划的政治、经济和技术动因,考察了美国GPS在垄断状态下技术创新动力的减退以及服务品质低劣的状况;并在此基础上研究挑战者伽利略计划和应战者GPS之间博弈的各种选项。从信息技术特性和市场期待出发,考察了两个平台之间从冲突到妥协的过程,以及这个过程所带来的社会福利。
软件不仅仅在技术层面作为工具而存在,同时也在经济、社会和政治层面掌控着信息技术空间的游戏规则。有关软件开发、传播、增修的实际规则、公共政策和法律包含着权力、资源和财富分配的意涵。在第八章本论文从分析开放源代码运动入手,考察编码的管理与控制在软件生产和流通过程中的权力角色,并考察该运动对财富分配和发展中国家经济发展的意义。开放源代码运动的产生和发展对编码产权化制度形成了巨大冲击,在为社会提供了大量的免费软件的同时促进了软件业的竞争,对软件垄断企业构成了挑战。它的存在促进了专有软件的创新和逐渐开放,减缓了少数企业利用编码控制知识资源疯狂敛财的步伐,扩大了社会总体福利。它的产生和发展对于发展中国家加快数字化步伐,缩小数字鸿沟,共享信息技术成果发挥了积极的作用。
技术标准意味着财富和国际权力,它不仅是世界高新技术产业竞争的制高点,而且是产业经营的高级形态。围绕技术标准的国际竞争日益成为市场主体间的技术、经济和政治的动态博弈。中国是一个信息技术新兴国家。中国的技术标准战略是一个决心掌握信息资源分配权的战略,是一个从“在中国制造”向“中国创造”跃进的战略。在第九章中,论文从编码、标准与权力的关系入手,从微观和宏观两个层面对技术标准竞争进行了分析,并探讨中国技术标准战略突破结构性权力限制的策略。巨大的产业规模、创新研发能力、庞大的市场以及国际间讨价还价能力是制定并拥有技术标准的基本条件。中国技术标准战略具备成功的基本条件并取得初步成效,但同时也面临着市场和标准制定体系两方面的权力结构限制。中国企业在国际技术标准体系中的地位只能通过符合权力结构的长期博弈逐渐得到改善。
信息技术空间是一个人类用技术平台建构的空间,它的出现引发了各种国际行为体之间围绕资源和权力的竞争。这一空间中的结构性权力与信息技术知识相关,技术先行者在建构信息技术平台时已经将对自己有利的结构性权力嵌入,形成了信息技术空间的霸权和严重的不平等和不公正现象。另一方面由于信息技术特有的网络特征和平台兼容的需要,国际行为体之间在竞争的同时也存在着合作、妥协的一面。
Information and communication technology (ICT) is creating a new virtual space, cyberspace. Cyberspace can partially absorb human’s activities.
This dissertation takes cyberspace as a research object instead of only an element that has an impact on the global politics and world economy. This dissertation starts with an analysis on the resources and power in the cyberspace. By means of the theory of structural power summarized by Susan Strange and embedded power in a space by Michel Foucault, this dissertation analyzes the power structures in cyberspace, which can partially determine the relations among the actors in the space, and also determine the distribution of the relevant wealth.
After discussion of the characteristics of networked economy, this dissertation analyzes the competition among the actors for the structural power during the construction of the cyberspace. The actors include nations, nation groups, international organizations, enterprises and network communities. They compete for power in the cyberspace and they struggle for win in the competitions of technical platform and code and technical standards. The resources have been taken as potential power in the field of global politics. The resources in the cyberspace are quite different from the ones in the natural space. They include space resource, time resource, information and knowledge resource, attention resource and the market resource of ICT infrastructure.
Chapter Three discusses the economic traits of the ICT industry. The discussion focuses on the network effect of the ICT product, lock-in effect and switch cost, technical standards and compatibility, and the role of the de facto standards in the market competition. The market failure caused by lock-in effect and by lack of supply of public good.
In the era of globalization and information, ICT resource is paid more and more attention. In the cyberspace the ICT resource can not be controlled and maintained by nation’s borders and military control lines. The technical code can play the role as a control border. By means of the theory of structural power summarized by Susan Strange and embedded power in a space by Michel Foucault, this dissertation analyzes the structural power in the cyberspace, and analyzes the disciplines that the actors received.
Chapter Five discusses the U.S. cyber-frontier strategy. The discussion focuses on the structural power that helps the United States gain wealth. By retrospecting the history of the ICT development of the United States, we find that the U.S. government, technical elites and entrepreneurs established a control center of cyberspace and expend it cyber-frontier through GII program, while setting a series of rule of game in the cyberspace. The ICT enterprises of the U.S. play a very important role in gathering the wealth and resources for the United States.
The American created the internet and expanded it to the world. The hegemony in the internet gives the U.S. a new tool to acquire new resources and impose its influence in the cyberspace. Because of the ownership of the core infrastructure the U.S. holds the control power of the internet. When the internet becomes a global social infrastructure, the global governance of the internet is demanded. This dissertation discusses the power structure related to the governance of the internet with the conceptual framework of property, power and public choice.
The competition and compatibility among the different system platforms in cyberspace lead to the technical development. Chapter Seven discusses the competition between the Galileo platform and GPS platform. The discussion focuses on the motives of the EU for establishing the Galileo platform, and the U.S. reaction to the challenge of the Galileo. Because of the status of monopoly, the GPS loses its momentum for innovation and GPS is reluctant to give better service. The market gives a welcome to the Galileo’s competition with the GPS,and also hopes the two platform can reach an compromise for compatibility.
The technical code can play the role as a control border. The source code of the software is one of the most important ones. Some proprietary software like Windows helps the Microsoft to become rich and rich by controlling the source code. Chapter Eight discusses the competition between the open source software and proprietary software. The open source movement consisting of hikers provides much free software. It imposes a challenge to proprietary software. The movement helps many developing countries to narrow the digital divide.
Technical Standards mean fortune and international power, which is not only ascendant in world high-tech industry competition, but also taken as the advanced modality of industrial management. International competition around technical standards has become gradually the technique, economic, and political dynamic game. Huge industrial scale, innovative research capability, tremendous market and the international bargaining capability are the fundamental conditions of setting technical standards. With fundamental conditions China’s national standards strategy has achieved the preliminary effect, but at the same time it is also confronted with power structural limitation in the market and standards-setting system. Therefore, the status of Chinese enterprises in the international technical standards system can be improved gradually through long-term fight in accordance with power structure.
Cyberspace consists of technical platforms. The emergence of the cyberspace leads to the competition for power and resource among the actors. The structural powers are connected to the ICT knowledge. The first-mover of the main information technology embedded the power during the development process. These structural powers result in hegemony and unfair play in the cyberspace. Because of the network effect and compatibility, some competition goes along with cooperation and compromise.
