关于四川大地震新闻语篇的批评性话语分析
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摘要
新闻语篇,作为大众传媒的一种主要方式,不仅为人们提供了信息和娱乐,同时又在潜移默化中影响和改变着人们的认知,行为和价值观念。人们普遍认为新闻语篇是真实、准确、中立的。但是这种观点受到了各个领域学者尤其是批评性话语分析学者的质疑。他们致力于新闻语篇中所隐含的意识形态和权力关系的研究并且认为意识形态普遍存在于语言,语言是意识形态和权利关系在社会实践中的反映。通过文献回顾,我们发现批评性话语分析学者所进行的研究集中于有关政治,经济,文化以及战争和罢工等新闻语篇,有关自然灾害新闻语篇的分析却没有引起关注。相关研究仅仅局限在对外国新闻语篇的研究或者是对国内新闻语篇的研究,对比性研究的方法既不全面也不系统。
本文在参照前人研究的基础之上,依据韩礼德的系统功能语法(1985)和哈金批评性话语分析的工具(1997),提出了一套分析方法。研究从篇章、句子、词汇三个层面,运用前置、图片、主题、言语表达、语态、预设,暗讽和内涵八个类别对中国日报与英国卫报中有关四川大地震的20个新闻语篇进行了定性与定量分析,进一步揭示了语言、意识形态和权利之间的关系。
研究发现《中国日报》与英国《卫报》关于四川大地震的自然灾害的新闻语篇中的确存在着不同的意识形态和权力关系。这也进一步证实了批评性话语分析学者的核心观点:语言不是中立的媒介,而是一种社会实践,是表达意识形态和权力关系的手段。其次,本文所提出的这套分析方法也得到了初步验证。基本适合对国内外新闻媒体自然灾害新闻语篇的分析。同时,本文通过揭示意识形态和权利关系对语言的作用,为人们提供了一种新闻语篇分析的批评性视角,以期帮助培养人们的批评阅读意识,增强人们在阅读国内外新闻语篇时的判断力,从而进一步提高人们对语言运用的鉴赏能力和批评能力。
News discourse, as a major pattern of mass media, not only serves as the source of information and entertainment, but also subtly influences and changes peoples' cognition, behavior and values. People tend to believe that news discourse provides an accurate and representative of reality and news discourse should be value-free and impersonal. However, this viewpoint has been challenged by scholars from different domains especially by those critical discourse analysts whose focus is on the ideologies and power relations hidden in language and who also claim that ideology is pervasively present in language and language is an embodiment of. ideologies and power relations. In terms of literature review, we find that studies which have been done by critical discourse analysts concentrate on political, economic and cultural news discourses, news discourses on wars and strikes or similar news discourses. Studies on natural disastrous news discourses have been paid less attention. Meanwhile, the related studies are case studies of home news discourses or overseas news discourses, and the research methods used in them are not comprehensive and systematical as well.
With reference to the previous studies on both home news discourses and overseas news discourses, this thesis proposes a set of analytic methods based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar (1985) and Huckin's analytic tool (1997), and then a contrastive critical discourse analysis which will give us a clearer insight into the relationship between language, ideology and power of twenty news discourses on Sichuan earthquake in China Daily and the Guardian has been done both qualitatively and quantitatively in textual, sentential and lexical levels from eight categories consisting of foregrounding, visual aids, topicalization, speech representation, voice, presupposition, insinuation and connotation.
Based on the above work, this study firstly reveals clearly that the news discourses on Sichuan Earthquake in China Daily and the Guardian are not value-free. Different ideologies and power relations do embed in natural disastrous news discourses. So it further reinforces the principal viewpoint in CDA that ideology is pervasively present in language. Language can never be regarded as neutral and value-free, and it is a social practice and an embodiment of ideologies and power relations. Secondly, the analytic methods proposed in this thesis have also been testified. It can basically be used to analyze both home natural disastrous news discourses and overseas natural disastrous news discourses although insinuation and presupposition have been proved inappropriate in the critical discourse analysis of domestic natural disastrous news discourses. Thirdly, the present study tries to provide people with a critical perspective of analyzing news discourses, hoping to help cultivate people's critical reading awareness and enhance their judgment while reading both domestic and foreign news discourses, so that further improves their appreciative and critical capability of linguistic performance.
