美国小企业的技术创新系统及其作用机制
摘要
理论和实证研究显示,小企业和大企业在技术创新上分别拥有各自的优劣势。在欧美经济发达国家,小企业因在技术创新上的突出贡献,被誉为经济发展中最为重要的变革因素。与其他经济发达国家相比,美国小企业的技术创新活动更为活跃,技术创新成果更为显著。毋庸置疑,美国小企业在经营运作上一定具有独特的过人之处方可取得如此突出的成就。但同样显而易见的是,小企业自身的能力和意愿并不足以支持技术创新精英从中源源不断地涌现。要诠释美国的这一经济现象,必须超越小企业的微观运作,深入探究其经济系统和作用机制所在。本文首先概述了美国小企业的发展和技术创新表现,然后重点对美国小企业的技术创新系统进行了分解和阐释。最后,根据我国中小企业的经营现状,笔者向政府提出了五点实施性较强的政策建议。
Both theoretical and empirical studies indicate that small firms and large firms respectively have strengths and weaknesses in technological innovation. In developed economies, small firms may well be most important to the economy as agents of change signaled by the fact that they have made significant contribution to the development of new technologies. In comparison, American small firms are more active and have achieved more success in technological innovation activities. It is unanimously acknowledged that American small firms are more technology-oriented, but this is not sufficient for explaining why technological innovators continuously emerge from them. In order to have a better understanding about this typical American phenomenon, it is necessary to analyze in the perspective of technological innovation system. After a literature review of technological innovation and a summary of American small firms' development, the author investigates the technological innovation system in the United States of America. The system is broken down into economic environment, technological environment and business operation, each of which is further detailed with insights into its mechanism. The paper ends with some policy recommendations to the Chinese government.
Both theoretical and empirical studies indicate that small firms and large firms respectively have strengths and weaknesses in technological innovation. In developed economies, small firms may well be most important to the economy as agents of change signaled by the fact that they have made significant contribution to the development of new technologies. In comparison, American small firms are more active and have achieved more success in technological innovation activities. It is unanimously acknowledged that American small firms are more technology-oriented, but this is not sufficient for explaining why technological innovators continuously emerge from them. In order to have a better understanding about this typical American phenomenon, it is necessary to analyze in the perspective of technological innovation system. After a literature review of technological innovation and a summary of American small firms' development, the author investigates the technological innovation system in the United States of America. The system is broken down into economic environment, technological environment and business operation, each of which is further detailed with insights into its mechanism. The paper ends with some policy recommendations to the Chinese government.
引文
1 刘乃全、李勇辉、王琴:《中小企业:意大利通往繁荣之路》,上海财经大学出版社,2003年版。
2 B.S.Tether:Small and large firms:sources of unequal innovations? 1998.
3 Davood Askarany,Malcolm Smith:The Relationship between Technological Innovation,Activity Based Costing and Business Size,2003.
4 徐则荣:《创新理论大师熊彼特经济思想研究》,首都经济贸易大学出版社,2006年版。
5 Mary Ellen Mogee:Foreign Patenting Behavior of Small and Large Firms:An Update,U.S.Small Business Administration,2003.
6 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006:A Report to the President,2007.
7 林汉川:《中国中小企业发展机制研究》,商务印书馆,2003年版。
8 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006:A Report to the President,2007.
9 Danny Leung,Cesaire A.Meh,Yaz Terajima:Firm Life-Cycle Dynamics and Productivity,Bank of Canada,2006.
10 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2005:A Report to the President,2006.
11 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006:A Report to the President,2007.
12 William J.Baumol:Small Firms:Why Market-driven Innovation Can't Get Along Without Them,2006.
13 William J.Dennis.Innovation,2005.
14 William J.Dennis:Innovation,2005.
15 Haddon Heights:Small Firms and Technology:Acquisitions,Inventor Movement,and Technology Transfer,U.S.Small Business Administration,2004.
16 William J.Dennis:Marketing Perspectives,2006.
17 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2005:A Report to the President,2006.
18 徐则荣:《创新理论大师熊彼特经济思想研究》,首都经济贸易大学出版社,2006年版。
19 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006:A Report to the President,2007.
20 IBM全球企业咨询服务部:消除战略盲点--技术驱动型企业战略推动创新和成长,2008。
21 Jules Duga,Tim Studt:Global R&D Report 2008,R&D Magazine,September 2007.
22 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2005:A Report to the President,2006.
23 Haddon Heights:Small Serial Innovators:The Small Firm Contribution To Technical Change,Small Business Administration,2003.
24 Todd R.Zenger,Sergio G.Lazzarini:Compensating for Innovation:Do Small Firms Offer High-powered Incentives That Lure Talent and Motivate Effort?,2004.
25 S.Michael Camp:The Innovation-Entrepreneurship NEXUS:A National Assessment of Entrepreneurship and Regional Economic Growth and Development,2005.
26 Lewis M.Branscomb,Philip E.Auerswald:Between Invention and Innovation,2002.
27 www.energyconversiondevices.com,2009-8-20.
28 陈乃醒、傅贤治:《中国中小企业发展报告》,中国经济出版社,2007年版。
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2 B.S.Tether:Small and large firms:sources of unequal innovations? 1998.
3 Davood Askarany,Malcolm Smith:The Relationship between Technological Innovation,Activity Based Costing and Business Size,2003.
4 徐则荣:《创新理论大师熊彼特经济思想研究》,首都经济贸易大学出版社,2006年版。
5 Mary Ellen Mogee:Foreign Patenting Behavior of Small and Large Firms:An Update,U.S.Small Business Administration,2003.
6 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006:A Report to the President,2007.
7 林汉川:《中国中小企业发展机制研究》,商务印书馆,2003年版。
8 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006:A Report to the President,2007.