本论文与一些研究信息技术对国际政治和世界经济影响的著作不同,不是在国际政治和世界经济传统研究领域引入信息技术这个因素,而是将信息技术空间这个特殊的空间作为研究域。以信息技术空间的资源属性和权力属性为切入点,运用苏珊·斯特兰奇的结构性权力说以及福柯的空间与权力嵌入理论分析信息技术空间中权力结构,这些权力结构部分地决定着空间中行为体之间的关系,也决定着相关财富的流向。
论文在讨论网络经济特征的基础上,对信息技术空间建造过程中权力结构的嵌入进行了理论分析,并对各种国际行为体在信息技术空间中多领域竞争进行具体分析。这些行为体包括国际组织、国家(技术核心国家、技术新兴国家和技术边缘国家)、国家集团、国际组织、企业(垄断企业、技术后发企业)、网络社区(如开放源代码运动)等。竞争的层面包括空间的竞争、管理权的竞争、平台的竞争、编码的竞争和标准的竞争。论文重点分析结构性权力的形成和作用,研究信息技术空间中各类行为体的权力地位、影响力、垄断和反垄断的博弈以及财富流向。全文主要内容如下:
从国际政治经济学的角度看,国际间权力的运作和经济往来,一个重要的目的就是获取资源。资源被许多政治学者视作权力。信息技术空间的资源包括空间资源、时间资源、信息和知识资源、注意力资源、信息技术基础设施的市场资源等。
本论文在第三章讨论了信息技术产业的经济特征。信息技术产业的经济特征是技术与市场结合后共同作用形成的技术经济机制。本文重点梳理了信息技术产品的网络效应;系统和技术标准对产业和用户的锁定效应及转换成本;技术标准与兼容问题;事实技术标准在拓展市场和获得垄断地位中的作用等。讨论了锁定效应引起的市场失灵,以及具有公共产品特征的信息产品因为研发动力不足引起的市场失灵问题。
全球化和信息化条件下资源重心出现转移,信息技术开始成为重要资源。信息技术空间中资源控制边界无法靠国界和军事控制边界来划定,而技术的编码在很大程度上扮演了这样一个边界的角色。本文第四章借用了福柯的关于空间构建与权力嵌入的理论和苏珊·斯特兰奇的结构性权力说来分析信息技术空间中结构性权力关系的形成,并对各种行为体所受信息技术权力结构的规训做了分析。
第五章讨论的是美国数字边疆战略。重点分析了信息技术空间中影响美国获取财富的权力结构,从企业和国家层面探究美国企业精英、技术精英和政治精英经略数字边疆的方式和过程。通过对美国信息技术发展计划的历史追述,得出了一条美国政府建立信息技术空间的控制中心、拓展数字边疆、建立信息技术空间的游戏规则、最终帮助美国的企业获取新空间新资源的能力的路线图。美国的技术企业承担着将全球财富向美国聚拢的任务。
美国在互联网中的霸权成为它获取新资源和扩大影响力的工具。在第六章本文分析了美国网络霸权的各种形态,分析了美国网络霸权的历史由来和由技术决定的结构性权力。本章运用产权、公共选择、相互依赖与制度变迁的分析框架对目前全球互联网管理的相关权力关系进行分析。因为拥有主要基础设施的产权,美国成为互联网核心管理者。一些网络化国家希望改革体制分享互联网的管理权,网络边缘国家则希望获得援助跨越数字鸿沟。在互联网资源结构和产权归属没有大的变化的前提下,美国控制互联网的局面不会有根本性的改变。
信息技术空间中存在着系统平台之间的竞争与兼容的对立统一。在第七章中论文选择了欧洲的伽利略系统和美国的GPS系统之间的竞争为研究案例。首先分析了欧洲启动伽利略计划的政治、经济和技术动因,考察了美国GPS在垄断状态下技术创新动力的减退以及服务品质低劣的状况;并在此基础上研究挑战者伽利略计划和应战者GPS之间博弈的各种选项。从信息技术特性和市场期待出发,考察了两个平台之间从冲突到妥协的过程,以及这个过程所带来的社会福利。
软件不仅仅在技术层面作为工具而存在,同时也在经济、社会和政治层面掌控着信息技术空间的游戏规则。有关软件开发、传播、增修的实际规则、公共政策和法律包含着权力、资源和财富分配的意涵。在第八章本论文从分析开放源代码运动入手,考察编码的管理与控制在软件生产和流通过程中的权力角色,并考察该运动对财富分配和发展中国家经济发展的意义。开放源代码运动的产生和发展对编码产权化制度形成了巨大冲击,在为社会提供了大量的免费软件的同时促进了软件业的竞争,对软件垄断企业构成了挑战。它的存在促进了专有软件的创新和逐渐开放,减缓了少数企业利用编码控制知识资源疯狂敛财的步伐,扩大了社会总体福利。它的产生和发展对于发展中国家加快数字化步伐,缩小数字鸿沟,共享信息技术成果发挥了积极的作用。
技术标准意味着财富和国际权力,它不仅是世界高新技术产业竞争的制高点,而且是产业经营的高级形态。围绕技术标准的国际竞争日益成为市场主体间的技术、经济和政治的动态博弈。中国是一个信息技术新兴国家。中国的技术标准战略是一个决心掌握信息资源分配权的战略,是一个从“在中国制造”向“中国创造”跃进的战略。在第九章中,论文从编码、标准与权力的关系入手,从微观和宏观两个层面对技术标准竞争进行了分析,并探讨中国技术标准战略突破结构性权力限制的策略。巨大的产业规模、创新研发能力、庞大的市场以及国际间讨价还价能力是制定并拥有技术标准的基本条件。中国技术标准战略具备成功的基本条件并取得初步成效,但同时也面临着市场和标准制定体系两方面的权力结构限制。中国企业在国际技术标准体系中的地位只能通过符合权力结构的长期博弈逐渐得到改善。
信息技术空间是一个人类用技术平台建构的空间,它的出现引发了各种国际行为体之间围绕资源和权力的竞争。这一空间中的结构性权力与信息技术知识相关,技术先行者在建构信息技术平台时已经将对自己有利的结构性权力嵌入,形成了信息技术空间的霸权和严重的不平等和不公正现象。另一方面由于信息技术特有的网络特征和平台兼容的需要,国际行为体之间在竞争的同时也存在着合作、妥协的一面。
Information and communication technology (ICT) is creating a new virtual space, cyberspace. Cyberspace can partially absorb human’s activities.
This dissertation takes cyberspace as a research object instead of only an element that has an impact on the global politics and world economy. This dissertation starts with an analysis on the resources and power in the cyberspace. By means of the theory of structural power summarized by Susan Strange and embedded power in a space by Michel Foucault, this dissertation analyzes the power structures in cyberspace, which can partially determine the relations among the actors in the space, and also determine the distribution of the relevant wealth.
After discussion of the characteristics of networked economy, this dissertation analyzes the competition among the actors for the structural power during the construction of the cyberspace. The actors include nations, nation groups, international organizations, enterprises and network communities. They compete for power in the cyberspace and they struggle for win in the competitions of technical platform and code and technical standards. The resources have been taken as potential power in the field of global politics. The resources in the cyberspace are quite different from the ones in the natural space. They include space resource, time resource, information and knowledge resource, attention resource and the market resource of ICT infrastructure.
Chapter Three discusses the economic traits of the ICT industry. The discussion focuses on the network effect of the ICT product, lock-in effect and switch cost, technical standards and compatibility, and the role of the de facto standards in the market competition. The market failure caused by lock-in effect and by lack of supply of public good.
