“潜在求助者”难以成为“现实求助者”的主要障碍
|
摘要
当下中国,伴随着日益加速的社会变迁,有相当比例的人一时难以适应,出现了诸多的心理困扰、心理障碍。面对这些困扰和障碍,许多人不是主动地向专业助人者寻求帮助,而是选择了回避求助。日常生活中出现了自己无法医治的生理疾病时,绝大多数人会选择求医问药:为何面对心理“疾病”很少有人会选择这样的理性行为呢?
本研究主要运用问卷调查法。采用自编问卷《心理求助态度调查表》(问卷主要问项改编之David L.Vogel,et al《The Self-Stigma of Seeking HelpScale》;Matt G.Kushner et al《Thoughts About Psychotherapy Survey(TAPS)》;David L.Vogel et al《The Risks of Self-Disclosure Scale》)对上海师范大学青年学院社会工作专业、心理咨询专业一年级130名学生进行施测。研究的主要结论如下:
(1)公众污名阻碍了“潜在求助者”的求助意愿、求助行动。
(2)觉察到与心理求助有关的公众污名阻断了“潜在求助者”去寻求专业帮助。
(3)对自我表露风险的担忧使“潜在的求助者”不敢去求助。
(4)当事人关于心理障碍图式的缺失阻断了“潜在求助者”的实际求助。
Contemporary China,With the increasing speed of social change,A considerable proportion of people find it difficult to adapt to it,Emergence of numerous psychological distress,psychological barriers。Faced with these difficulties and obstacles,Many people are not its own initiative to seek professional help to help others,But chose to avoid recourse。When appear in his daily life can not be self-physiological disease,Most people will choose to seek medical treatment;Why is the face of mental "illness",the very few people would choose such a rational behavior?
This study used a questionnaire survey method。Using self-compiled questionnaire《Attitude survey of psychological help》(Adaptation of the main items of the questionnaire asked:David L.Vogel,et al《The Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale》;Matt G.Kushner et al《Thoughts About Psychotherapy Survey(TAPS)》;David L.Vogel et al《The Risks of Self-Disclosure Scale》) To test facilities in Youth College of Shanghai Normal University,social work, mental health professionals a year of 130 students。The main conclusions of the study are as follows:
(1) public stigma prevented "potential seekers" requests for assistance will help action。
(2) aware of the relevant public stigma for help with the psychological seeking blocked "potential seekers" to seek professional help。
(3) concerns about the risk of self-disclosure so that "potential clients "were afraid to go for help。
(4) parties on the absence of psychological barriers schematic block the "potential seekers" in the actual help。
本研究主要运用问卷调查法。采用自编问卷《心理求助态度调查表》(问卷主要问项改编之David L.Vogel,et al《The Self-Stigma of Seeking HelpScale》;Matt G.Kushner et al《Thoughts About Psychotherapy Survey(TAPS)》;David L.Vogel et al《The Risks of Self-Disclosure Scale》)对上海师范大学青年学院社会工作专业、心理咨询专业一年级130名学生进行施测。研究的主要结论如下:
(1)公众污名阻碍了“潜在求助者”的求助意愿、求助行动。
(2)觉察到与心理求助有关的公众污名阻断了“潜在求助者”去寻求专业帮助。
(3)对自我表露风险的担忧使“潜在的求助者”不敢去求助。
(4)当事人关于心理障碍图式的缺失阻断了“潜在求助者”的实际求助。
Contemporary China,With the increasing speed of social change,A considerable proportion of people find it difficult to adapt to it,Emergence of numerous psychological distress,psychological barriers。Faced with these difficulties and obstacles,Many people are not its own initiative to seek professional help to help others,But chose to avoid recourse。When appear in his daily life can not be self-physiological disease,Most people will choose to seek medical treatment;Why is the face of mental "illness",the very few people would choose such a rational behavior?
