中国生物质能的地区分布及开发利用评价
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摘要
能源短缺和环境危机是制约当今世界经济社会发展的两大主要问题。能源的过度消耗使能源资源的稀缺性暴露无疑,供需矛盾日益突出。世界各国在努力提高现有能源利用效率的同时,积极寻求能源利用的新出路。生物质能以其可再生、资源丰富、价格便宜、生态环境友好而逐渐成为一种重要的新的替代能源。
资源潜力与空间分布格局分析是区域分析与地理科学工作的前提。生物质能资源可开发潜力的估算是生物质能科学开发利用研究的关键和基础。面对我国生物质能资源蕴藏与分布状况仍不明晰、开发利用不尽合理的现实,本文定量估算了我国生物质能的数量,分析了生物质能的时空格局演变,初步研究了生物质能按气象因子、地理环境等的分布规律,提出了我国生物质能的开发利用方向与政策建议,以期充实生物质资源估算领域的研究,为合理利用生物质能、发展生物质能产业提供一定参考。
通过分析,本文在生物质能估算、分布及利用建议方面得出的主要结论和认识有以下几点：
(1)我国生物质能蕴藏丰富,可开发潜力巨大。1994年、1999年、2004年和2009年四期生物质能总蕴藏潜力量分别为32.741×108tce、37.093×108tce、38.410×108tce、40.073×108tce,可利用量分别为4.241×108tce、4.790×108tce、4.813×108tce、5.340×108tce,表现出递增趋势。
(2)我国作物秸秆主要集中分布于东中部的主要农区和西南部分省市,其中鲁、豫、黑、川、冀、苏、吉、皖等是作物秸秆资源分布最集中的区域。我国畜禽粪便资源主要分布于豫、川、鲁、冀、蒙等,多为养殖业和畜牧业较发达的地区。我国林木生物质资源主要分布在我国主要的林区,藏、川、云、黑、蒙、吉六省分布最多,共占林木薪柴总量的60%多。
(3)我国生物质能总体上分布不均,省际差异较大,西南、东北以及蒙、豫、鲁等地是我国生物质能的主要分布区,其中,西南地区川、藏、云三省生物质能占据很大优势。与大宗能源相比较,我国生物质能能理论蕴藏量与其年生产量相当,从省区分布上来看,生物质能在一定程度上与大宗能源呈现出互补状态。
(4)从位序变动指数可以看出,蒙、豫、新、湘、桂等,是生物质能蕴藏“年轻型”省份；川、臧、沪、津、琼等,是生物质能蕴藏“成年型”省份；黑、云、鲁、粤、赣等是生物质能蕴藏“衰老型”省份。
(5)我国生物质能理论蕴藏量的重心位于陕西省东部,移动的剧烈程度不及单一的生物质资源,但移动轨迹较为混乱。综合各期的变化,生物质能理论蕴藏量呈现出东西差异微弱缩小、南北差异逐渐扩大的发展趋势。我国生物质能可利用量重心位于河南省境内西部,移动轨迹与理论蕴藏量相似,但表现出东西差异微弱扩大、南北差异波动扩大的趋势。
(6)我国生物质能理论蕴藏量按气象因子、地理环境的分布规律与单一的生物质资源之间存在不同程度上的相似性,主要分布在年均气温15-20℃、5-10℃地区；以及降水量0-1500mm地区,尤其是500-1000mm地区；集中分布在0-500m的低海拔地区；而按日照时数的分布则相对分散,1994年、2004年较多地分布在2000-2500h地区,1999年、2009年较多地分布在1500-2000h地区。
(7)我国生物质能利用应坚持以解决农村生活能源为重点,促进农村用能结构、乡村面貌和生态环境的改善,重点发展农村沼气、秸秆与林业“剩余物”固体成型技术,剩余部分用于发电；同时,应以替代化石能源为目标,缓解化石能源供应紧张局面,优化能源结构,保障国家能源安全,重点发展生物燃料乙醇和生物柴油技术。
Energy shortage and environmental crisis are two major problems that restricting the world's economic and social development. The excessive consumption of energy leads to the serious scarcity of energy resources and the contradiction between its supply and demand is becoming increasingly acute. Countries around the world are making effort to improve the utilization efficiency of the existing energy, at the same time, actively seeking new way of energy utilization. Consequently, biomass, characterized as renewable, abundant, cheap and eco-friendly, gradually becomes an important and new alternative energy source.
