论宾夕法尼亚殖民地早期立法机关的设置及其演变（1682-1701）
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摘要
在美国自二十世纪六十年代以来,宾夕法尼亚殖民地的历史地位得到重估。它的社会模式和政治形式为美利坚共和国的政治模式的建立提供了重要的经验。研究宾夕法尼亚的政治史及其立法机关的发展史自然也就显得十分重要。对这段历史研究,无疑对于理解美国政治与议会制度的起源与发展有深刻的意义。
本文吸取前人的研究成果,辨证地扬弃,立足立法机关的体制研究的视角,力图建立对宾夕法尼亚早期殖民地立法机关演变较为全面的认识。作者以马克思主义哲学思想为指导,利用布罗代尔年鉴学派史学研究理论,尝试运用历史学、政治学、立法学等学科的分析方法,参阅大量原始资料,深入分析宾夕法尼亚殖民地立法机关设置与演变背后的历史事件、结构和局势的脉络和关系。本文不仅分析历史偶然事件以及政治经济宗教因素对于历史发展的作用,同时也关注长时段的局势性因素,如政治文化传统、政治制度发展史等方面对于宾夕法尼亚立法机关的设置及演变的影响。
本文主体共分为三部分。第一部分为绪论,介绍本文的选题缘起、写作思路以及国内外的研究动态。第二部分是正文。第三部分是结论。其中正文部分包括四章:第一章分析宾夕法尼亚立法机关产生与设置的思想、宗教及其社会渊源;第二章分析宾夕法尼亚立法机关的设置;第三章梳理立法机关演变的脉络,总结其主要特点;第四章分析宾省立法机关权力的变化及其成因,总结立法机关的历史影响。
本文认为宾夕法尼亚早期殖民地立法机关的设置与其后的演变是英国国内宗教政治经济斗争在北美的延续,它同时也是殖民者集团权利斗争的结果。在特殊的利益、宗教、政治环境下,由一批激进的殖民者为维护个人利益而利用成文宪法对立法权的争夺。宾夕法尼亚立法机关的循序渐进地演变背后是一次次激烈的政治斗争。宾夕法尼亚的这段立法机关的演进的历史为美国的政治文化的发展提供了有益的教材,有着极其重要的历史价值。
The historic status of colonial Pennsylvania has been reevaluated since 1960s in America. Its social mode and political situations have provided important experience for the founding of political mode of the United States of America. Therefore, it seems to be of vital importance to study the history of politics in Pennsylvania and the development of its legislation. And, it is undoubted that the study on the history of this period of time would of great significance for understanding the origin and development of American politics and its parliamentarism.
Basing on the study of legislature system, this article strives to establish a comparatively overall understanding on the legislature of early colonial Pennsylvania by studying the achievements of former researches, and dialectically selects any of good use. Under the guidance of Marxism philosophy, this article penetrates into the frames and relations of historical structure, conjoncture,événement concerning the arrangement and evolution of Pennsylvanian legislature by applying Fernand Braudel's theory of Annal School, as well as analytical methods of such subjects as historiography, political science and legislative science. This article not only analyzes the effects of incidental events and political and religious factors on historical development, but also pays attention to the influences of long-term situational factors on the arrangement and evolution of Pennsylvanian legislature, such as political and cultural traditions, the development of political system.
This article is divided into three parts. The first part is introduction, in which the reasons for choosing this topic, writing arrangement and foreign and domestic research trends are introduced. The second part is main body of the article and the third part is conclusion. The main body includes four chapters, with the first chapter analyzing the ideological, religious and social origins of the designing of Pennsylvanian legislature, the second chapter analyzing the arrangement of Pennsylvanian legislature, the third chapter sorting out the frame of its evolution and summarizing its features, the fourth chapter analyzing the changes of legislative powers in Pennsylvania and the reasons causing them and summarizing the historic influences of the legislature.