This study used a questionnaire survey method。Using self-compiled questionnaire《Attitude survey of psychological help》(Adaptation of the main items of the questionnaire asked:David L.Vogel,et al《The Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale》;Matt G.Kushner et al《Thoughts About Psychotherapy Survey(TAPS)》;David L.Vogel et al《The Risks of Self-Disclosure Scale》) To test facilities in Youth College of Shanghai Normal University,social work, mental health professionals a year of 130 students。The main conclusions of the study are as follows:
(1) public stigma prevented "potential seekers" requests for assistance will help action。
(2) aware of the relevant public stigma for help with the psychological seeking blocked "potential seekers" to seek professional help。
(3) concerns about the risk of self-disclosure so that "potential clients "were afraid to go for help。
(4) parties on the absence of psychological barriers schematic block the "potential seekers" in the actual help。
引文
1.郝志红,梁宝勇,邵秀巧,寻求专业性心理帮助的预测因素研究的综述,心理与行为研究,2005年第3期。
2.管健,污名的概念发展与多维度模型建构,南开学报(哲学社会科学版)2007年第5期。
3.管健,污名:研究现状与静态-动态模型构念,湖南师范大学教育科学学报,2007年7月。
4.江光荣,王铭(2004)大学生求助行为研究,中国临床心理学杂志,11(3),180-184
5.江光荣,夏勉(2006)心理求助行为:研究现状及阶段-决策模型。心理科学进展,14(6),888-894。
6.李先锋,公众对心理咨询的心理误区访谈启示,健康心理学杂志,1999,第七卷,第二期。
7.李强,高文珺,中国人心理困扰的应对方式及其社会文化根源,理论与现代化,2007年,第5期。
8.李建军,《我国青少年自杀问题研究的重要性和紧迫性》,《青年研究》,2004年6月
9.李薇等,《广州市中小学生自杀意念及影响因素研究》,《中国学校卫生》,2006年3期
10.赵智慧等,抑郁症病人就诊途径分析,上海精神医学,1999,10,96-97。
11.吴志鹏,面子研究的社会心理取向述评,社会心理科学,第22卷,2007,第1-2期。
12.肖健,从社会建构论理解疾病概念,中国医学伦理学,第20卷第4期,2007,8。
13.施慎逊等,精神疾病就诊途径及其影响因素,中华医学杂志,2000年第一期。
14.夏勉,江光荣(2005)认知动机变量与心理求助行为研究,硕士学位论文。
15.徐晖,李峥,精神疾病患者病耻感的研究进展,中华护理杂志,2007年5月,第42卷第5期。
16.王轶楠,从东西方文化的差异分析面子与自尊的关系,社会心理科学,第21卷总第84期,2006年第2期总第230页
17.张智,污名对心理健康的影响,中国临床康复,2005年第3期。
18.张洪波等《安徽省中学生抑郁心理症状及其相关因素》,《中国学校卫生》,2001年6期
19.张明园,我国精神卫生服务面临的挑战:世界精神卫生调查引发的思考,上海交通大学学报(医学版),2006年第四期。
20.余晓敏,江光荣(2004)影响大学生心理求助的因素研究,硕士学位论文。
21.梅锦荣,隋玉杰(1998).大学生的求助倾向冲国临床心理学杂志,6(4):210-215
22.凯博文,苦痛和疾病的社会根源,上海三联书店,2008,3第一版。
23.梁宝勇主编.《心理卫生与心理咨询百科全书》.南开大学出版社,2002
24.Addis,m.e.& Mahalik,j.r.2003,men,masculinity,and the contexts of help-seeking.American psychologist,58,5-14
25.Adelman,H.S.,Smith,D.C.,Nelson,P.,Taylor,L.& Phares,V(1986).An instrument to Assess students' perceived control at school,educational and psychological measurement,46
26.Andrews,G,Hall,W.,& Teesson,M,.et.al.(1999).The mental health of Australians.National Suvrcy of Mental Health& well-being Report No2.Canberra:Mental Health Branch,Commonwealth Department of Aged Care.
27..Antonio Cepeda-Benito Paul Short Self-Concealment,Avoidance of Psychological Services,and Perceived Likelihood of Seeking Professional Help,Journal of Counseling Psychology.Vol.45(1) pp.58-64
28.Ben-Porath,D.D.(2002).Stigmatization of individuals who receive psychotherapy:An interaction between help-seeking behavior and the presence of depression.Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology,21,400-413.
29.Blazina,C,Watkins,C.E.Masculine gender role conflict:effects on college men Psychological well-being,chemical substance usage,and attitudes toward help-seeking,Journal of CounselingPsyeholo1996,43(4):461-465
30.Boldero,j,Fallon,b.1995,adolescent help-seeking:what do they get help for and from whom? journal of adolescence,18,193-209
31.Cepeda-Benito,A.,& Short,P.(1998).Self-concealment,avoidance of psychological services,and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help.Journal of Counseling Psychology,45,58-64.
