高校数字化教育资源共享过程激励研究
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摘要
随着网络技术的发展,高等院校的数字化教育资源共享已经成为近年来广受关注的问题之一。通过共享,可以实现资源的优化配置,使资源在高校间达到均衡分布,缩小不同地区高校资源的贫富差距,同时也可以发挥资源的最大效用,提高利用率,并最大限度地满足用户日益多样化的资源需求。目前大多数高校都认识到了共享的好处,而且随着科技发展,技术已不在成为制约高校之间资源共享的主要因素,尤其是对数字化教育资源而言,其便利的传递性更使资源共享变得易于实现。然而,高校对于共享所表现出来的积极性并不高,使高校间特别是实力不等高校间的资源共享一直未能有效实现。
针对上述问题,结合数字化教育资源的特点,以高校数字化教育资源共享过程中的成本和收益为研究出发点,基于委托代理理论的分析框架,对数字化教育资源共享中高校的行为进行了分析,并以此为基础提出了促进高校资源共享的激励模型,指出了采用差异化服务策略的方案,对共享过程中各主体的收益进行调整,将各主体的效用与他人的贡献量和自己的努力程度相关联,实现共享主体在享用他人资源的同时,也会建设自己的资源并积极贡献,从而提高共享系统的有效性。
In recent years, with the development of internet digital educational resources sharing among colleges and universities is becoming a widely concerned problem. By means of resources sharing, it can make the resources allocation more efficiency, and balance the distribution of resources among colleges and universities, narrow the resources gab between the rich and the poor, maximize the utilization rate of resources, meet the increasingly requirements on resources of users. Although many colleges and universities have realized the advantage of resources sharing, especially with the advances in technology, the digital educational resources is becoming easier to realize, they show no enthusiasm for the resources sharing, lead to the resources sharing among colleges and universities especially those have large gab in resources can’t proceed effectively.
Based on the analysis of cost and benefit of participants and considering the characteristics of digital educational resources this paper made an analysis of the behavior of colleges and universities in resources sharing using the principal-agent theory and proposed an incentive model. Using the different service strategy the incentive model adjusted the benefit participants gained from the system and made the utility of participants is related not only to the amount of others’contribution, but also to their own efforts. They were forced to build and contribute resources first if they wanted to use others’resources. So it made the sharing system more efficiency.
针对上述问题,结合数字化教育资源的特点,以高校数字化教育资源共享过程中的成本和收益为研究出发点,基于委托代理理论的分析框架,对数字化教育资源共享中高校的行为进行了分析,并以此为基础提出了促进高校资源共享的激励模型,指出了采用差异化服务策略的方案,对共享过程中各主体的收益进行调整,将各主体的效用与他人的贡献量和自己的努力程度相关联,实现共享主体在享用他人资源的同时,也会建设自己的资源并积极贡献,从而提高共享系统的有效性。
In recent years, with the development of internet digital educational resources sharing among colleges and universities is becoming a widely concerned problem. By means of resources sharing, it can make the resources allocation more efficiency, and balance the distribution of resources among colleges and universities, narrow the resources gab between the rich and the poor, maximize the utilization rate of resources, meet the increasingly requirements on resources of users. Although many colleges and universities have realized the advantage of resources sharing, especially with the advances in technology, the digital educational resources is becoming easier to realize, they show no enthusiasm for the resources sharing, lead to the resources sharing among colleges and universities especially those have large gab in resources can’t proceed effectively.
Based on the analysis of cost and benefit of participants and considering the characteristics of digital educational resources this paper made an analysis of the behavior of colleges and universities in resources sharing using the principal-agent theory and proposed an incentive model. Using the different service strategy the incentive model adjusted the benefit participants gained from the system and made the utility of participants is related not only to the amount of others’contribution, but also to their own efforts. They were forced to build and contribute resources first if they wanted to use others’resources. So it made the sharing system more efficiency.
引文
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[27]杨思洛,陈能华.论信息资源共享模式的变革[J].图书情报工作.2006,(4).73-75.