本文在参照前人研究的基础之上,依据韩礼德的系统功能语法(1985)和哈金批评性话语分析的工具(1997),提出了一套分析方法。研究从篇章、句子、词汇三个层面,运用前置、图片、主题、言语表达、语态、预设,暗讽和内涵八个类别对中国日报与英国卫报中有关四川大地震的20个新闻语篇进行了定性与定量分析,进一步揭示了语言、意识形态和权利之间的关系。
研究发现《中国日报》与英国《卫报》关于四川大地震的自然灾害的新闻语篇中的确存在着不同的意识形态和权力关系。这也进一步证实了批评性话语分析学者的核心观点:语言不是中立的媒介,而是一种社会实践,是表达意识形态和权力关系的手段。其次,本文所提出的这套分析方法也得到了初步验证。基本适合对国内外新闻媒体自然灾害新闻语篇的分析。同时,本文通过揭示意识形态和权利关系对语言的作用,为人们提供了一种新闻语篇分析的批评性视角,以期帮助培养人们的批评阅读意识,增强人们在阅读国内外新闻语篇时的判断力,从而进一步提高人们对语言运用的鉴赏能力和批评能力。
News discourse, as a major pattern of mass media, not only serves as the source of information and entertainment, but also subtly influences and changes peoples' cognition, behavior and values. People tend to believe that news discourse provides an accurate and representative of reality and news discourse should be value-free and impersonal. However, this viewpoint has been challenged by scholars from different domains especially by those critical discourse analysts whose focus is on the ideologies and power relations hidden in language and who also claim that ideology is pervasively present in language and language is an embodiment of. ideologies and power relations. In terms of literature review, we find that studies which have been done by critical discourse analysts concentrate on political, economic and cultural news discourses, news discourses on wars and strikes or similar news discourses. Studies on natural disastrous news discourses have been paid less attention. Meanwhile, the related studies are case studies of home news discourses or overseas news discourses, and the research methods used in them are not comprehensive and systematical as well.
With reference to the previous studies on both home news discourses and overseas news discourses, this thesis proposes a set of analytic methods based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar (1985) and Huckin's analytic tool (1997), and then a contrastive critical discourse analysis which will give us a clearer insight into the relationship between language, ideology and power of twenty news discourses on Sichuan earthquake in China Daily and the Guardian has been done both qualitatively and quantitatively in textual, sentential and lexical levels from eight categories consisting of foregrounding, visual aids, topicalization, speech representation, voice, presupposition, insinuation and connotation.
Based on the above work, this study firstly reveals clearly that the news discourses on Sichuan Earthquake in China Daily and the Guardian are not value-free. Different ideologies and power relations do embed in natural disastrous news discourses. So it further reinforces the principal viewpoint in CDA that ideology is pervasively present in language. Language can never be regarded as neutral and value-free, and it is a social practice and an embodiment of ideologies and power relations. Secondly, the analytic methods proposed in this thesis have also been testified. It can basically be used to analyze both home natural disastrous news discourses and overseas natural disastrous news discourses although insinuation and presupposition have been proved inappropriate in the critical discourse analysis of domestic natural disastrous news discourses. Thirdly, the present study tries to provide people with a critical perspective of analyzing news discourses, hoping to help cultivate people's critical reading awareness and enhance their judgment while reading both domestic and foreign news discourses, so that further improves their appreciative and critical capability of linguistic performance.