The analysis on resource potential and spatial distribution pattern is the premise of regional analysis and geographical science research. The estimation of biomass potential is the crux and basis of biomass development and utilization research. Faced with the fact that the biomass reserves and distribution are not clear and the development and utilization of it are not enough reasonable, this study quantitatively estimates the number of biomass in China, analyzed its temporal and spatial patterns evolution, presents a preliminary study of biomass distribution regularity according to meteorological factors and geographical environment, and put forward the policy advice of the development and utilization of biomass to enrich the research in the field of biomass estimation, further to provide certain reference for how to reasonably utilize biomass and develop the biomass energy industry.
Through analysis and research, the study comes to conclusions on biomass estimation, distribution and utilization suggestions are as follows:
(1) The biomass reserves are abundant in China and have great developing potential. The total amount of biomass reserves is32.741×108tce,37.093×108tce,38.410×108tce,40.073×108tce in1994,1999,2004and2009respectively. The available amount is4.241×108tce,4.790×108tce,4.813×108tce,5.340×108tce respectively, presenting an increasing trend.
(2) The crop straw is mainly distributed in main farming areas in east-central region and part of southwestern provinces in China. Among them, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Jilin and Anhui Provinces are the regions with most concentrated crop straw resources. The excrements of livestock are mainly scattered in Henan, Sichuan, Shandong, Hebei and Inner Mongolia Provinces, where animal husbandry is relatively developed. The forest biomass energy is largely distributed in main forest region. The six provinces of Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Jilin have most forest biomass energy, accounting for more than60%of the total amount of forest and firewood.
(3) Overall, biomass of China is unevenly distributed. There are big differences between provinces. The southwest and northeast region as well as Inner Mongolia, Henan, Shandong Provinces are mainly distribution areas of biomass energy. Especially, the biomass in Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan Provinces takes a significant advantage. Compared with bulk stock, the theoretical development amount of biomass reserves is comparable to its annual productions. According to the provincial distribution of biomass, biomass energy and bulk stock are complementary to a certain extent.
(4) The results by rank-modification index reveal that the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Henan, Xinjiang, Hunan and Guangxi are the "young" regions with biomass reserves. And Sichuan, Tibet, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hainan Provinces are "adult" regions. Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Shandong, Guangdong, and Jiangxi Provinces etc. belong to "ageing" regions.
(5) The center of gravity of biomass theoretical reserves locates in east of Shaanxi Province. Its movement intensity is inferior to single biomass resource, but the movement is disordered. Synthesize the changes of every period, the theoretical reserves of biomass show a development trend that the east-west differences slightly lessen and north-south expand gradually. The center of gravity of available amount of biomass locates in western Henan Province. The movement is similar to the theoretical reserves, but presents a trend of the east-west differences slightly expand and the north-south enlarge in fluctuation.
(6) There are similarities in distribution regularity to different degrees between theoretical reserves and single biomass resource according to meteorological factors and geographical environment, mainly distributed in the region with the temperature of15-20℃and5-10℃, precipitation of0-1500mm, especially500-1000mm and lower altitude of0-500m. The distribution by sunshine duration is relatively scattered. The biomass of1994and2004is more distributed in the region of2000-2500h, and that of1999and2009is in the region of1500-2000h.