[28]丁新.网络教育优质资源共享机制分析与思考[J].中国远程教育.2003,(12).9-14.
[29]李宝强,孙建军,成颖.数字信息资源配置中的资源共享机制与市场交换方式[J].图书情报工作.2007,(7).57-60.
[30]张学波.建立网络教育优质资源共享机制的探讨[J].中国电化教育.2004,(5).69-72.
[31]刘菊霞,吴庚生,张建伟.浅析我国远程教育的资源共建共享——兼论美国国家技术大学办学模式的启示[J].现代远程教育.2004,(4).16-19.
[32]赵英,黎琳,雷强.网络环境下的数字教育资源共建共享研究[J].教育信息化.2006,(9).39-41.
[33]道焰,曹熙斌.利用Portal技术实现现代远程教育资源与校内网络资源共享[J].中国电化教育.2005,(9).83-86.
[34]高波.数字信息资源共享动力机制研究[J].中国图书馆学报.2008,(3). 27-30
[35]龙敏.高校图书馆信息资源共享运行机制研究[J].图书情报知识.2009,(3).90-95
[36] Zha Xianjin,Yan Yalan.Study on System Dynamics Model of Internet Information Resources Sharing in China[C].Proceedings of 2004 International Conference on Management Science & Engineering.2004,(1).
[37]白君礼.文献信息资源共享的博弈分析[J].图书情报工作.2003,(8).35-38.
[38]陈亮.图书馆信息资源共享的博弈分析[J].情报理论与实践.2004,(6).615-617.
[39]王玮.从公共物品的角度看图书馆发展[J].图书馆理论与实践.2002,(3).55-57.
[40]周旖.智猪与信息资源共享中的大小馆合作[J].图书情报工作.2006,(3).131-133.
[41]蒋丽艳,蒋丽红.美国图书馆超联盟的形成机制——非零和合作博弈[J].新世纪图书馆.2004,(3).75.
[42]马海群.数字信息资源管理的制度需求分析[J].图书馆.2009,(1).10-14.
[43]赵立杰.数字化信息资源共享中的知识产权问题[J].图书馆工作与研究.2009,(3).31-35.
[44]张秀君,秦春秀,赵捧未,李东.数字信息资源管理的自组织演化研究[J].理论与探索.2009,(9).26-28.
[45]秦春秀,赵捧未,淡金华.基于自组织理论的数字信息资源管理[J].Library and information service.2008,(5).10-12.
[46]查先进.信息资源配置与共享[M].武汉大学出版社,2008.18-20.
[47]罗江华.教育资源数字化的价值取向研究[D].西南大学,2008.
[48]齐秋香.山东省基础教育中数字化教育资源建设的现状和对策[D].济南:山东师范大学,2006.
[49]周嗣.数字化教育资源配置研究[D],华中师范大学,2007.
[50] Okland,W.H.Congestion ,public goods and welfare[J].Journal of Public Economics.1972,(1).339-358.
[51]马费成.信息资源共享的经济效率—以书刊为例的分析[J].中国图书馆学报.2003,(4).5-9.
[52]张军,姜建强.信息产品的共享及其组织方式:一个经济分析[J].经济学(季刊) .2002,(1).55-59.
[53]李军凯.从CASHL和NSTL看我国文献传递服务的模式和发展[J].大学图书馆学报.2004,(6).33-36.
[54]李军凯.CALIS馆际互借与文献传递网的现状与发展[J].图书馆杂志.2005,(10).30-33.
[55]卞清.信息共享空间:面向用户的信息服务新模式[J].图书与情报.2007,(4).5-9
[56]邹婉芬.国外图书馆的信息共享空间[J].大学图书馆学报.2008,(1).7-11.
[57]马费城主编.信息资源管理开发[M].电子工业出版社,2005.430-431.
[58]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海三联出版社,2006.235-237.
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[61]张会田.图书馆信息资源共享的市场化运行机制研究[J].图书馆理论与实践.2007,(6).6-7.
[62]许明金.市场机制下信息资源共享的经济学分析[J].情报杂志.2008,(7).155-156.