32.Ciarrohi,J·V,&Deane,E.P(2001).Emotional competence and willingness to seek help from Professional and nonprofssional sources.British journal of Guidance & counseling 29(2),233-246;
33.Corrigan, P. W., & Penn, D. L. (1999). Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. American Psychologist, 54, 765-776.
34.Corrigan PW. Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change[ J]. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 2000, 7:48-67.
35.Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychology 2004,59(7) : 614-625.
36.Corrigan P W, Kerr A, Knudsen L The stigma of mental illness: explanatory models and methods for change. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 2005,11:179-190
37.David L. Vogel Nathaniel G. Wade Ashley H. Hackler Perceived Public Stigma and the Willingness to Seek Counseling : The Mediating Roles of Self-Stigma and Attitudes Toward Counseling Journal of Counseling Psychology. Vol.54 (1) pp. 40-50
38.David L. Vogel Stephen R. Wester, To Seek Help or Not to Seek Help: The Risks of Self-Disclosure Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2003, Vol. 50, No. 3, 351-361
39.David L. Vogel, Nathaniel G. Wade, and Shawn Haake, Measuring the Self-Stigma Associated With Seeking Psychological Help , Journal of Counseling Psychology,2006, Vol. 53, No. 3, 325-337
40.Fischer, E.H,& Farina, A. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help:a shortened from and considerations for research, journal of college student development,36,368-373
41.Fischer,E.H.&Tumer,J.L.(1970).orientations to seeking Professional help: development and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of consulting and Clinical psychology,35
42.Flisher, A.,J. & De Beer, J.P., (2002).Characteristics of students receiving counseling services a the university of Cape Town, South Africa British Journal of Guidance &counseling,vol.30,no.3,Vol.30, No.3, 2002.
43.Goffman, E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963,1-10.
44.Good, G. E., Dell, D. M., & Mintz, L. B. (1989). Male role and gender role conflict: Relations to help seeking in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 295-300.
45.Hinson, J. A., & Swanson, J. L. (1993). Willingness to seek help as a function of self-disclosure and problem severity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71,465-470.
46.Jennifer Crocker (1999) Social Stigma and Self-Esteem: Situational Construction of Self-Worth Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35, 89-107
47.Jennifer Crocker Brenda Major Social Stigma and Self-Esteem : The Self-Protective Properties of Stigma Psychological Review. Vol.96 (4) pp. 608-630
48.Johnson, M.E. Influences of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes.The Joural of Psychology, (2001), 122:237-241
49.Kelly, A. E., & Achter, J. A. (1995). Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 40-46.
50.Kelly, A. E. (1998). Clients' secret keeping in outpatient therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 50-57.
51.Kobak, R.R, Sceery.A. Attachment in late adolescence:Working models affect regulation, and representations of self and other Child Development, 1988, 59(1):135— 146
52.Komiya N, Good G.E, Sherrod N.B(2000). Emotional openness as a Predictor of college students Attitudes toward seeking psychological help Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2000, 47(1):138-143
53Kushner, M. G., & Sher, K. J. (1989). Fear of psychological treatment and its relationship to mental health service avoidance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 251-257.
54.Larson, D. G., & Chastain, R. L. (1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization,measurement, and health implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9,439-455.
55.Lawrence Hsin Yang, Arthur Kleinman, Bruce G. Link, Jo C. Phelan, Sing Lee, Byron Good ,Culture and stigma: Adding moral experience to stigma theory Social Science & Medicine 64 (2007) 1524-1535
56.Lindsey,et al,2006,Help-seeking behaviors and depression among African American adolescent boys.national association of social workers, 1,49-58
57.Link, B. (1987). Understanding labeling effects in the area of mental disorders: An assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection. American Sociological Review, 52, 96-112.
58.Link B.G., Phelan J.C. Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology,2001,(27):363-385.
59.Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, et al. Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels,causes, dangerousness, and social distance [ J] .American Journal of Public Health,1999,89(9): 1328-1333.
60.Link BG, Cullen FT, Struening EL, et al. A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment[J]. American Sociological Review, 1989, 54:400-423.