9 Danny Leung,Cesaire A.Meh,Yaz Terajima:Firm Life-Cycle Dynamics and Productivity,Bank of Canada,2006.
10 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2005:A Report to the President,2006.
11 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006:A Report to the President,2007.
12 William J.Baumol:Small Firms:Why Market-driven Innovation Can't Get Along Without Them,2006.
13 William J.Dennis.Innovation,2005.
14 William J.Dennis:Innovation,2005.
15 Haddon Heights:Small Firms and Technology:Acquisitions,Inventor Movement,and Technology Transfer,U.S.Small Business Administration,2004.
16 William J.Dennis:Marketing Perspectives,2006.
17 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2005:A Report to the President,2006.
18 徐则荣:《创新理论大师熊彼特经济思想研究》,首都经济贸易大学出版社,2006年版。
19 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2006:A Report to the President,2007.
20 IBM全球企业咨询服务部:消除战略盲点--技术驱动型企业战略推动创新和成长,2008。
21 Jules Duga,Tim Studt:Global R&D Report 2008,R&D Magazine,September 2007.
22 U.S.Small Business Administration:The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2005:A Report to the President,2006.
23 Haddon Heights:Small Serial Innovators:The Small Firm Contribution To Technical Change,Small Business Administration,2003.
24 Todd R.Zenger,Sergio G.Lazzarini:Compensating for Innovation:Do Small Firms Offer High-powered Incentives That Lure Talent and Motivate Effort?,2004.
25 S.Michael Camp:The Innovation-Entrepreneurship NEXUS:A National Assessment of Entrepreneurship and Regional Economic Growth and Development,2005.
26 Lewis M.Branscomb,Philip E.Auerswald:Between Invention and Innovation,2002.
27 www.energyconversiondevices.com,2009-8-20.
28 陈乃醒、傅贤治:《中国中小企业发展报告》,中国经济出版社,2007年版。
[1]林汉川.中国中小企业发展机制研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[2]欧阳峣,沈海祥,姜衡舒,欧阳文和,李陈华.欧盟中小企业公司治理及国际比较[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2006.
[3]曲永义.山东中小企业发展与创新机制研究[M].山东:山东人民出版社,2005.
[4]王振,孙林,虞震.中小企业:日本经济活力的源泉[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2003.
[5]陈乃醒,傅贤治.中国中小企业发展报告[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2007.
[6]Michael Porter著,高登第,李明轩译.竞争论[M].北京:中信出版社,2003.
[7]W.Chan Kim,Renee Mauborgne著,吉宓译.蓝海战略[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[8]Michael Parkin著,梁小民译.微观经济学(第5版)[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[9]Warren J.Keegan著,段志蓉,钱珺译.全球营销管理(第7版)[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[10]中共中央宣传部理论局.理论热点面对面(2006)[M].北京:学习出版社,2006.
[11]刘乃全,李勇辉,王琴.中小企业:意大利通往繁荣之路[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2003.
[12]王咏梅.民营企业自主创新战略案例研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[13]张幼文.世界经济学--原理与方法[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2006.
[14]王世豪.中小企业自主创新[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社,2007.
[15]徐则荣.创新理论大师熊彼特经济思想研究[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2006.
[16]刘勇.感悟创造:复杂系统创造论[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[17]华民.世纪之交的世界经济:增长方式与制度结构[J].世界经济文汇,2000,2:2-8.
[18]曾三军.论企业创新通道[J].企业经济,2004,5:78-79.
[19]吴琼.国家创新体系的内涵、构成要素及关联性分析[J].理论建设,2005,2:50-52.
[20]安维复.从国家创新体系看现代科学技术革命[EB].:http://www.cnki.net,2007-7-6.
[21]IBM全球企业咨询服务部.创新无国界--中国企业的创新之旅[R].北京:IBM 商业价值研究院,2007.
[22]IBM全球企业咨询服务部.拓展创新视野--2006年全球CEO调查[R].北京:IBM商业价值研究院,2007.
[23]IBM全球企业咨询服务部.消除战略盲点--技术驱动型企业战略推动创新和成长[R].北京:IBM商业价值研究院,2008.
[24]Paul A.Samuelson,William D.Nordhaus.经济学(英文版,第16版)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[25]Melissa A.Schilling.Strategic Management of Technological Innovation[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[26]Sigvald J.Harryson.Know-Who Based Entrepreneurship[M].UK:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2006.
[27]U.S.Small Business Administration.The Small Business Economy for Data Year 2005:A Report to the President[R].USA:SBA Office of Advocacy,2006.
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[30]Fulvio Castellacci.Technology-gap and cumulative growth:models,results and performances[C].DRUID Winter Conference,2002.
[31]Diana M.Hicks,Dirk P.Libaers,Alan L.Porter.Identification of the Technology Commercialization Strategies of High-tech Small Firms[R].USA:SBA Office of Advocacy,2006.
[32]Jonathan T.Eckhardt,Scott Shanne.Innovation and Small Business Performance:Examining the Relationship Between Technological Innovation and the Within Industry Distributions of Fast Growth Firms[R].USA:SBA Office of Advocacy,2006.
[33]Diana Hicks,Deepak Hegde.Highly innovative small firms in the markets for technology[R].USA:Georgia Tech Research Corporation,2005.
[34]S.Michael Camp.The Innovation-Entrepreneurship NEXUS:A National Assessment of Entrepreneurship and Regional Economic Growth and Development[R].USA:SBA Office of Advocacy,2005.
[35]William J.Baumol.Small Firms:Why Market-driven Innovation Can't Get Along Without Them[R].USA:SBA Office of Advocacy,2006.
[36]Haddon Heights.Small Serial Innovators:The Small Firm Contribution To Technical Change[R].USA:SBA Office of Advocacy,2003.
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