引文
[1] Bell, A. The language of News Media. Oxford: blackwell, 1991
[2] Blommaert, J. Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
[3] Caffi, C. Pragmatic Presupposition. Oxford: Pergamon, 1994
[4] Chomsky, N. Syntactic Structures. Den Haag: Mouton, 1957
[5] Crystal, D. & Dav, D. Investigate English Style. London: Longman, 1969
[6] Curran, L. Media and Power. London: Poutledge, 2002
[7] Fairclough, N. Language and Power. London: Longman, 1989
[8] Fairclough, N. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992
[9] Fairclough, N. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Longman, 1995
[10] Foucault, M. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings. New York: Pantheon, 1980
[11] Fishman, M. Manufacturing the News. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980
[12] Fowler, R. Hodge, B. Kress, G. & Trew, T. Language and Control. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1979
[13] Fowler, R Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge, 1991
[14] Geis, M.L. The Language of Politics. New York: Spring-Verlag, 1987
[15] Hall. S. Hobson, D. Lowe, A. & Willis, P. Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson, 1980
[16] Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold, 1978
[17] Halliday, M. A. K. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold, 1985
[18] Halliday, M. A. K. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold, 1994
[19] Hodge, R. & Kress, G. Language as Ideology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1993
[20] Hymes, D. The Ethonography of Speaking in Anthropology and Human Behavior. Sydney: Unversity of Sydney Press, 1971
[21] Kress, G. & Van Leeuwan, T. Reading Images. London: Routledge, 1996
[22] Kress, G. History and Language: towards a social account of language change. London: Sage, 1989
[23] Labov, W. Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972
[24] Leech, G. Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981
[25] Levinson, S. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983
[26] Lyons, L. Linguistic Semantic: An Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000
[27]Norris,S.The Generalizability of Critical Thinking:Multiple Perspectives on an Educational Ideal.New York:Teacher College Press,1992
[28]Simpson,P.Language,Ideology and point of View.London:Routledge.Sydney:Macquarie University Press,1993
[29]Thomas,L.Language,Society and Power an Introduction.London:Routledge,2004
[30]Thompson,J.Ideology and Modern Culture.Cambridge:Polity Press,1990
[31]Van Dijk,T.A.Prejudice in Discourse.Amsterdam:Benjamins,1985
[32]Van Dijk,T.A.Discourse and Communication:New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication.Berlin:de Gruyter,1986
[33]Van Dijk,T.A.News Analysis:Case Studies of International and National News in the Press.Hillsdale:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1988a
[34]Van Dijk,T.A.News as Discourse.Hillsdale:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1988a
[35]Van Dijk,T.A.Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis.London:Sage,1993
[36]Van Dijk,T.A.Discourse as Social Interaction.London:Sage,1997
[37]Van,Dijk,T.A.Critical Discourse Analysis.Oxford:Blackwell,2001
[38]Wodak,R.Disorders in Discourse.London:Longman,1996a
[39]Wodak,R.& Meyer,M.Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis.London:Sage,2001
[40]Yule,G.Pragmatics.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000
[41]候维瑞,《英语语体》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998
[42]李美霞,《功能语法教程》,北京:外文出版社,2006
[43]林海,《新闻英语分类词典》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002
[44]刘宓庆,《文体与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998
[45]王佐良,《文体学引论》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1985
[46]辛斌,《语篇互文性的批评性分析》,苏州大学出版社,2000
[47]张德禄,《功能文体学》,济南:山东教育出版社,1998
[48]张建,《新闻英语文体与范文评析》,上海外语教育出版社,1994
[49]Clark,R.& Ivanic,R.Critical Discourse Analysis and Educational Change in Van Lier,L.& Corson,D.Encyclopedia of Larguage and Eduation.Nother Lards:Klauor Academic Publishers,1997
[50]Fairclough,N.& Wodak,R.Critical Discourse Analysis in Van Dijk,T Introduction to Discourse Analysis.London:Sage,1997