In the era of globalization and information, ICT resource is paid more and more attention. In the cyberspace the ICT resource can not be controlled and maintained by nation’s borders and military control lines. The technical code can play the role as a control border. By means of the theory of structural power summarized by Susan Strange and embedded power in a space by Michel Foucault, this dissertation analyzes the structural power in the cyberspace, and analyzes the disciplines that the actors received.
Chapter Five discusses the U.S. cyber-frontier strategy. The discussion focuses on the structural power that helps the United States gain wealth. By retrospecting the history of the ICT development of the United States, we find that the U.S. government, technical elites and entrepreneurs established a control center of cyberspace and expend it cyber-frontier through GII program, while setting a series of rule of game in the cyberspace. The ICT enterprises of the U.S. play a very important role in gathering the wealth and resources for the United States.
The American created the internet and expanded it to the world. The hegemony in the internet gives the U.S. a new tool to acquire new resources and impose its influence in the cyberspace. Because of the ownership of the core infrastructure the U.S. holds the control power of the internet. When the internet becomes a global social infrastructure, the global governance of the internet is demanded. This dissertation discusses the power structure related to the governance of the internet with the conceptual framework of property, power and public choice.
The competition and compatibility among the different system platforms in cyberspace lead to the technical development. Chapter Seven discusses the competition between the Galileo platform and GPS platform. The discussion focuses on the motives of the EU for establishing the Galileo platform, and the U.S. reaction to the challenge of the Galileo. Because of the status of monopoly, the GPS loses its momentum for innovation and GPS is reluctant to give better service. The market gives a welcome to the Galileo’s competition with the GPS,and also hopes the two platform can reach an compromise for compatibility.
The technical code can play the role as a control border. The source code of the software is one of the most important ones. Some proprietary software like Windows helps the Microsoft to become rich and rich by controlling the source code. Chapter Eight discusses the competition between the open source software and proprietary software. The open source movement consisting of hikers provides much free software. It imposes a challenge to proprietary software. The movement helps many developing countries to narrow the digital divide.
Technical Standards mean fortune and international power, which is not only ascendant in world high-tech industry competition, but also taken as the advanced modality of industrial management. International competition around technical standards has become gradually the technique, economic, and political dynamic game. Huge industrial scale, innovative research capability, tremendous market and the international bargaining capability are the fundamental conditions of setting technical standards. With fundamental conditions China’s national standards strategy has achieved the preliminary effect, but at the same time it is also confronted with power structural limitation in the market and standards-setting system. Therefore, the status of Chinese enterprises in the international technical standards system can be improved gradually through long-term fight in accordance with power structure.
Cyberspace consists of technical platforms. The emergence of the cyberspace leads to the competition for power and resource among the actors. The structural powers are connected to the ICT knowledge. The first-mover of the main information technology embedded the power during the development process. These structural powers result in hegemony and unfair play in the cyberspace. Because of the network effect and compatibility, some competition goes along with cooperation and compromise.
引文
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4 关于互联网的全球治理问题请参见本论文第六章。
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1 中国互联网协会,中国互联网数据中心:《Netguide2008 中国互联网调查报告》,2008 年 1 月 8 日。
2 罗晓白:“锁死后门 我互联网信息不再受美国监控”,《IT 时代周刊》,第 119 期,2007 年 1 月 5 日。
1 David Souter. African Participation in WSIS: review and discussion paper[R] Prepared for the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) July 2004
2 Final Declaration of the African Regional Conference of the World Summit on the Information Society. Bamako, 30 May 2002
3 联合国信息社会突尼斯议程。文件编号 WSIS-05/TUNIS/DOC/6. http://www.un.org/chinese/events/wsis/agenda.htm#note1#note1
1 艾伦·斯密德:《财产、权力和公共选择——对法和经济学的进一步思考》,上海三联出版社,2006 年版, 第3 页。
1 德国之声网站,“伽利略测试卫星起飞动摇美国地位”2005 年 12 月 28 日。http://www.dw-world.com/dw/article/0,2144,1838274,00.html
2 Braunschvig, David, Richard L. Garwin, and Jeremy C. Marwell.“Space Diplomacy.” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2003, page 159–162.
1 Bulmahn, Edelgard, federal minister of education and research (Germany). “Europe’s Ambitions in Space.” Address. Center for International Science and Technology Policy, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 6 February 2002.
2 “Business: Navigating the Future; GPS and Galileo.” Economist 367, no. 8330 (28 June 2003): page92.
3 European Commission. The European Dependence on US-GPS and the Galileo Initiative. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, 8 February 2002. page 14-17 http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/doc/gal_european_dependence_on_gps_rev22.pdf
4 Gustav Lindstrom, “The Galileo satellite system and its security implications” Occasional Papers No.44 April 2003. Published by the European Union Institute for security Studies. Page 18
1 “欧洲伽利略启航”,《科学时报》, 2002 年 3 月 25 日。
2 Wilson, Andrew, ed. Galileo: The European Programme for Global Navigation Services. AG Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division, May 2002. page 7.
1 The European Dependence on US-GPS and the Galileo Initiative. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, 8 February 2002. http://europa.eu.int/ comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/doc/gal_european_dependence_on_gps_rev22.pdf page 1.
2 Wilson, Andrew, ed. Galileo: The European Programme for Global Navigation Services. AG Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division, May 2002. page 7.
1 “US Warns EU about Galileo’s Possible Military Conflicts.” Space Daily, 18 December 2001. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/ gps-euro-01g.html
2 Gustav Lindstrom, “The Galileo satellite system and its security implications” Occasional Papers No.44 April 2003. Published by the European Union Institute for security Studies. Page 22
3 “欧洲“伽利略”启航”,《科学时报》, 2002 年 3 月 25 日。
1 Clinton, William J. “Statement on the Decision to Stop Degrading Global Positioning System Signals.” Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 2000–2001. Book 1, 1 May 2000. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58423&st=&st1=.
2 Sirak, Michael. “USA Sets Sights on GPS Security Enhancements.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 16 January 2002, 30. page 30.
3 美国国务院声明 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/8673.htm
1 Dornheim, Michael A. “GPS Improvements Set to Help Civil Users.” Aviation Week and Space Technology 157, no. 13 (23 September 2002): page 56.
2 转引自姚立、李东风:“担心丧失太空霸权,美国扬言摧毁欧盟卫星”,《环球时报》, 2004 年 10 月 27 日, 第一版。
1 Divis, Dee Ann. “GPS III, Modernization Face Budget Cut.” GPS World 13, no. 7 (July 2002): page 10–11.
2“Boeing to Upgrade GPS 2F Series Birds As Military Needs Increase.” Space Daily, 19 November 2003. http://www.space daily.com/news/gps-03zs.html
1 Bialos, Jeffrey P. “Togetherness on Galileo?” Space News International, 6 May 2002, page 15.
2 EC Press Release.”GALILEO and GPS will navigate side by side: EU and US sign final agreement”.IP/04/805. Brussels,28 June 2004
3 EU Press Release. “Commission takes stock of the GALILEO Programme” IP/06/744. Brussels, 7 June 2006
1德国之声网站,“欧洲伽利略首战告捷,美国 GPS 神话破灭” 2006 年 1 月 1 日。http://www.dw-world.com/popups/popup_printcontent/0,,1841373,00.html
2 Gustav Lindstrom, “The Galileo satellite system and its security implications” Occasional Papers No.44 April 2003. Published by the European Union Institute for security Studies. Page 29
3马宁:“中国在伽利略地位同欧盟国家,已有六股东”,《北京青年报》,2005年12月30日。
4 Lamoureux, Francois, director general, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport (ECDG-TREN). “Opening of EU-China Negotiations on Satellite Navigation.” Address. Brussels, Belgium, 16 May 2003.