61.LoPez, F.G Melendez MC, Sauer EM, Berger E, Wyssmann J.Internal working mdoels, Self-reported Problems, and help-seeking attitudes among college students..Journal of Counseling Psychology 1998, 45(1)79-83
62.Major, B, O'Brien L T. The social psychology of stigma Annual Reviews of Psychology,2005,56: 393-421
63.Markus H, Kitayama, S, Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, 1991, 98(1):224-253
64.Matsuoka, J.K, Breaux, C, & Ryujin, D.H.(1997).National utilization of mental health services by Americans /pacific Islanders .journal of community psychology, 25(2), 141-145.;
65.Matt G. Kushner Kenneth J. Sher Fear of Psychological Treatment and Its Relation to Mental Health Service Avoidance, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice.Vol.20 (4) pp. 251-257
66.Matt G. Kushner Kenneth J. Sher The Relation of Treatment Fearfulness and Psychological Service Utilization : An Overview Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. Vol.22 (3) pp. 196-203
67.Michael E. Addis James R. Mahalik Men, Masculinity, and the Contexts of Help Seeking American Psychologist. Vol.58 (1) pp. 5-14.
68.Nancy B. Sherrod Glenn E. Good Noboru Komiya , Emotional Openness as a Predictor of College Students' Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help Journal of Counseling Psychology. Vol.47 (1) pp. 138-143
69.Omarzu, J. (2000). A disclosure decision model: Determining how and when individuals will self-disclose. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4,174-185.
70.Phillips M R, Yang G, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ji H, Zhou M. Risk factors for suicide in China:a national case-control psychological autopsy study. The Lancet,2002,360:1728-1736
71.Phillips M.R, Pearson V, Li F, et al. Stigma and expressed emotion: A study of people with schizophrenia and their family members in China . British Journal of Psychiatry,2002, 181:488-493.
72.Rickwood, D. J., & Braithwaite, V. A. (1994). Social-psychological factors affecting help-seeking for emotional problems. Social Science and Medicine, 39, 563-572
73.Shawn Haake Nathaniel G. Wade David L. Vogel Measuring the Self-Stigma Associated With Seeking Psychological Help Journal of Counseling Psychology. Vol.53 (3) pp.325-337
74.Shotter,J., The social construction of our inner selves,in Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 1997,10.
75.Shotter,J, Social constructionism and realisnradequacy or accuracy?in Theory &Psychology. 1992,2.
76.Sibicky, M, & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). Stigma of psychological therapy: Stereotypes,interpersonal reactions, and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33,148-154.
77.Simoni, J.M.& Adelman, H.S.(1991).Perceived control, causality, expectations and Help-seeking behavior. Counseling Psychology Quarterly. 1991, Vol.4, Issue1.
78.Sing Lee, Marcus Y.L. Chiu, Adley Tsang, Helena Chui, Arthur Kleinman,Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong, Social Science & Medicine 62 (2006) 1685-1696
79.Tata, S. P., & Leong, F. T L. (1994). Individualism-collectivism, social-network orientation, and acculturation as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Chinese Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41,280-287.
80.Thomas F. Cash, JoAnne Kehr, and Ronald F. Salzbach Help-Seeking Attitudes and Perceptions of Counselor Behavior Journal of Counseling Psychology 1978, Vol. 25,No. 4, 264-269
81.Tijhuis, M. A. R., Peters, L, & Foets, M. (1990). An orientation toward help-seeking for emotional problems. Social Science and Medicine, 31, 989-995.
82.Towbin,A.P.(1978).The confiding relationship: A new paradigm. Psychotherapy:Theory, Research and Practice, 15,333-343
83.Triandis, H.C. The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.. Psychological review, 1989,96(2),506-520)
84.Vogel, D.L.etal (2005) ,the role outcome expectations and attitudes on decisions to seek professional help, journal of counseling psychology,52(4),459-470
85.Wester, Stephen R. Vogel , David L. To Seek Help or Not to Seek Help: The Risks of Self-Disclosure Journal of Counseling Psychology. Vol.50 (3) pp. 351-361.