The author holds that the arrangement and evolution of Pennsylvanian legislature is continuation of religious, political, and economic struggles of England in New World. At the same time, it is also consequences of struggles for power among colonists groups. Under special circumstances of interests, religion and politics, the struggles for power to initiative laws are conducted by a group of radical colonists, who aim to protect their own interests. Beneath the surface of the evolutions of the Pennsylvanian legislature, there lay drastic political struggles. The history of the evolution of Pennsylvanian legislature is of vital historic importance in that it provides good textbook for American's political and cultural developments.
本文吸取前人的研究成果,辨证地扬弃,立足立法机关的体制研究的视角,力图建立对宾夕法尼亚早期殖民地立法机关演变较为全面的认识。作者以马克思主义哲学思想为指导,利用布罗代尔年鉴学派史学研究理论,尝试运用历史学、政治学、立法学等学科的分析方法,参阅大量原始资料,深入分析宾夕法尼亚殖民地立法机关设置与演变背后的历史事件、结构和局势的脉络和关系。本文不仅分析历史偶然事件以及政治经济宗教因素对于历史发展的作用,同时也关注长时段的局势性因素,如政治文化传统、政治制度发展史等方面对于宾夕法尼亚立法机关的设置及演变的影响。
本文主体共分为三部分。第一部分为绪论,介绍本文的选题缘起、写作思路以及国内外的研究动态。第二部分是正文。第三部分是结论。其中正文部分包括四章:第一章分析宾夕法尼亚立法机关产生与设置的思想、宗教及其社会渊源;第二章分析宾夕法尼亚立法机关的设置;第三章梳理立法机关演变的脉络,总结其主要特点;第四章分析宾省立法机关权力的变化及其成因,总结立法机关的历史影响。
本文认为宾夕法尼亚早期殖民地立法机关的设置与其后的演变是英国国内宗教政治经济斗争在北美的延续,它同时也是殖民者集团权利斗争的结果。在特殊的利益、宗教、政治环境下,由一批激进的殖民者为维护个人利益而利用成文宪法对立法权的争夺。宾夕法尼亚立法机关的循序渐进地演变背后是一次次激烈的政治斗争。宾夕法尼亚的这段立法机关的演进的历史为美国的政治文化的发展提供了有益的教材,有着极其重要的历史价值。
The historic status of colonial Pennsylvania has been reevaluated since 1960s in America. Its social mode and political situations have provided important experience for the founding of political mode of the United States of America. Therefore, it seems to be of vital importance to study the history of politics in Pennsylvania and the development of its legislation. And, it is undoubted that the study on the history of this period of time would of great significance for understanding the origin and development of American politics and its parliamentarism.
Basing on the study of legislature system, this article strives to establish a comparatively overall understanding on the legislature of early colonial Pennsylvania by studying the achievements of former researches, and dialectically selects any of good use. Under the guidance of Marxism philosophy, this article penetrates into the frames and relations of historical structure, conjoncture,événement concerning the arrangement and evolution of Pennsylvanian legislature by applying Fernand Braudel's theory of Annal School, as well as analytical methods of such subjects as historiography, political science and legislative science. This article not only analyzes the effects of incidental events and political and religious factors on historical development, but also pays attention to the influences of long-term situational factors on the arrangement and evolution of Pennsylvanian legislature, such as political and cultural traditions, the development of political system.
This article is divided into three parts. The first part is introduction, in which the reasons for choosing this topic, writing arrangement and foreign and domestic research trends are introduced. The second part is main body of the article and the third part is conclusion. The main body includes four chapters, with the first chapter analyzing the ideological, religious and social origins of the designing of Pennsylvanian legislature, the second chapter analyzing the arrangement of Pennsylvanian legislature, the third chapter sorting out the frame of its evolution and summarizing its features, the fourth chapter analyzing the changes of legislative powers in Pennsylvania and the reasons causing them and summarizing the historic influences of the legislature.
The author holds that the arrangement and evolution of Pennsylvanian legislature is continuation of religious, political, and economic struggles of England in New World. At the same time, it is also consequences of struggles for power among colonists groups. Under special circumstances of interests, religion and politics, the struggles for power to initiative laws are conducted by a group of radical colonists, who aim to protect their own interests. Beneath the surface of the evolutions of the Pennsylvanian legislature, there lay drastic political struggles. The history of the evolution of Pennsylvanian legislature is of vital historic importance in that it provides good textbook for American's political and cultural developments.