5 “China Joins EU Space Program to Break US GPS Monopoly.”Space Daily, 27 September 2003. http://www.spacedaily .com/news/gps-03zc.html.
1 参见自由软件基金会网站 http://www.fsf.org/
2 参见开放源促进会网站 http://www.opensource.org/
3 参见各类开放源社区网站 http://web.sourceforge.com/index.php 和 http://www.osdn.net.cn/等。
1 Lerner J and Tirole J (2000). The simple economics of open source. Working Paper 7600. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research.
1 Bradley M. Kuhn, Richard M. Stallman. Freedom or Power? http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html
1 Ryan Tool. Economcs of Open Source: The Motives and Methods Behind the Free Software that is Challenging Market Leaders. June 3, 2005
1 本·斯泰尔等:《技术创新与经济绩效》,上海人民出版社,2006 年版, 第 159 页。
2 张海洋:“升阳,跟微软拼才有今天”,《环球时报》,2001 年 1 月 16 日, 第 9 版。.
1 张峰: “Linux,威胁微软命门?”, 《新闻周刊》,2002 年第 39 期, 第 12-15 页。
2 Raymond , E R . The cathedral and the bazaar : musings on linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary [M] . Se2 bastopol , CA : O’Reilly & Associates Inc , 1998 : 30 - 35.
1 耿骞等编:《信息系统分析与设计》,高等教育出版社 2001 年版, 第 38 页。
2 韦港:“赞自由软件”,《工程地质计算机应用》,1999 年第 3 期。
3 Ye Y, Nakakoji K, et al, The Co-Evolution of Systems and Communities in Free and Open Source Software Development, in Koch S(edited), Free/Open Source Software Development, Idea Publishing, 2005. 59–82
4 vanWendel R, de Bruijn J, van Eeten M (2003) Protecting the Virtual Commons, Information Technology & Law Series, T.M.C. Asser Press, 44–50
1 Healy K, Schussman A (2003) The Ecology of Open Source Development, www.kieranhealy.org/files/drafts/oss-activity.pdf
1曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九、王志弘等译, 北京:社会科学文献出版社 2003 年, 第 245页。
1 联合国贸易和发展会议报告:“自由和开放源码软件:所涉政策和发展问题”, TD/B/COM.3/EM.21/2, 第 20 页。
2 參見 http://www.silicon.com/software/os/0,39024651,39116677,00.htm
3 參見 http://www.silicon.com/management/government/0,39024677,39116719,00.htm.
4 胡才勇:“标准战略,国家引领——论 fairplay 可以缓行”,WTO:标准化中的知识产权(北京)国际研讨会论文。2007 年 4 月 18 日。
1 Goldmark, Alex. “Brazil Makes Move to Open Source Software.” NPR. January 31, 2005. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4471963
2 Todd Berson. Brazil: Free Software's Biggest and Best Friend. The New Tork Times March 29, 2005 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/29/technology/29computer.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
3 Ryan Tool. Economcs of Open Source: The Motives and Methods Behind the Free Software that is Challenging Market Leaders. June 3, 2005
4 Bessen J (2002). What good is free software? In: Hahn R, ed. (2002). Government Policy toward Open SourceSoftware. Washington, DC, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.
1 参见 http://www.sina.com.cn 2003 年 04 月 11 日 10:03 新浪科技
2 参见 http://it.sohu.com/20040920/n222126831.shtml 搜狐 IT
3 理查德.斯托曼:“为什么软件不应该被个人所有”,见《自由软件运动经典文献》,贾星客,李极光主编,云南大学出版社,2003版,第25-30页。
1 Lawrence Lessig.The Limits in Open Code: Regulatory Standards and the Future of the Net . Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 1999.Vol. 14:759 page763
1 罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈:《权力与相互依赖》,门洪华译,北京大学出版社 2002 年,第 263 页。
1 David Kang and Adam Segal,”The Siren Song of Technonationalism”,Far Eastern Economic Review, March 2006
2 胡锦涛:“坚持走中国特色自主创新道路,为建设创新型国家而努力奋斗”,在 2006 年全国科学技术大会上的讲话,新华社北京 2006 年 1 月 12 日电。
3 温家宝:“认真实施科技发展规划纲要 开创我国科技发展的新局面,” 在 2006 年全国科学技术大会上的讲话, 新华社北京 1 月 12 日电。
1 房庆、白殿一 :“中国技术标准发展战略研究”, http://www.chinabyte.com/173/2010173.shtml。
1 6C 联盟包括松下、日立、三菱电机、时代华纳、东芝和 JVC;3C 联盟包括飞利浦、索尼和先锋。
2 Richard P. Suttmeier. “A new technonationalism?: China and the development of technical standards “.Communications of the ACM, Vol.48, Issue 4, (April 2005), pp35-37. Original Source: ACM: Digital Library
3 参见“中国参与国际分工的多层次战略”,张幼文等:《新开放观——对外开放理论与战略在探索》,人民出版 社,2007 年版,第 217-249 页。
1 Sangbac Kim and Jeffrey A. Hart. ” The Global Political Economy of Wintelism”. In Information Technologies and Global Politics: The Changing Scope of Power and Governance, edited by James N. Rosenau, and J. P. Singh, p.151. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 2002
2 曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九 王志弘等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003 年版,第 18 页。
1 [德]尼克拉斯·卢曼:《权力》,瞿铁鹏译,上海世纪出版集团, 2005 年版, 第 36 页。
2 参见马费成、靖继鹏:《信息经济分析》,科技技术文献出版社, 2005 年版 第 68-69 页。
1 Strange, Susan (1988) State and Markets. London: Pinter Publishers.p25
2 韩可卫:“欧、美、日标准化战略分析”,《国际技术经济研究》,2006 年第 3 期, 1-6 页。
3 Jancsurak J. “The World of Standards”. Appliance Manufacturer, Chicago(USA): Business News Publishing company,1999
1 D.Linda Garcia and Kelsey Burns “Globalization, Developing Countries, and the Evolution of International Standard Setting communities of Practice” China’s Technology Standards Policy Workshop, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, January 6, 2005.
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[1] [英] 阿兰·谢里登. 《求真意志——米歇尔福柯的新路历程》[M]. 上海:上海人民出版社,1997 年版.
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[3] 艾伦· 斯密德.《财产、权力和公共选择——对法和经济学的进一步思考》[M].上海: 三联出版社 2006 年版
[4] 白钦先,杨涤. 《21 世纪新资源理论》[M] 中国金融出版社,2006 年版.