86.Yang L H, Kleinman, A, Bruce G, Link et al. Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science &Medicine, 2007, 64(7): 1524-1535
87.Yeh, C.J Taiwanese students, gender age, interdependent and independent self-construal, and Colleetive self-esteem as Predictors of Professional Psychological.Help-seeking attitudes., Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2002,8(1):19-29
88.Zhang A Y, Snowden L R, Sue S. Differences between Asian and White Americans' help-seeking and utilization patterns in the Los Angeles area. Journal of Community Psychology, 1998, 26: 317-326
2.管健,污名的概念发展与多维度模型建构,南开学报(哲学社会科学版)2007年第5期。
3.管健,污名:研究现状与静态-动态模型构念,湖南师范大学教育科学学报,2007年7月。
4.江光荣,王铭(2004)大学生求助行为研究,中国临床心理学杂志,11(3),180-184
5.江光荣,夏勉(2006)心理求助行为:研究现状及阶段-决策模型。心理科学进展,14(6),888-894。
6.李先锋,公众对心理咨询的心理误区访谈启示,健康心理学杂志,1999,第七卷,第二期。
7.李强,高文珺,中国人心理困扰的应对方式及其社会文化根源,理论与现代化,2007年,第5期。
8.李建军,《我国青少年自杀问题研究的重要性和紧迫性》,《青年研究》,2004年6月
9.李薇等,《广州市中小学生自杀意念及影响因素研究》,《中国学校卫生》,2006年3期
10.赵智慧等,抑郁症病人就诊途径分析,上海精神医学,1999,10,96-97。
11.吴志鹏,面子研究的社会心理取向述评,社会心理科学,第22卷,2007,第1-2期。
12.肖健,从社会建构论理解疾病概念,中国医学伦理学,第20卷第4期,2007,8。
13.施慎逊等,精神疾病就诊途径及其影响因素,中华医学杂志,2000年第一期。
14.夏勉,江光荣(2005)认知动机变量与心理求助行为研究,硕士学位论文。
15.徐晖,李峥,精神疾病患者病耻感的研究进展,中华护理杂志,2007年5月,第42卷第5期。
16.王轶楠,从东西方文化的差异分析面子与自尊的关系,社会心理科学,第21卷总第84期,2006年第2期总第230页
17.张智,污名对心理健康的影响,中国临床康复,2005年第3期。
18.张洪波等《安徽省中学生抑郁心理症状及其相关因素》,《中国学校卫生》,2001年6期
19.张明园,我国精神卫生服务面临的挑战:世界精神卫生调查引发的思考,上海交通大学学报(医学版),2006年第四期。
20.余晓敏,江光荣(2004)影响大学生心理求助的因素研究,硕士学位论文。
21.梅锦荣,隋玉杰(1998).大学生的求助倾向冲国临床心理学杂志,6(4):210-215
22.凯博文,苦痛和疾病的社会根源,上海三联书店,2008,3第一版。
23.梁宝勇主编.《心理卫生与心理咨询百科全书》.南开大学出版社,2002
24.Addis,m.e.& Mahalik,j.r.2003,men,masculinity,and the contexts of help-seeking.American psychologist,58,5-14
25.Adelman,H.S.,Smith,D.C.,Nelson,P.,Taylor,L.& Phares,V(1986).An instrument to Assess students' perceived control at school,educational and psychological measurement,46
26.Andrews,G,Hall,W.,& Teesson,M,.et.al.(1999).The mental health of Australians.National Suvrcy of Mental Health& well-being Report No2.Canberra:Mental Health Branch,Commonwealth Department of Aged Care.
27..Antonio Cepeda-Benito Paul Short Self-Concealment,Avoidance of Psychological Services,and Perceived Likelihood of Seeking Professional Help,Journal of Counseling Psychology.Vol.45(1) pp.58-64
28.Ben-Porath,D.D.(2002).Stigmatization of individuals who receive psychotherapy:An interaction between help-seeking behavior and the presence of depression.Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology,21,400-413.
29.Blazina,C,Watkins,C.E.Masculine gender role conflict:effects on college men Psychological well-being,chemical substance usage,and attitudes toward help-seeking,Journal of CounselingPsyeholo1996,43(4):461-465
30.Boldero,j,Fallon,b.1995,adolescent help-seeking:what do they get help for and from whom? journal of adolescence,18,193-209
31.Cepeda-Benito,A.,& Short,P.(1998).Self-concealment,avoidance of psychological services,and perceived likelihood of seeking professional help.Journal of Counseling Psychology,45,58-64.
32.Ciarrohi,J·V,&Deane,E.P(2001).Emotional competence and willingness to seek help from Professional and nonprofssional sources.British journal of Guidance & counseling 29(2),233-246;
33.Corrigan, P. W., & Penn, D. L. (1999). Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. American Psychologist, 54, 765-776.