引文
[1]刘建飞等.英国议会[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:270;吴大英、任允、李林.比较立法制度[M].北京:群众出版社,1992:67;更多论述参见:蒋劲松.议会之母[M].中国民主法制出版社,1998
[2][美]迈克尔·卡门,王品译.白相矛盾的民族—美国文化的起源[M].江苏人民出版社.2006;6
[3]在英国称为Parliament美国称为Congress,法国称为Assembly(现在的法国的Parlement指高等法院)德国Die Volkskammer...
[4]立法机关的范围要大于议会。立法机关着重点在于机构的功能性,而议会着重点仅在于就机构的组织性。就功能而言,立法机关和议会都具有立法和议事这两项重要功能,而狭义的立法机关是相对于三权分立中的“行政”和“司法”两机关而言。进一步关于立法机关的定义与界定参见:吴大英、任允、李林.比较立法制度[M].北京:群众出版社,1992:41-43;本文中“立法机关”的范围:一、它是“非专门立法机关”,即既行使立法职能又能行使其他职能的机关,参见:周生旺.立法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994:304;二、是立法主体,即议会、也包括参与立法活动或享有一定立法职权的行政(政府)和司法机关等,参见:周生旺.立法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1988:287
[1]刘建飞等.英国议会[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:67
[2]在有的殖民地被称Assembly或General Assembly,还有的被称为House of Burgesses,如弗吉尼亚。
[3]“Assembly”在国内通常被译为“议会”、“大议会”,此类译法容易产生混淆,无法使读者领会“Parliament”和“Assembly”在本文所描述的历史背景下的细微差别。本文认为“Assembly”一词无论足从词源角度还是从政治史专业词汇角度来看,都有“聚而议之”的基本含义,所以本文将其一概译为“聚议会”,以便和巴力门议会“Parliament”有所区别。(关于Assembly一词的词源和含义演变,请参见:Oxford English Dictionary[K].2nd edition,Vol.1,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989:706;关于“巴力门”议会的译法请参见:刘正琰,高名凯,麦永乾等编.汉语外来词词典[K].上海辞书出版社,1984:28)
[4]Douglas Greenberg."The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography"[J].The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser.,1979,36(3):396
[1]目前已经出版了十个系列,共128册,其中第一、四、八和殖民地系列与本课题密切相关。The first series,12vols(Philadelphia,1852-56),edited by John B.Linn and William H.Egle(eds);The 4th Series,Addresses,Messages,Proclamations,etc,of Papers of Pennsylvania's Governors,with Brief Biographies and Portraits but with a Minimum of Documentation,1681-1902,12 vols(1900-1902),edited by Dr.George Edward Reed;8th series:Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province of Pennsylvania(Harrisburg,1931),Colonial Records Series,16 Vols.