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2 孙健:《网络经济学导论》,电子工业出版社,2001 年版。
3 罗曼 :《信息政策》科学出版社,2005 年版
4 吕铁:“论技术标准化与产业标准战略”,《中国工业经济》,2005 年第 7 期。
5 曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九 王志弘等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003 年版。
1 Nye, Joseph S Jr; Owens, William A 1996. America's Information Edge. Foreign Affairs.75 Mar/Apr 1996:20-36
1 William Gibson (1984). Neuromancer. New York: Ace Books.
2 Cyberspace. Reference.com. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Cyberspace (accessed: March 26, 2008).
3 张之沧:“赛博空间释义”《洛阳师范学院学报》,2004 年第 3 期,第 21 页。
1 http://baike.baidu.com/view/303341.htm
2 马克斯·H·布瓦索:《信息空间—认识组织、制度和文化的一种框架》,王寅通译,上海译文出版社,2005年, 第 8 页、第 232 页
3 曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九 王志弘等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003 年版,第 504 页。
4 曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九 王志弘等译,社会科学文献出版社 2003 年版, 第 478 页。
5 曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九 王志弘等译,社会科学文献出版社 2003 年版,第 505 页。
1 http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001163/116300E.pdf
2 徐正雄:“网际空间中的法律和伦理问题及跨域研究趋势”台湾《应用伦理研究通讯》,2007 年 5 月第 42 期, 第 2-18 页。
3 The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace (www.whitehouse.gov/pcipb/cyberspace_strategy.pdf)
1 罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈:《权力与相互依赖》,门洪华 译,北京大学出版社 2002 年版,第 258 页。
2 Jeffrey R. Cooper. 2000. The CyberFrontier and America at the Turn of the 21st Century: Reopening Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier, First Monday July 3, 2000, Vol. 5, No. 7 (http://www.firstmonday.dk/)
1 参阅彼得·蒙德尔:经济学解说》(经济科学出版社,2000)以及白钦先、杨涤《21 世纪新资源理论》(中国金融出版社,2006)对资源的定义和说明。
2 Mark W. Zacher,2002. Capitalism, Technology, and Liberalization: The International Telecommunications Regime, 1865-1998 Information Technologies and Global Politics: the changing scope of power and governance. Edited by James N. Roseanau and J.P. Singh. State university of New York Press.
1 曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九 王志弘等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003 年版 505-507 页。
1 [美] 肯尼思.J.阿罗:《信息经济学》,何宝玉等译,北京经济学院出版社,1989 版。
2 Joseph S. Nye Jr. and William A. Owen, “America’s Information Edge” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 2, March/April 1996.
1 Shy, O. The Economics of Network Industries Cambridge University Press, Cambridge New York, 2001
1 Katz et al. “Systems Competition and Network Effects,” The Journal of Economics Perspectives (8:2) 1994, p.94
2 孙健:《网络经济学导论》,电子工业出版社,2001 年版,第 41 页。
3 毛丰付:《标准竞争与竞争政策——以 ICT 产业为例》,三联出版社,2007 年版,第 28 页。
4 Katz et al. “Network Externalities, Competition and compatibility,” The American Economic Review (75:3) 1985, pp.424-440
5 Economides, N., and White, L.J. “One-Way Networks, Two-Way Networks, Compatibility, and Public Policy,” in: Opening Networks to Competition: The Regulation and Pricing of Access, D. Gabel and D. Weiman (eds.) , Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston Dortrencht London, 1996
1 Rogers, E.M., and Scott, K.L. “The Diffusion of Innovations Model and Out-reach from National Network of Libraries of Medicine to Native American Communities,”University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 1997.
2 Ferrell, J., and Saloner, G. “Standardization, Compatibility and Innovation,” The RAND Journal of Economics (16:1) 1985 pp 70-83.
3 Katz et al. “Network Externalities, Competition and compatibility,” The American Economic Review (75:3) 1985, p.424, p.435.
1 Schilling, M.A. “Winning the Standards Race: Building Installed Base and the Availability of Complementary Goods,” European Management Journal (17:3) 1999, pp 265-274
1 Roman Beck. “The Network(ed) Economy: The Nature, Adoption and Diffusion of Communication Standards” Deutscher Universitats-verlag, Wiesbaden 2006, pp 56-57
1 Arthur, B.W. “Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events,” The Economic Journal(99:394) 1989, pp 116-131
2 Arthur, B.W. “Positive Feedbacks in the Economy,” Scientific American(262:2) 1990, pp 92-99
3 Liebowitz, S.J., and Margolis, S.E. “Path Dependence, Lock-in and History,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization(11:1) 1995, pp 205-226
1 David, P.A. “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY,” The American Economic Review (75:2) 1985, pp 332-337
2 杨剑:“论第二代互联网的宏观应用评估”,《科技与经济》,2007 年第 3 期, 62-64 页.
3 根据《人民日报 . 华东新闻》 (2000 年 07 月 10 日第一版)黄嵘的报道《“升级”的代价》上海模拟手机用户依照《民法通则》与《消费者权益保护法》,将移动通信公司告上法庭。原告认为移动通讯公司单方面停止提供模拟移动通讯服务是剥夺模拟手机用户的权利。
1 David, P.A. “Some New Standards for the Economics of Standardization in the Information Age,” in Dasgupta, P. and P. Stoneman (eds), Economic Policy and Technological Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1987, p.232.
1 [美] 罗伯特 P 等:《新技术时代的知识产权法》,齐筠等译,中国政法大学出版社,2003 年版, 第 718 页。
2 参见维基百科网站"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindahl_equilibrium"
3 马费成,靖继鹏 主编:《信息经济分析》,科学技术文献出版社,2005 年版,第 90 页。
1 葛伟民:《网络效应:互联网发展对全球经济的影响》,上海社会科学院出版社,2004 年版,第 20 页。
2 艾伦·斯密德:《财产、权力和公共选择——对法和经济学的进一步思考》,上海三联出版社,2006 年版, 第119-126 页。
3 李德顺 主编:《知识产权公共教程》,中国人事出版社,2007 年版,26-27 页。
1 [英]苏珊·斯特兰奇:《国家与市场——国际政治经济学导论》,杨宇光 等译, 经济科学出版社,1990 年版, 第 35 页。
2 Toffler, Alvin (1990) Power Shift. New York: Bantam Books.
3 Drucker, Peter F. (1993) Post-capitalist Society. New York: HarperBusiness. p.42
1 http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html
2 马克斯·H·布瓦索:《信息空间—认识组织、制度和文化的一种框架》,王寅通译,上海译文出版社 2005 年版,第 191 页。
3 [英]苏珊·斯特兰奇:《国家与市场——国际政治经济学导论》,杨宇光 等译, 经济科学出版社 1990 年版,第 35 页。
1 罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈:《权力与相互依赖》,门洪华 译, 北京大学出版社 2002 年版, 第 262页。
1 马克斯·H·布瓦索:《信息空间—认识组织、制度和文化的一种框架》,王寅通译,上海译文出版社 2005 年版,第 186 页。
2 转引自谢立中:《现代性后现代性社会理论》,北京大学出版社,2004 版, 第 161-163 页。
3 福柯:《规训与惩罚》刘北成,杨远婴译,北京三联书店,2004 年版,第 197 页。
1 周和军:“空间与权力——福柯空间观解析”,载《江西社会科学》,2007 年第四期,第 59 页。
2 福柯:《规训与惩罚》,刘北成,杨远婴译, 北京三联书店,2004 年版,第 226 页。
3 参见本论文第六章 管理权的竞争:互联网的全球治理
1 参见本论文第八章 编码的竞争:对开放源代码运动的分析。
2 Raymond , E R . The cathedral and the bazaar : musings on linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary . Se2 bastopol , CA : O’Reilly & Associates Inc , 1998 : 30 - 35.