34.Corrigan PW. Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change[ J]. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 2000, 7:48-67.
35.Corrigan P. How stigma interferes with mental health care. Am Psychology 2004,59(7) : 614-625.
36.Corrigan P W, Kerr A, Knudsen L The stigma of mental illness: explanatory models and methods for change. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 2005,11:179-190
37.David L. Vogel Nathaniel G. Wade Ashley H. Hackler Perceived Public Stigma and the Willingness to Seek Counseling : The Mediating Roles of Self-Stigma and Attitudes Toward Counseling Journal of Counseling Psychology. Vol.54 (1) pp. 40-50
38.David L. Vogel Stephen R. Wester, To Seek Help or Not to Seek Help: The Risks of Self-Disclosure Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2003, Vol. 50, No. 3, 351-361
39.David L. Vogel, Nathaniel G. Wade, and Shawn Haake, Measuring the Self-Stigma Associated With Seeking Psychological Help , Journal of Counseling Psychology,2006, Vol. 53, No. 3, 325-337
40.Fischer, E.H,& Farina, A. Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help:a shortened from and considerations for research, journal of college student development,36,368-373
41.Fischer,E.H.&Tumer,J.L.(1970).orientations to seeking Professional help: development and research utility of an attitude scale. Journal of consulting and Clinical psychology,35
42.Flisher, A.,J. & De Beer, J.P., (2002).Characteristics of students receiving counseling services a the university of Cape Town, South Africa British Journal of Guidance &counseling,vol.30,no.3,Vol.30, No.3, 2002.
43.Goffman, E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963,1-10.
44.Good, G. E., Dell, D. M., & Mintz, L. B. (1989). Male role and gender role conflict: Relations to help seeking in men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 295-300.
45.Hinson, J. A., & Swanson, J. L. (1993). Willingness to seek help as a function of self-disclosure and problem severity. Journal of Counseling & Development, 71,465-470.
46.Jennifer Crocker (1999) Social Stigma and Self-Esteem: Situational Construction of Self-Worth Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 35, 89-107
47.Jennifer Crocker Brenda Major Social Stigma and Self-Esteem : The Self-Protective Properties of Stigma Psychological Review. Vol.96 (4) pp. 608-630
48.Johnson, M.E. Influences of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes.The Joural of Psychology, (2001), 122:237-241
49.Kelly, A. E., & Achter, J. A. (1995). Self-concealment and attitudes toward counseling in university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 40-46.
50.Kelly, A. E. (1998). Clients' secret keeping in outpatient therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 50-57.
51.Kobak, R.R, Sceery.A. Attachment in late adolescence:Working models affect regulation, and representations of self and other Child Development, 1988, 59(1):135— 146
52.Komiya N, Good G.E, Sherrod N.B(2000). Emotional openness as a Predictor of college students Attitudes toward seeking psychological help Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2000, 47(1):138-143
53Kushner, M. G., & Sher, K. J. (1989). Fear of psychological treatment and its relationship to mental health service avoidance. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 251-257.
54.Larson, D. G., & Chastain, R. L. (1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization,measurement, and health implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9,439-455.
55.Lawrence Hsin Yang, Arthur Kleinman, Bruce G. Link, Jo C. Phelan, Sing Lee, Byron Good ,Culture and stigma: Adding moral experience to stigma theory Social Science & Medicine 64 (2007) 1524-1535
56.Lindsey,et al,2006,Help-seeking behaviors and depression among African American adolescent boys.national association of social workers, 1,49-58
57.Link, B. (1987). Understanding labeling effects in the area of mental disorders: An assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection. American Sociological Review, 52, 96-112.
58.Link B.G., Phelan J.C. Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology,2001,(27):363-385.
59.Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, et al. Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels,causes, dangerousness, and social distance [ J] .American Journal of Public Health,1999,89(9): 1328-1333.
60.Link BG, Cullen FT, Struening EL, et al. A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment[J]. American Sociological Review, 1989, 54:400-423.