(7) The biomass utilization should focus on resolving rural residential energy, improving rural energy structure, rural images and ecological environment and developing solid molded technology of rural biogas, crop straw and forestry residues, the last part is used to generate electricity. Besides, aimed to replace fossil fuels, ease the tension situation of fossil energy supply, optimize energy structure, guarantee national energy security, and prioritize the technology of ethanol biofuel and biodiesel.
资源潜力与空间分布格局分析是区域分析与地理科学工作的前提。生物质能资源可开发潜力的估算是生物质能科学开发利用研究的关键和基础。面对我国生物质能资源蕴藏与分布状况仍不明晰、开发利用不尽合理的现实,本文定量估算了我国生物质能的数量,分析了生物质能的时空格局演变,初步研究了生物质能按气象因子、地理环境等的分布规律,提出了我国生物质能的开发利用方向与政策建议,以期充实生物质资源估算领域的研究,为合理利用生物质能、发展生物质能产业提供一定参考。
通过分析,本文在生物质能估算、分布及利用建议方面得出的主要结论和认识有以下几点：
(1)我国生物质能蕴藏丰富,可开发潜力巨大。1994年、1999年、2004年和2009年四期生物质能总蕴藏潜力量分别为32.741×108tce、37.093×108tce、38.410×108tce、40.073×108tce,可利用量分别为4.241×108tce、4.790×108tce、4.813×108tce、5.340×108tce,表现出递增趋势。
(2)我国作物秸秆主要集中分布于东中部的主要农区和西南部分省市,其中鲁、豫、黑、川、冀、苏、吉、皖等是作物秸秆资源分布最集中的区域。我国畜禽粪便资源主要分布于豫、川、鲁、冀、蒙等,多为养殖业和畜牧业较发达的地区。我国林木生物质资源主要分布在我国主要的林区,藏、川、云、黑、蒙、吉六省分布最多,共占林木薪柴总量的60%多。
(3)我国生物质能总体上分布不均,省际差异较大,西南、东北以及蒙、豫、鲁等地是我国生物质能的主要分布区,其中,西南地区川、藏、云三省生物质能占据很大优势。与大宗能源相比较,我国生物质能能理论蕴藏量与其年生产量相当,从省区分布上来看,生物质能在一定程度上与大宗能源呈现出互补状态。
(4)从位序变动指数可以看出,蒙、豫、新、湘、桂等,是生物质能蕴藏“年轻型”省份；川、臧、沪、津、琼等,是生物质能蕴藏“成年型”省份；黑、云、鲁、粤、赣等是生物质能蕴藏“衰老型”省份。
(5)我国生物质能理论蕴藏量的重心位于陕西省东部,移动的剧烈程度不及单一的生物质资源,但移动轨迹较为混乱。综合各期的变化,生物质能理论蕴藏量呈现出东西差异微弱缩小、南北差异逐渐扩大的发展趋势。我国生物质能可利用量重心位于河南省境内西部,移动轨迹与理论蕴藏量相似,但表现出东西差异微弱扩大、南北差异波动扩大的趋势。
(6)我国生物质能理论蕴藏量按气象因子、地理环境的分布规律与单一的生物质资源之间存在不同程度上的相似性,主要分布在年均气温15-20℃、5-10℃地区；以及降水量0-1500mm地区,尤其是500-1000mm地区；集中分布在0-500m的低海拔地区；而按日照时数的分布则相对分散,1994年、2004年较多地分布在2000-2500h地区,1999年、2009年较多地分布在1500-2000h地区。
(7)我国生物质能利用应坚持以解决农村生活能源为重点,促进农村用能结构、乡村面貌和生态环境的改善,重点发展农村沼气、秸秆与林业“剩余物”固体成型技术,剩余部分用于发电；同时,应以替代化石能源为目标,缓解化石能源供应紧张局面,优化能源结构,保障国家能源安全,重点发展生物燃料乙醇和生物柴油技术。
Energy shortage and environmental crisis are two major problems that restricting the world's economic and social development. The excessive consumption of energy leads to the serious scarcity of energy resources and the contradiction between its supply and demand is becoming increasingly acute. Countries around the world are making effort to improve the utilization efficiency of the existing energy, at the same time, actively seeking new way of energy utilization. Consequently, biomass, characterized as renewable, abundant, cheap and eco-friendly, gradually becomes an important and new alternative energy source.