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3 张铁山:“论福柯的科学知识权力观”,《新乡师范高等专科学校学报》,2006 年第 6 期, 第 57 页。
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1 [法]福柯:《规训与惩罚》,刘北成,杨远婴译,北京三联书店,2004 年版,第 241-242 页。
2 Nye, J.S. (1990) Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books. Pp.31-32
3 [英]苏珊·斯特兰奇:《国家与市场——国际政治经济学导论》,杨宇光 等译, 经济科学出版社,1990 年版, 第 29-35 页。
1 [英]苏珊·斯特兰奇:《国家与市场——国际政治经济学导论》,杨宇光 等译, 经济科学出版社,1990 年版, 第 147 页。
2 Pacey, A. (1983) The Culture of Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.M. And C. Sabel (1984) The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books. pp. 4-7.
1 邢怀滨、苏竣:“全球科技治理的权力结构、困境及政策含义”,《科学学研究》,2006 年 6 月, 第 370 页。
1 James N. Rosenau, and J. P. Singh(edited), Information Technologies and Global Politics: The Changing Scope of Power and Governance, NY: SUNY Press. P.159
1 马克斯·H·布瓦索:《信息空间—认识组织、制度和文化的一种框架》,王寅通译,上海译文出版社,2005 年版,第 182 页。
2 毛丰付:《标准竞争与竞争政策——以 ICT 产业为例》,上海三联出版社,2007 年版,第 44 页。
3 参见本论文第八章 编码的竞争
4 Brian Martin: “反知识产权”,见贾星客、李极光 主编:《自由软件运动经典文献》,云南大学出版社,2003年版,第 288 页。
1 Borrus, Michael and John Zysman (1997) "Wintelism and the Changing Terms of Global Competition; Prototype of the Future?" BRIE Working Paper, 96B, University of California, Berkeley. P.4
2 Morris, Charles R., and Charles H. Ferguson (1993) "How Architecture Wins Technology Wars," Harvard Business Review, March-April. pp.88-89
1 Jeffrey R. Cooper. 2000. The CyberFrontier and America at the Turn of the 21st Century: Reopening Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier, First Monday July 3, 2000, Vol. 5, No. 7 (http://www.firstmonday.dk/)
1 罗曼:《信息政策》,科学出版社,2005 年版,第 43-44 页。
2 主父笑飞、赵景芳:“美国信息战略探析”,《现代国际关系》,2006 年第 7 期,第 32 页。
3 Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Power and Interdependence in the Information Age. Foreign Affairs.(September/October)77(5). 1998.
1 Al Gore GII Buenos Aires Speech, http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199403/msg00113.html
2 葛伟民:《网络效应:互联网发展对全球经济的影响》,上海社会科学院出版社,2004 年版,第 49 页。
3 美国前商务部长布朗 1994 年发表演说指出,美国新的竞争力会将美国的成功经验传播到海外,由此给美国提供新的机会。1992 年美国通讯产业出口总额为 73 亿美元,其中网络和传输设备有 12 亿的出超其他通讯设备有13 亿的出超,而美国软件产业在 1992 年的国际收支为 224 亿美元。 http://www.eff.org/Infrastructure/Govt_docs/brown_nii_1-6-94.speech
4 关于互联网的全球治理问题请参见本论文第六章。
1 13 台根服务器中,日本、英国和挪威各一台,其余 10 部全都在美国。在美国的 10 台中,2 台由军队使用,1台由美国国家航空航天局使用。
2 Brett D. Schaefer, John J. Tkacik, Jr., and James L. Gattuso “Keep the Internet Free of the United Nations” (别让联合国插手互联网) November 2, 2005. http://new.heritage.org/Research/ InternationalOrganizations/wm904.cfm
3 Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye, Jr 1998. Power and Interdependence in the Information Age. Foreign Affairs.(September/October)77(5).
1 周光斌:“对新一轮 WTO 电信谈判的思考”,《通信世界》,2005-9-15。
2 The White House. A Framework for Global Electronic Commerce. July 1, 1997 http://www.technology. gov/digeconomy/related_doc.htm
3 孙健:《网络经济学导论》,电子工业出版社,2001 年版,第 98 页。
4 罗曼 :《信息政策》,科学出版社,2005 年版,第 53 页。
1 White House, “The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace” February, 2003
1 Bruce P. Mehlman, “Technology Administration:21st Century Policy Challenges for American Innovation Leadership”. Remarks in Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA,Oct. 23, 2003. (http://www.technology.gov/Speeches/p_BPM_031023.htm)
2 American National Standards Institute, “The United States Standards Strategy” December 8, 2005. (http://www.ansi.org/standards_activities/nss/usss.aspx?menuid=3)
1 Jeffery A. Hart, and Sangbae Kim. Explaining the Resurgence of U.S. Competitiveness: The Rise of Wintelism, The Information Society, 18: 1-12, 2002
1 Joseph S. Nye Jr. and William A. Owen, “America’s Information Edge” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 2, March/April 1996
2 黄仁伟、吴雪明:“试析信息技术对美国‘新经济结构’的影响”,《世界经济研究》,1999 年第 6 期。
1 Chairman's Summary in Second Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) Rio de Janeiro, 12 - 15 November 2007
1 ASCII 是 American Standard Code for Information Interchange 的缩写,意即美国标准信息交换标准码
1 中国网络信息中心《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》2007 年 7 月 http://www.cnnic.net.cn/uploadfiles/doc/2007/7/18/113843.doc
2 【搜狐 IT 消息】 “欧盟官员称 IP 地址严重分配不均 中印日最稀缺”http://it.sohu.com/20070413/n249405917.shtml
1 联合国报告 The Digital Divide Report :ICT DIFFUSION INDEX2005 UNCTAD/ITE/IPC/2006/5
2 Mike Jensen: “非洲的 ICT 状况报告”,《 世界经济论坛 2002-2003 年全球信息技术报告》. Dutta, S 等编; 邱仲潘等译,机械工业出版社, 2003 版,第 88 页。
1 朱伟等:“域名解析在国家信息安全中作用日益凸现”,见《中国国防报》2006 年 4 月 3 日。
1 徐海慧:“域名变脸:中国迎战网络主权”,《国际金融报》,2006 年 3 月 3 日 ,第五版。
2 美国众议院决议文,Expressing the sense of the Congress regarding oversight of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. 编号 H. Con. Res. 268 [109th] http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=hc109-268
3 Jay Wrolstad,,Congress: U.S. Internet Control Inviolable, http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=10300002F9KV
4 樊勇明:《西方国际政治经济学》,上海人民出版社,2001 年版, 第 142 页。
1 本·斯泰尔等: 《技术创新与经济绩效》,上海人民出版社,2006 版, 第 220-222 页。
1 Report from the Working Group on Internet Governance. [2005-8-31]. http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs2/pc3/off5.pdf
2 美国国家通讯和信息管理署网站http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/USDNSprinciples_06302005.htm
3 Debora L. Spar, “The Public Face of Cyberspace” Global Public Goods: international cooperation in the 21st century edited by Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg, and Marc A.Stern. Oxford University Press 1999 pp. 344-359
1 Chairman's Summary in Second Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) Rio de Janeiro, 12 - 15 November 2007
1 艾伦·斯密德:《财产、权力和公共选择——对法和经济学的进一步思考》,上海三联出版社,2006 年版, 第8-13 页。
1 中国互联网协会,中国互联网数据中心:《Netguide2008 中国互联网调查报告》,2008 年 1 月 8 日。
2 罗晓白:“锁死后门 我互联网信息不再受美国监控”,《IT 时代周刊》,第 119 期,2007 年 1 月 5 日。
1 David Souter. African Participation in WSIS: review and discussion paper[R] Prepared for the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) July 2004
2 Final Declaration of the African Regional Conference of the World Summit on the Information Society. Bamako, 30 May 2002
3 联合国信息社会突尼斯议程。文件编号 WSIS-05/TUNIS/DOC/6. http://www.un.org/chinese/events/wsis/agenda.htm#note1#note1
1 艾伦·斯密德:《财产、权力和公共选择——对法和经济学的进一步思考》,上海三联出版社,2006 年版, 第3 页。
1 德国之声网站,“伽利略测试卫星起飞动摇美国地位”2005 年 12 月 28 日。http://www.dw-world.com/dw/article/0,2144,1838274,00.html
2 Braunschvig, David, Richard L. Garwin, and Jeremy C. Marwell.“Space Diplomacy.” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2003, page 159–162.