[51]Hall,S.Who Needs “Identity”? in Hall,S.and Gay,P.D.Questions of Cutural Identity.London:Sage,1996
[52]Halliday,M.A.K.Language Structure and Language Function in J.Lyous.News Horizons in Linguistics.Harmondsworth:Penguin,1970
[53]Huckin,T.N.Critical Discourse Analysis in T.Miller.Functional approaches to written text:Classroom Applications.Washington DC:English Language Program USIS,1997
[54]Kress,G.Discourse,texts,readers and the pro-nuclear arguments in Chilton.Language and the Nuclear Arms Debate:Nuclear Speak Today.London and Dover,N.H.Frances Printer,1985
[55]Kress,G.Critical Discourse Analysis.Journal of Annual Review of Anthropology,1990
[56]Kumon-Nakamura Glucksberg & Brown,M.How about another piece of pie:The allusional pretense theory of discourse irony.Journal of Experimental Psychology/General,1995
[57]Van Dijk,T.A.Opinions and Ideologies in the Press in Bell,A.& Peter,G.Approaches to Media Discourse.Oxford:Blackwell,1998
[58]Van Dijk,T.A.Critical Discourse Analysis in Handbook of Discourse Analysis.London:Academic Press,1998
[59]Wodak,R.& Van Dijk,T.A.Racism at the Top.Klagenfurt:Drava,2000
[60]Wodak,R.What CDA is about-a summary of it history,important concepts and its developments In Wodak,R.and M.Meyer.Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis.London:Sage,2001
[61]Wodak,R.Critical Discourse Analysis in Schiffrin,D.Handbook in Discourse Analysis.Oxford:Blackwell,2002
[62]陈中竺,批评语言学述评,《外语教学与研究》,1995,第一期:21-27
[63]戴炜华、高军,批评语篇分析:理论述评和实例分析,《外国语》,2002,第六期:42-48
[64]丁建新,廖益清,批评话语分析述评,《当代语言学》,2001,第一期:305-310
[65]李战子,高一虹,功能语法与批评性话语分析的结合点-第28届国际功能语法大会评述,《外语研究》,2002,第三期:78-79
[66]林觉,新闻英语中的情感成分,《外国语》,1987,第一期:26-29
[67]任芳,新闻语篇句型模式的批评性分析,《解放军外国语学院学报》,2002,第五期:19-23
[68]辛斌,语言、权力与意识形态:批评语言学,《现代外语》,1996,第一期:21-26
[69]杨雪燕,2001,社论英语的文体研究,《外语教学与研究》,第五期:367-373
[70]杨雪燕、张娟,九十年代美国大报上的中国形象,《外交学院学报》,2003,第一朗:41-48
[71]支永碧,批评话语分析研究新动念,《外语与外语教学》,2007,第三期:27-32
[72]张建,新闻文体浅析,《外国语》,1990,第三期:66-73
[73]张建,英语广播新闻文体特点,《外国语》,1992,第五期:55-77
[74]张建,英语新闻中注明出处的几种形式,《外国语》,1993,第二期:64-66
[75]宗爱智,浅谈新闻英语中的形象化词汇的运用,《外国语》,1985,第六期:56-57
[2] Blommaert, J. Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
[3] Caffi, C. Pragmatic Presupposition. Oxford: Pergamon, 1994
[4] Chomsky, N. Syntactic Structures. Den Haag: Mouton, 1957
[5] Crystal, D. & Dav, D. Investigate English Style. London: Longman, 1969
[6] Curran, L. Media and Power. London: Poutledge, 2002
[7] Fairclough, N. Language and Power. London: Longman, 1989
[8] Fairclough, N. Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992
[9] Fairclough, N. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Longman, 1995
[10] Foucault, M. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings. New York: Pantheon, 1980
[11] Fishman, M. Manufacturing the News. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980
[12] Fowler, R. Hodge, B. Kress, G. & Trew, T. Language and Control. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1979
[13] Fowler, R Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge, 1991
[14] Geis, M.L. The Language of Politics. New York: Spring-Verlag, 1987
[15] Hall. S. Hobson, D. Lowe, A. & Willis, P. Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson, 1980
[16] Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold, 1978
[17] Halliday, M. A. K. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold, 1985
[18] Halliday, M. A. K. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold, 1994
[19] Hodge, R. & Kress, G. Language as Ideology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1993
[20] Hymes, D. The Ethonography of Speaking in Anthropology and Human Behavior. Sydney: Unversity of Sydney Press, 1971
[21] Kress, G. & Van Leeuwan, T. Reading Images. London: Routledge, 1996
[22] Kress, G. History and Language: towards a social account of language change. London: Sage, 1989
[23] Labov, W. Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972
[24] Leech, G. Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981
[25] Levinson, S. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983