[2]Richard S.Dunn & Mary Maples Dunn,eds..The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981
[3]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:169
[4]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:170
[5]Sydney George Fisher's The True William Penn[M].(Philadelphia,1900);Edward Corbyn Obert Beatty's William Penn As Social Philosopher(Newyork:1939)
[6]Isaac Sharpless,Political Leaders of Provincial Pennsylvania[M].(New York:1919)
[7]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959
[1]Robert Proud.The History of Pennsylvania,With an Appendix[O].Philadelphia:Zachariah Poulson.1797
[2][法]托克维尔著,董果良译.论美国的民主[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997:498
[3]Guy F.Hershberger's Nonresistance and the State:The Pennsylvania Quaker Experiments in Politics,1682-1756(1937);Gary B.Nash's Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726(1968);Joseph E.Illick's Colonial Pennsylvania:A History(1976);and Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania(1991),(ed.) by Craig W.Horle and Marianne S.Wokeck;Edwin B.Bronner's William Penn's "Holy Experiment":The Founding of Pennsylvania 1681-1701(1962)
[4]分别是:Pennsylvania History,Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography(PMHB) 和 William and Mary Quarterly(WMQ)
[5]Hermann Wellenreucher,"The Political Dilemma of the Quakers in Pennsylvania,1681-1748," PMHB,XCIV(1970), 135-172;Joseph E.Illick,"The Flight to Pennsylvania;Affirmation or Denial of Quakerism," Quaker Hist.,LIX(1970),98-105;Jack D.Marietta,"ANote on Quaker Membership," ibid.,40-43;David Sloan,"'A Time of Sifting and Winnowing':The Paxton Riots and Quaker Non-Violence in Pennsylvania," Quaker Hist.,LⅩⅥ(1977) 13-22
[1]Thomas Wendel,"The Keith-Lloyd Alliance;Factional and Coalition Politics in Colonial Pennsylvania," PMHB,XCⅡ(1968),289-305;J.William Frost,"Unlikely Controversialists:Caleb Pusey and George Keith," Quaker History,LⅩⅣ(1975);Edward J.Cody,"The Price of Perfection:The Irony of George Keith," Pennsylvania History,XXXIX (1972),1-19;Jon Butler,"Into Pennsylvania's Spiritual Abyss:The Rise and Fall of the Later Keithians,1693-1703,"PMHB,CI(1977),151-170;Jon Butler,'Gospel Order Improved':The Keithian Schism and the Exercise of Quaker Ministerial Authority in Pennsylvania," WMQ,3d Ser.,ⅩⅩⅪ(1974),431-452
[2]Erwin C.Surrency,"The Evolution of an Urban Judicial System:The Philadelphia Story,1683-1968," Am.dour,of Legal Hist.,ⅩⅤⅢ(1974),95-123;Paul Lermack,"Peace Bonds and Criminal Justice in Colonial Pennsylvania,"PMHB,C(1976),173-190
[3]Chester R.Young's the Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly,1682-1748[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):147-168
[1]见,[美]S.E.莫里森,H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1975:159
[1]参见:[英]波斯坦主编,E.E.里奇等编,张锦东等译.剑桥欧洲经济史(第四卷:16世纪、17世纪不断扩张的欧洲经济)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:200、272-273、335-336
[1][英]哈林顿著,何新译.大洋国[M].北京:商务印书馆,1996年重印,1963:出版说明1、3-4
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:21-22
[3]混合政体即复合的和混合的政府形式。“如果立法权起初由大多数人交给一人或几人仅在其终身期内或一定限期内行使,然后把最高权力仍旧收回,那么,在权力这样重新归属他们时,共同体就可以把它重新交给他们所属意的人,从而组成一个新的政府形式。政府的形式以最高权力,即立法权的隶属关系而定……制定法律的权归谁这一点就决定国家是什么形式。([英]约翰·洛克著,叶启芳和瞿菊农译.政府论.商务印书馆,1997:80-81)
[4]指威谦·佩恩,转引自 Hargreaves-Mawdsley W.N.,Oxford in the Age of John Locke[M].University of Oklahoma,1973:98-115,引自 Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:15;Thomas Pym Cope.Passages From the Life and Writings of William Penn[M].Philadelphia:Friend's Book-store,1882:9
[5]Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina(March 1/11,1669/70)[A].William MacDonald,ed.,Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:149
[6]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].NewYork:Macmillan,1899:149;李剑明.美国的奠基时代[M].北京:人民出版社,2002:140
[1]Quaker,英文指“颤抖的人”,据伏尔泰所述,因其创始人福克斯传道时追求效果,说话故意和一般人不同,战战兢兢,常常装模作样,若有神启,故得此戏谑之名。见:[法]伏尔泰,高达观等译.哲学通信.上海:上海人民出版社,1961:11:Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited.2000:7
[2]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:7
[3]相关论述参看:George M.Trevelyan.England under the Smarts[M].London:Methuen,1912:313,notes 1.