1 Bulmahn, Edelgard, federal minister of education and research (Germany). “Europe’s Ambitions in Space.” Address. Center for International Science and Technology Policy, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 6 February 2002.
2 “Business: Navigating the Future; GPS and Galileo.” Economist 367, no. 8330 (28 June 2003): page92.
3 European Commission. The European Dependence on US-GPS and the Galileo Initiative. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, 8 February 2002. page 14-17 http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/doc/gal_european_dependence_on_gps_rev22.pdf
4 Gustav Lindstrom, “The Galileo satellite system and its security implications” Occasional Papers No.44 April 2003. Published by the European Union Institute for security Studies. Page 18
1 “欧洲伽利略启航”,《科学时报》, 2002 年 3 月 25 日。
2 Wilson, Andrew, ed. Galileo: The European Programme for Global Navigation Services. AG Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division, May 2002. page 7.
1 The European Dependence on US-GPS and the Galileo Initiative. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, 8 February 2002. http://europa.eu.int/ comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/doc/gal_european_dependence_on_gps_rev22.pdf page 1.
2 Wilson, Andrew, ed. Galileo: The European Programme for Global Navigation Services. AG Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division, May 2002. page 7.
1 “US Warns EU about Galileo’s Possible Military Conflicts.” Space Daily, 18 December 2001. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/ gps-euro-01g.html
2 Gustav Lindstrom, “The Galileo satellite system and its security implications” Occasional Papers No.44 April 2003. Published by the European Union Institute for security Studies. Page 22
3 “欧洲“伽利略”启航”,《科学时报》, 2002 年 3 月 25 日。
1 Clinton, William J. “Statement on the Decision to Stop Degrading Global Positioning System Signals.” Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 2000–2001. Book 1, 1 May 2000. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58423&st=&st1=.
2 Sirak, Michael. “USA Sets Sights on GPS Security Enhancements.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, 16 January 2002, 30. page 30.
3 美国国务院声明 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/8673.htm
1 Dornheim, Michael A. “GPS Improvements Set to Help Civil Users.” Aviation Week and Space Technology 157, no. 13 (23 September 2002): page 56.
2 转引自姚立、李东风:“担心丧失太空霸权,美国扬言摧毁欧盟卫星”,《环球时报》, 2004 年 10 月 27 日, 第一版。
1 Divis, Dee Ann. “GPS III, Modernization Face Budget Cut.” GPS World 13, no. 7 (July 2002): page 10–11.
2“Boeing to Upgrade GPS 2F Series Birds As Military Needs Increase.” Space Daily, 19 November 2003. http://www.space daily.com/news/gps-03zs.html
1 Bialos, Jeffrey P. “Togetherness on Galileo?” Space News International, 6 May 2002, page 15.
2 EC Press Release.”GALILEO and GPS will navigate side by side: EU and US sign final agreement”.IP/04/805. Brussels,28 June 2004
3 EU Press Release. “Commission takes stock of the GALILEO Programme” IP/06/744. Brussels, 7 June 2006
1德国之声网站,“欧洲伽利略首战告捷,美国 GPS 神话破灭” 2006 年 1 月 1 日。http://www.dw-world.com/popups/popup_printcontent/0,,1841373,00.html
2 Gustav Lindstrom, “The Galileo satellite system and its security implications” Occasional Papers No.44 April 2003. Published by the European Union Institute for security Studies. Page 29
3马宁:“中国在伽利略地位同欧盟国家,已有六股东”,《北京青年报》,2005年12月30日。
4 Lamoureux, Francois, director general, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport (ECDG-TREN). “Opening of EU-China Negotiations on Satellite Navigation.” Address. Brussels, Belgium, 16 May 2003.
5 “China Joins EU Space Program to Break US GPS Monopoly.”Space Daily, 27 September 2003. http://www.spacedaily .com/news/gps-03zc.html.
1 参见自由软件基金会网站 http://www.fsf.org/
2 参见开放源促进会网站 http://www.opensource.org/
3 参见各类开放源社区网站 http://web.sourceforge.com/index.php 和 http://www.osdn.net.cn/等。
1 Lerner J and Tirole J (2000). The simple economics of open source. Working Paper 7600. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research.
1 Bradley M. Kuhn, Richard M. Stallman. Freedom or Power? http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html
1 Ryan Tool. Economcs of Open Source: The Motives and Methods Behind the Free Software that is Challenging Market Leaders. June 3, 2005
1 本·斯泰尔等:《技术创新与经济绩效》,上海人民出版社,2006 年版, 第 159 页。
2 张海洋:“升阳,跟微软拼才有今天”,《环球时报》,2001 年 1 月 16 日, 第 9 版。.
1 张峰: “Linux,威胁微软命门?”, 《新闻周刊》,2002 年第 39 期, 第 12-15 页。
2 Raymond , E R . The cathedral and the bazaar : musings on linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary [M] . Se2 bastopol , CA : O’Reilly & Associates Inc , 1998 : 30 - 35.
1 耿骞等编:《信息系统分析与设计》,高等教育出版社 2001 年版, 第 38 页。
2 韦港:“赞自由软件”,《工程地质计算机应用》,1999 年第 3 期。
3 Ye Y, Nakakoji K, et al, The Co-Evolution of Systems and Communities in Free and Open Source Software Development, in Koch S(edited), Free/Open Source Software Development, Idea Publishing, 2005. 59–82
4 vanWendel R, de Bruijn J, van Eeten M (2003) Protecting the Virtual Commons, Information Technology & Law Series, T.M.C. Asser Press, 44–50
1 Healy K, Schussman A (2003) The Ecology of Open Source Development, www.kieranhealy.org/files/drafts/oss-activity.pdf
1曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九、王志弘等译, 北京:社会科学文献出版社 2003 年, 第 245页。
1 联合国贸易和发展会议报告:“自由和开放源码软件:所涉政策和发展问题”, TD/B/COM.3/EM.21/2, 第 20 页。
2 參見 http://www.silicon.com/software/os/0,39024651,39116677,00.htm
3 參見 http://www.silicon.com/management/government/0,39024677,39116719,00.htm.