The analysis on resource potential and spatial distribution pattern is the premise of regional analysis and geographical science research. The estimation of biomass potential is the crux and basis of biomass development and utilization research. Faced with the fact that the biomass reserves and distribution are not clear and the development and utilization of it are not enough reasonable, this study quantitatively estimates the number of biomass in China, analyzed its temporal and spatial patterns evolution, presents a preliminary study of biomass distribution regularity according to meteorological factors and geographical environment, and put forward the policy advice of the development and utilization of biomass to enrich the research in the field of biomass estimation, further to provide certain reference for how to reasonably utilize biomass and develop the biomass energy industry.
Through analysis and research, the study comes to conclusions on biomass estimation, distribution and utilization suggestions are as follows:
(1) The biomass reserves are abundant in China and have great developing potential. The total amount of biomass reserves is32.741×108tce,37.093×108tce,38.410×108tce,40.073×108tce in1994,1999,2004and2009respectively. The available amount is4.241×108tce,4.790×108tce,4.813×108tce,5.340×108tce respectively, presenting an increasing trend.
(2) The crop straw is mainly distributed in main farming areas in east-central region and part of southwestern provinces in China. Among them, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Jilin and Anhui Provinces are the regions with most concentrated crop straw resources. The excrements of livestock are mainly scattered in Henan, Sichuan, Shandong, Hebei and Inner Mongolia Provinces, where animal husbandry is relatively developed. The forest biomass energy is largely distributed in main forest region. The six provinces of Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Jilin have most forest biomass energy, accounting for more than60%of the total amount of forest and firewood.
(3) Overall, biomass of China is unevenly distributed. There are big differences between provinces. The southwest and northeast region as well as Inner Mongolia, Henan, Shandong Provinces are mainly distribution areas of biomass energy. Especially, the biomass in Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan Provinces takes a significant advantage. Compared with bulk stock, the theoretical development amount of biomass reserves is comparable to its annual productions. According to the provincial distribution of biomass, biomass energy and bulk stock are complementary to a certain extent.
(4) The results by rank-modification index reveal that the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Henan, Xinjiang, Hunan and Guangxi are the "young" regions with biomass reserves. And Sichuan, Tibet, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hainan Provinces are "adult" regions. Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Shandong, Guangdong, and Jiangxi Provinces etc. belong to "ageing" regions.
(5) The center of gravity of biomass theoretical reserves locates in east of Shaanxi Province. Its movement intensity is inferior to single biomass resource, but the movement is disordered. Synthesize the changes of every period, the theoretical reserves of biomass show a development trend that the east-west differences slightly lessen and north-south expand gradually. The center of gravity of available amount of biomass locates in western Henan Province. The movement is similar to the theoretical reserves, but presents a trend of the east-west differences slightly expand and the north-south enlarge in fluctuation.
(6) There are similarities in distribution regularity to different degrees between theoretical reserves and single biomass resource according to meteorological factors and geographical environment, mainly distributed in the region with the temperature of15-20℃and5-10℃, precipitation of0-1500mm, especially500-1000mm and lower altitude of0-500m. The distribution by sunshine duration is relatively scattered. The biomass of1994and2004is more distributed in the region of2000-2500h, and that of1999and2009is in the region of1500-2000h.
(7) The biomass utilization should focus on resolving rural residential energy, improving rural energy structure, rural images and ecological environment and developing solid molded technology of rural biogas, crop straw and forestry residues, the last part is used to generate electricity. Besides, aimed to replace fossil fuels, ease the tension situation of fossil energy supply, optimize energy structure, guarantee national energy security, and prioritize the technology of ethanol biofuel and biodiesel.
引文
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