[4]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:3
[5]William Penn,Andrew R.Murphy ed.,Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:ⅹⅰ.(http://oll.libertyfund.org)
[6]Albert Clayton Applegarth.Ouakers in Pennsylvania[M].Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins press 1892:6;[美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷,时殷弘,陈秀华,汪绍麟等译.美国人:殖民地的历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997:5,46
[1]George Hodges.William Penn[M].Boston:Mifflin and Company.1901:13
[2]杨志国.试论宾夕法尼亚殖民地教友派政治统治的历史发展[D].硕士毕业论文,北京大学,1985:5
[3]Holder,Charles Frederick,The Quakers in Great Britain andAmerica[M].New York:The Neuner company,1913:147
[4]Encyclopedia Britannica 2008[CD/K],"Quakers"词条。
[5][美]S.E.莫里森,H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1975:149
[1]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol 1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:130-131
[2]Benjamin Perley Poore,The Federal andState Constitutions,Colonial Charters,and Other Organic Laws of the UnitedStates[G].Vol.2,Washington:Gov't Prt'g Office,1878:1509;约克公爵即1685后的詹姆斯二世国王。当时的约克公爵领有北美洲中部的大片殖民地。另外,关于老佩恩什么时候将钱垫付,又垫付给谁,各种材料说法莫衷一是。根据宾夕法尼亚特许状的说法:“寡人念及威廉·佩恩先父之功德……效命王弟约克公爵麾下……1665年率众与荷兰国海军舰队之卓越、大获全胜之役……”除此之外未提起老佩恩的事迹。据此,很有可能是在与1655年第二次英荷战争时将现金垫付给了这场战争,也就是说老佩恩当时受约克公爵指挥,钱自然经他手。这样看来将约克公爵在北美的殖民地分出一部份给佩恩家作为偿还也是合情合理的事。以上解释是本文作者的推断。
[3]为了表彰老佩恩(Sir William Penn)的功绩将这块殖民地命名为“宾夕法尼亚”英文为”Pennsylvania”由penn和sylvania两部分而组成。sylvania意思是“森林”,合起来指“佩恩的森林”。
[4]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:327
[5]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:185
[1]William Hepworth Dixon.History of William Penn,Founder of Pennsylvania[M].London:Hurst and Blackett,1872:1-3;Edward Corbyn Obert Beatty,William Penn As Social Philosopher[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1939:20
[2]Maria Webb.The Penns & Peningtons of the Seventeenth Century[M].London:F.B.Kitto,1867:155-157
[1]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:18
[2]本书中一句话精辟的总结了观点:“Christ's cross is Christ's way to Christ's crown.''William Penn.No Cross,No Crown.Philadelphia:Friends Bookstore,1854:5
[3]The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience,The People's Ancient and just Liberty Asserted,England's Present Interest Discover'd,England's Great Interest in the Choice of this New Parliament,one Project for the Good of England
[4]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:18
[5]Isaac Sharpless,A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:ⅳ
[6][英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绛,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:92-93
[1]William Penn,The People's Ancient and just Liberty Asserted[A].,Murphy,Andrew R.,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:11
[2]William Penn,England's Great Interest in the Choice of This New Parliament[A].,Murphy,Andrew R.,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:385
[3]Murphy,Andrew R.,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:ⅹⅶ
[4][英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绛,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:93-94
[1]Thomas Pym Cope,Passages From the Life and Writings of William Penn[M].Philadelphia:Friend's Book-store,1882:238:[美]S.E.莫里森,H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1975:152
[1]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,eds..The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:140;Gary B.Nash:Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,vol.2,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:11
[2]Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:29-42
[3]Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32-34;William.MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第一、第十三条。
[4]Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32;William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第一条。
[5]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G]. New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第七条。
[1]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第十四条。
[2]William Penn:Laws Agreed Upon in England,May 5,1682[A].in Colonial Records,Ⅱ,Pennsylvania Archives,[B].pp37;Frame of Government of Pennsylvania May 5,1682(1) http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm
[3]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第十四条。
[1]William Penn,England's Great Interest,in the Choice of this New Parliament[A].Andrew R.Murphy,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:386
[2]Gary B.Nash:Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Vol.2,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:33
[3]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:123
[1]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:140-141
[2]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:178,179
[3]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:180
[1]第六稿的名称为“基本法”,其实足和前5稿后4稿“政府框架”是一脉相承的,应算为第六稿“政府框架”。参见:Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:189
[2]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:190-191第六稿第一条。