4 胡才勇:“标准战略,国家引领——论 fairplay 可以缓行”,WTO:标准化中的知识产权(北京)国际研讨会论文。2007 年 4 月 18 日。
1 Goldmark, Alex. “Brazil Makes Move to Open Source Software.” NPR. January 31, 2005. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4471963
2 Todd Berson. Brazil: Free Software's Biggest and Best Friend. The New Tork Times March 29, 2005 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/29/technology/29computer.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
3 Ryan Tool. Economcs of Open Source: The Motives and Methods Behind the Free Software that is Challenging Market Leaders. June 3, 2005
4 Bessen J (2002). What good is free software? In: Hahn R, ed. (2002). Government Policy toward Open SourceSoftware. Washington, DC, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.
1 参见 http://www.sina.com.cn 2003 年 04 月 11 日 10:03 新浪科技
2 参见 http://it.sohu.com/20040920/n222126831.shtml 搜狐 IT
3 理查德.斯托曼:“为什么软件不应该被个人所有”,见《自由软件运动经典文献》,贾星客,李极光主编,云南大学出版社,2003版,第25-30页。
1 Lawrence Lessig.The Limits in Open Code: Regulatory Standards and the Future of the Net . Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 1999.Vol. 14:759 page763
1 罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈:《权力与相互依赖》,门洪华译,北京大学出版社 2002 年,第 263 页。
1 David Kang and Adam Segal,”The Siren Song of Technonationalism”,Far Eastern Economic Review, March 2006
2 胡锦涛:“坚持走中国特色自主创新道路,为建设创新型国家而努力奋斗”,在 2006 年全国科学技术大会上的讲话,新华社北京 2006 年 1 月 12 日电。
3 温家宝:“认真实施科技发展规划纲要 开创我国科技发展的新局面,” 在 2006 年全国科学技术大会上的讲话, 新华社北京 1 月 12 日电。
1 房庆、白殿一 :“中国技术标准发展战略研究”, http://www.chinabyte.com/173/2010173.shtml。
1 6C 联盟包括松下、日立、三菱电机、时代华纳、东芝和 JVC;3C 联盟包括飞利浦、索尼和先锋。
2 Richard P. Suttmeier. “A new technonationalism?: China and the development of technical standards “.Communications of the ACM, Vol.48, Issue 4, (April 2005), pp35-37. Original Source: ACM: Digital Library
3 参见“中国参与国际分工的多层次战略”,张幼文等:《新开放观——对外开放理论与战略在探索》,人民出版 社,2007 年版,第 217-249 页。
1 Sangbac Kim and Jeffrey A. Hart. ” The Global Political Economy of Wintelism”. In Information Technologies and Global Politics: The Changing Scope of Power and Governance, edited by James N. Rosenau, and J. P. Singh, p.151. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 2002
2 曼纽尔·卡斯特:《网络社会的崛起》,夏铸九 王志弘等译,社会科学文献出版社,2003 年版,第 18 页。
1 [德]尼克拉斯·卢曼:《权力》,瞿铁鹏译,上海世纪出版集团, 2005 年版, 第 36 页。
2 参见马费成、靖继鹏:《信息经济分析》,科技技术文献出版社, 2005 年版 第 68-69 页。
1 Strange, Susan (1988) State and Markets. London: Pinter Publishers.p25
2 韩可卫:“欧、美、日标准化战略分析”,《国际技术经济研究》,2006 年第 3 期, 1-6 页。
3 Jancsurak J. “The World of Standards”. Appliance Manufacturer, Chicago(USA): Business News Publishing company,1999
1 D.Linda Garcia and Kelsey Burns “Globalization, Developing Countries, and the Evolution of International Standard Setting communities of Practice” China’s Technology Standards Policy Workshop, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, January 6, 2005.
[1] Al Gore GII Buenos Aires Speech, 1994. [EB/OL]. http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199403/msg00113.html
[2] Arthur, B.W. “Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events[J],” The Economic Journal(99:394) 1989, pp 116-131
[3] Arthur, B.W. “Positive Feedbacks in the Economy[J],” Scientific American(262:2) 1990, pp 92-99
[4] Bessen J (2002). What good is free software?[A] In: Hahn R, ed. (2002). Government Policy toward Open Source Software[M]. Washington, DC, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies.
[5] Bialos, Jeffrey P. “Togetherness on Galileo?[J]” Space News International, 6 May 2002.
[6] “Boeing to Upgrade GPS 2F Series Birds As Military Needs Increase[EB/OL].” Space Daily, 19 November 2003. http://www.space daily.com/news/gps-03zs.html
[7] Borrus, Michael and John Zysman (1997) "Wintelism and the Changing Terms of Global Competition; Prototype of the Future?[R]" BRIE Working Paper, 96B, University of California, Berkeley.
[8] Bradley M. Kuhn, Richard M. Stallman. Freedom or Power?. [EB/OL]. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html
[9] Braunschvig, David, Richard L. Garwin, and Jeremy C. Marwell.“Space Diplomacy[J].” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2003, page 159–162.
[10] Brett D. Schaefer, John J. Tkacik, Jr., and James L. Gattuso “Keep the Internet Free of the United Nations[EB/OL].” November 2, 2005. http://new.heritage.org/Research/ InternationalOrganizations/wm904.cfm
[11] Bruce P. Mehlman, “Technology Administration:21st Century Policy Challenges for American Innovation Leadership[EB/OL].”. Remarks in Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA,Oct. 23, 2003. http://www.technology.gov/Speeches/p_BPM_031023.htm
[12] Bulmahn, Edelgard, federal minister of education and research (Germany). “Europe’s Ambitions in Space.” Address. Center for International Science and Technology Policy, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 6 February 2002.
[13] “Business: Navigating the Future; GPS and Galileo[J].” Economist 367, no. 8330 (2003-6-28).
[14] C. Sabel . The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity[M]. New York: Basic Books. 1984
[15]Center for Strategic & International Affairs. 1998. Reinventing Diplomacy in the Information Age[R]. Washington, D.C.
[16] Chairman's Summary in Second Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF)[R] Rio de Janeiro, 12 - 15 November 2007
[17] “China Joins EU Space Program to Break US GPS Monopoly. [EB/OL].”Space Daily, 27 September 2003. http://www.spacedaily .com/news/gps-03zc.html.
[18] Clinton, William J. “Statement on the Decision to Stop Degrading Global Positioning System Signals[EB/OL].” Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 2000–2001. Book 1, 1 May 2000. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2001. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58423&st=&st1=.
[19] David Kang and Adam Segal,”The Siren Song of Technonationalism[J]”,Far Eastern Economic Review, March 2006
[20] David, P.A. “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY[J],” The American Economic Review 1985, pp 332-337
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