[63] Robert M.Hayes.Cooperative Game Theoretic Models for Decision-Makiing in Context of Library Cooperation[J].Economics of Libraries.2003,(3). 441-461.
[64]杨雅芬,张文德.科技资源共享信息中介的模型设计[J].图书情报工作.2009,(5).83-86.
[2]何凯文.我国高校图书馆数字资源建设的问题及发展途径[J].图书馆建设.2004,(5). 30-32.
[3] L.Walras.Elements of Pure Economics[M].London:Allen and Unwin Press,1954. 420-427.
[4] Kaldor N . Welfare propositions of interpersonal comparisons of utility[J].Economic Journal[J].1939,(9). 549-552.
[5] B.R.Kingma.The economics of information:a guide to economic and cost-benefit analysis for information professionals[M].Englewood:Libraries Unlimited,Inc,1996.90-95.
[6] Ramesh Johari,John N. Tsitsiklis.A Scalable Network Resource Allocation Mechanism with Bounded Efficiency Loss[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.2006,(5). 992-999.
[7] [美]卡尔.夏皮罗,哈尔.瓦里安.信息规则—网络经济的策略指导[M].北京:中国人名大学出版社,2000.195-200.
[8] David A . Burke . Towards a Game Theory Model of Information Warfare[D].Alabama:Air University ,1999.
[9] Ramesh Johari, Shie Mannor,John N.Tsitsiklis.Efficiency Loss in a Network Resource Allocation Game:The Case of Elastic Supply.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.2005,(11).1712-1723.
[10] Jane Cho. An Evaluation Plan for Korean University Libraries to Revitalize Academic Resource-Sharing[J].The Journal of Academic librarianship.2007,(4).515-518.
[11] Volmer A. Geronimo, Claudia Aragon. Resource Sharing in University libraries: A tool for information interchange[J].Library Collections,Acquisitions and TechnicalServices.2005,(4).425-432.
[12] Borgman C.L.What are digital libraries? Competingvisions[J].Information Processing and Management.1999,(3).227-243.
[13] Hal . R . Varian .”Buying , Sharing and Renting Information Goods”[D].DP:University of Califormia at Berkelley,2000.
[14] Yang Cao,Fuhua Lin.Facilitating E-learning with a MARC to IEEE LOMMetadata Crosswalk Application[J] . Lectuire Notes in Computer Science.Springer Berlin:2004,(4).739-748.
[15] Mark Crook . the OCLC online union catalog : anincomparable library resource[J].Publishing Research Quarterly.1995,(9).46-50.
[16] Marc A.Kaplan. IBM Cryptolopes,Superdistribution and Digital Right Management.Working paper.1996,(12).
[17] Sibert , Olin . The DigiBox : A self-Protecting Container for Information Commerce[C].Proceedings of USENIX Workshop on Electronic Commerce, New York,1995,(6).120-128.
[18] Cathy de Rosa etc.The 2003 OCLC Environmental Scan:pattern Recognition:A Report to the OCLC Membership[M].Dublin,Ohio:OCLC Online Computer Library Center,2004.50-55.
[19]黎加厚,吴振华,陈双寅,陈晖.美国教育资源门户及其对我国教育资源建设的启迪[J].电化教育研究院,2003,(8).67-71.
[20] Willam Reilly , Robert Wolfe , MacKenzie Smith . MIT’s CWSpace project:packaging metadata for archiving educational content in Dspace[J].International Journal on Digital Libraries,2006,(6). 139-147.
[21]明均仁.MIT OCW对我国高校数字化教育资源建设的启示.农业图书情报学刊.2006,(3).25-28.
[22] Missinggham R,Boston T.Libraries Australia: creating a new national resource discovery service[J].Online Information Review.2005,(3).296-310.
[23]陈健,陈高潮.图书馆资源共享中的利益平衡[J].图书情报工作.2009,(6).43-45.
[24]王东升,卢克建.图书馆信息资源共享模式研究—信息资源共享理论反思[J].南华大学学报(社会科学版).2005,(4).114-115.