61.LoPez, F.G Melendez MC, Sauer EM, Berger E, Wyssmann J.Internal working mdoels, Self-reported Problems, and help-seeking attitudes among college students..Journal of Counseling Psychology 1998, 45(1)79-83
62.Major, B, O'Brien L T. The social psychology of stigma Annual Reviews of Psychology,2005,56: 393-421
63.Markus H, Kitayama, S, Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation, Psychological Review, 1991, 98(1):224-253
64.Matsuoka, J.K, Breaux, C, & Ryujin, D.H.(1997).National utilization of mental health services by Americans /pacific Islanders .journal of community psychology, 25(2), 141-145.;
65.Matt G. Kushner Kenneth J. Sher Fear of Psychological Treatment and Its Relation to Mental Health Service Avoidance, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice.Vol.20 (4) pp. 251-257
66.Matt G. Kushner Kenneth J. Sher The Relation of Treatment Fearfulness and Psychological Service Utilization : An Overview Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. Vol.22 (3) pp. 196-203
67.Michael E. Addis James R. Mahalik Men, Masculinity, and the Contexts of Help Seeking American Psychologist. Vol.58 (1) pp. 5-14.
68.Nancy B. Sherrod Glenn E. Good Noboru Komiya , Emotional Openness as a Predictor of College Students' Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help Journal of Counseling Psychology. Vol.47 (1) pp. 138-143
69.Omarzu, J. (2000). A disclosure decision model: Determining how and when individuals will self-disclose. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4,174-185.
70.Phillips M R, Yang G, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ji H, Zhou M. Risk factors for suicide in China:a national case-control psychological autopsy study. The Lancet,2002,360:1728-1736
71.Phillips M.R, Pearson V, Li F, et al. Stigma and expressed emotion: A study of people with schizophrenia and their family members in China . British Journal of Psychiatry,2002, 181:488-493.
72.Rickwood, D. J., & Braithwaite, V. A. (1994). Social-psychological factors affecting help-seeking for emotional problems. Social Science and Medicine, 39, 563-572
73.Shawn Haake Nathaniel G. Wade David L. Vogel Measuring the Self-Stigma Associated With Seeking Psychological Help Journal of Counseling Psychology. Vol.53 (3) pp.325-337
74.Shotter,J., The social construction of our inner selves,in Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 1997,10.
75.Shotter,J, Social constructionism and realisnradequacy or accuracy?in Theory &Psychology. 1992,2.
76.Sibicky, M, & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). Stigma of psychological therapy: Stereotypes,interpersonal reactions, and the self-fulfilling prophecy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33,148-154.
77.Simoni, J.M.& Adelman, H.S.(1991).Perceived control, causality, expectations and Help-seeking behavior. Counseling Psychology Quarterly. 1991, Vol.4, Issue1.
78.Sing Lee, Marcus Y.L. Chiu, Adley Tsang, Helena Chui, Arthur Kleinman,Stigmatizing experience and structural discrimination associated with the treatment of schizophrenia in Hong Kong, Social Science & Medicine 62 (2006) 1685-1696
79.Tata, S. P., & Leong, F. T L. (1994). Individualism-collectivism, social-network orientation, and acculturation as predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Chinese Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41,280-287.
80.Thomas F. Cash, JoAnne Kehr, and Ronald F. Salzbach Help-Seeking Attitudes and Perceptions of Counselor Behavior Journal of Counseling Psychology 1978, Vol. 25,No. 4, 264-269
81.Tijhuis, M. A. R., Peters, L, & Foets, M. (1990). An orientation toward help-seeking for emotional problems. Social Science and Medicine, 31, 989-995.
82.Towbin,A.P.(1978).The confiding relationship: A new paradigm. Psychotherapy:Theory, Research and Practice, 15,333-343
83.Triandis, H.C. The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts.. Psychological review, 1989,96(2),506-520)
84.Vogel, D.L.etal (2005) ,the role outcome expectations and attitudes on decisions to seek professional help, journal of counseling psychology,52(4),459-470
85.Wester, Stephen R. Vogel , David L. To Seek Help or Not to Seek Help: The Risks of Self-Disclosure Journal of Counseling Psychology. Vol.50 (3) pp. 351-361.
86.Yang L H, Kleinman, A, Bruce G, Link et al. Culture and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory. Social Science &Medicine, 2007, 64(7): 1524-1535
87.Yeh, C.J Taiwanese students, gender age, interdependent and independent self-construal, and Colleetive self-esteem as Predictors of Professional Psychological.Help-seeking attitudes., Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 2002,8(1):19-29
88.Zhang A Y, Snowden L R, Sue S. Differences between Asian and White Americans' help-seeking and utilization patterns in the Los Angeles area. Journal of Community Psychology, 1998, 26: 317-326