[26] Lyons, L. Linguistic Semantic: An Introduction. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000
[27]Norris,S.The Generalizability of Critical Thinking:Multiple Perspectives on an Educational Ideal.New York:Teacher College Press,1992
[28]Simpson,P.Language,Ideology and point of View.London:Routledge.Sydney:Macquarie University Press,1993
[29]Thomas,L.Language,Society and Power an Introduction.London:Routledge,2004
[30]Thompson,J.Ideology and Modern Culture.Cambridge:Polity Press,1990
[31]Van Dijk,T.A.Prejudice in Discourse.Amsterdam:Benjamins,1985
[32]Van Dijk,T.A.Discourse and Communication:New Approaches to the Analysis of Mass Media Discourse and Communication.Berlin:de Gruyter,1986
[33]Van Dijk,T.A.News Analysis:Case Studies of International and National News in the Press.Hillsdale:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1988a
[34]Van Dijk,T.A.News as Discourse.Hillsdale:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1988a
[35]Van Dijk,T.A.Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis.London:Sage,1993
[36]Van Dijk,T.A.Discourse as Social Interaction.London:Sage,1997
[37]Van,Dijk,T.A.Critical Discourse Analysis.Oxford:Blackwell,2001
[38]Wodak,R.Disorders in Discourse.London:Longman,1996a
[39]Wodak,R.& Meyer,M.Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis.London:Sage,2001
[40]Yule,G.Pragmatics.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2000
[41]候维瑞,《英语语体》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998
[42]李美霞,《功能语法教程》,北京:外文出版社,2006
[43]林海,《新闻英语分类词典》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002
[44]刘宓庆,《文体与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998
[45]王佐良,《文体学引论》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1985
[46]辛斌,《语篇互文性的批评性分析》,苏州大学出版社,2000
[47]张德禄,《功能文体学》,济南:山东教育出版社,1998
[48]张建,《新闻英语文体与范文评析》,上海外语教育出版社,1994
[49]Clark,R.& Ivanic,R.Critical Discourse Analysis and Educational Change in Van Lier,L.& Corson,D.Encyclopedia of Larguage and Eduation.Nother Lards:Klauor Academic Publishers,1997
[50]Fairclough,N.& Wodak,R.Critical Discourse Analysis in Van Dijk,T Introduction to Discourse Analysis.London:Sage,1997
[51]Hall,S.Who Needs “Identity”? in Hall,S.and Gay,P.D.Questions of Cutural Identity.London:Sage,1996
[52]Halliday,M.A.K.Language Structure and Language Function in J.Lyous.News Horizons in Linguistics.Harmondsworth:Penguin,1970
[53]Huckin,T.N.Critical Discourse Analysis in T.Miller.Functional approaches to written text:Classroom Applications.Washington DC:English Language Program USIS,1997
[54]Kress,G.Discourse,texts,readers and the pro-nuclear arguments in Chilton.Language and the Nuclear Arms Debate:Nuclear Speak Today.London and Dover,N.H.Frances Printer,1985
[55]Kress,G.Critical Discourse Analysis.Journal of Annual Review of Anthropology,1990
[56]Kumon-Nakamura Glucksberg & Brown,M.How about another piece of pie:The allusional pretense theory of discourse irony.Journal of Experimental Psychology/General,1995
[57]Van Dijk,T.A.Opinions and Ideologies in the Press in Bell,A.& Peter,G.Approaches to Media Discourse.Oxford:Blackwell,1998
[58]Van Dijk,T.A.Critical Discourse Analysis in Handbook of Discourse Analysis.London:Academic Press,1998
[59]Wodak,R.& Van Dijk,T.A.Racism at the Top.Klagenfurt:Drava,2000
[60]Wodak,R.What CDA is about-a summary of it history,important concepts and its developments In Wodak,R.and M.Meyer.Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis.London:Sage,2001
[61]Wodak,R.Critical Discourse Analysis in Schiffrin,D.Handbook in Discourse Analysis.Oxford:Blackwell,2002
[62]陈中竺,批评语言学述评,《外语教学与研究》,1995,第一期:21-27
[63]戴炜华、高军,批评语篇分析:理论述评和实例分析,《外国语》,2002,第六期:42-48
[64]丁建新,廖益清,批评话语分析述评,《当代语言学》,2001,第一期:305-310
[65]李战子,高一虹,功能语法与批评性话语分析的结合点-第28届国际功能语法大会评述,《外语研究》,2002,第三期:78-79
[66]林觉,新闻英语中的情感成分,《外国语》,1987,第一期:26-29
[67]任芳,新闻语篇句型模式的批评性分析,《解放军外国语学院学报》,2002,第五期:19-23
[68]辛斌,语言、权力与意识形态:批评语言学,《现代外语》,1996,第一期:21-26
[69]杨雪燕,2001,社论英语的文体研究,《外语教学与研究》,第五期:367-373
[70]杨雪燕、张娟,九十年代美国大报上的中国形象,《外交学院学报》,2003,第一朗:41-48
[71]支永碧,批评话语分析研究新动念,《外语与外语教学》,2007,第三期:27-32
[72]张建,新闻文体浅析,《外国语》,1990,第三期:66-73
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