[25]危薇,陈如好.试论大学城高校文献信息资源共建共享体系的功能与模式[J].情报探索.2007,(4).34-36.
[26]王红.基于网络环境下的高校图书馆信息资源共享机制研究[J].现代情报.2008,(4),92-94.
[27]杨思洛,陈能华.论信息资源共享模式的变革[J].图书情报工作.2006,(4).73-75.
[28]丁新.网络教育优质资源共享机制分析与思考[J].中国远程教育.2003,(12).9-14.
[29]李宝强,孙建军,成颖.数字信息资源配置中的资源共享机制与市场交换方式[J].图书情报工作.2007,(7).57-60.
[30]张学波.建立网络教育优质资源共享机制的探讨[J].中国电化教育.2004,(5).69-72.
[31]刘菊霞,吴庚生,张建伟.浅析我国远程教育的资源共建共享——兼论美国国家技术大学办学模式的启示[J].现代远程教育.2004,(4).16-19.
[32]赵英,黎琳,雷强.网络环境下的数字教育资源共建共享研究[J].教育信息化.2006,(9).39-41.
[33]道焰,曹熙斌.利用Portal技术实现现代远程教育资源与校内网络资源共享[J].中国电化教育.2005,(9).83-86.
[34]高波.数字信息资源共享动力机制研究[J].中国图书馆学报.2008,(3). 27-30
[35]龙敏.高校图书馆信息资源共享运行机制研究[J].图书情报知识.2009,(3).90-95
[36] Zha Xianjin,Yan Yalan.Study on System Dynamics Model of Internet Information Resources Sharing in China[C].Proceedings of 2004 International Conference on Management Science & Engineering.2004,(1).
[37]白君礼.文献信息资源共享的博弈分析[J].图书情报工作.2003,(8).35-38.
[38]陈亮.图书馆信息资源共享的博弈分析[J].情报理论与实践.2004,(6).615-617.
[39]王玮.从公共物品的角度看图书馆发展[J].图书馆理论与实践.2002,(3).55-57.
[40]周旖.智猪与信息资源共享中的大小馆合作[J].图书情报工作.2006,(3).131-133.
[41]蒋丽艳,蒋丽红.美国图书馆超联盟的形成机制——非零和合作博弈[J].新世纪图书馆.2004,(3).75.
[42]马海群.数字信息资源管理的制度需求分析[J].图书馆.2009,(1).10-14.
[43]赵立杰.数字化信息资源共享中的知识产权问题[J].图书馆工作与研究.2009,(3).31-35.
[44]张秀君,秦春秀,赵捧未,李东.数字信息资源管理的自组织演化研究[J].理论与探索.2009,(9).26-28.
[45]秦春秀,赵捧未,淡金华.基于自组织理论的数字信息资源管理[J].Library and information service.2008,(5).10-12.
[46]查先进.信息资源配置与共享[M].武汉大学出版社,2008.18-20.
[47]罗江华.教育资源数字化的价值取向研究[D].西南大学,2008.
[48]齐秋香.山东省基础教育中数字化教育资源建设的现状和对策[D].济南:山东师范大学,2006.
[49]周嗣.数字化教育资源配置研究[D],华中师范大学,2007.
[50] Okland,W.H.Congestion ,public goods and welfare[J].Journal of Public Economics.1972,(1).339-358.
[51]马费成.信息资源共享的经济效率—以书刊为例的分析[J].中国图书馆学报.2003,(4).5-9.
[52]张军,姜建强.信息产品的共享及其组织方式:一个经济分析[J].经济学(季刊) .2002,(1).55-59.
[53]李军凯.从CASHL和NSTL看我国文献传递服务的模式和发展[J].大学图书馆学报.2004,(6).33-36.
[54]李军凯.CALIS馆际互借与文献传递网的现状与发展[J].图书馆杂志.2005,(10).30-33.
[55]卞清.信息共享空间:面向用户的信息服务新模式[J].图书与情报.2007,(4).5-9
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