[3]草稿原文"Eminent(honest)",此处为选词的痕迹。可能是在考虑选用合适的词。Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:191 第六稿第三条。
[4]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:191,第六稿第三条。
[5]Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:31
[1]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:Uni.of Pennsylvania,1981:193
[2]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:Uni.of Pennsylvania,1981:182
[3]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:Uni.of Pennsylvania,1981:198,第十稿第二条。
[4]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:Uni.of Pennsylvania,1981:195
[1]一词的用法在英文中十分灵活。
[2]“诺曼王朝早期的库利亚大会既不是枢密院也不是王室法庭,它是贵族出席的大聚议会(grand assembly),商讨国是、辅佐国王治国和司法。”(参见Guizot,M.Franqois.History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe[M].London:Henry G Bohn,1852:291)由此本文作者认为这时期的Curia Regis译为库里亚大会,而不能翻译成御前会议。
[1]大会议(great or general council)不同于先前的古代库里亚大会(curia de more又叫Curia Regis)。大会议是古代库里亚大会(Curia Regis)和国王的咨询机关(king's council)结合的产物,Curia Regis后来发展为Privy Council,1244年大会议改名为议会(Parliament)。关于1066到1244年间人民大集会(great assembly)的叫法很多,如Curia de more,Curia regis,Concilium,Magnum Conciliurn,Commune Concilium,Concilium regni,这些词包括great council之间的差别、具体含义和范围一直都是比较模糊的。有关这方面的讨论参见M.F.Guizot.History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe[M].London:Henry G.Bohn,1852:290-291
[2]The Oxford English Dictionary[K].2nd ed.,Vol.Ⅺ.,Oxford:Ciareddon Press,1989:241-240
[1]Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32
[1]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:140,邓恩将这些“政府框架”草稿整理后按时间编号,共十份;Horle,craig、W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:Uni of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:11
[2]Gary B Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:29
[3]Gary B Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:29
[4]William Penn,The People's Ancient and Just Liberties Asserted[A],见,Andrew R.Murphy,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].lndianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:5
[1]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:4
[2]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:3
[3]Gary B Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:30-31
[1]Frame of Government of Pennsylvania,1683[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:45
[2]Horle,Craig W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:20;Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):149
[3]Frame of Government of Pennsylvania,1682[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1, Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32、35
[1]Frame of Government of Pennsylvania,1682[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:45,第十五条。
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:4
[3]Horle,Craig W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:13
[1]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:16-67;Horle,Craig W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:13
[2]Horle,Craig W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:13
[3]William Penn,Commission of William Markham to be Governor Under William Penn,of Pennsylvania and Countries Annexed[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:474-475
[4]Gary B.Nash:Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:202-203
[5]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:13
[1]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:14
[2]Gary B.Nash:Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:203
[3]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:52
[4]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Sevems & co.1852:53-54
[5]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:14
[1]关于殖民地“副总督”(deputy)的职权的问题一直争论未决。1724年到1725年间劳埃德和洛根发表小册子进行论战。洛根是业主派,支持业主的观点,认为只有业主本人的签署才算有效;而劳埃德针锋相对认为总督的代理人拥有总督的全权。参见:Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:214-221
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:109.
[3]Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn,esq.1701[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 2,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:57
[4]CharterofPrivileges,1701.有译为“特权宪章”见张定河.美国政治制度的起源与演变[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998:14,亦有译为“特权许可状”,见于:[美]S.E.莫里森,H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1975:156
[5]Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn,esq.1701[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 2,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:57-60
[1]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1682[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:33
[2]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1682[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:54
[1]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:49
[2]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1683[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:46
[3]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:49
[4]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:17
[1]该词小写时泛指“议会”,当大写时,即聚而议之的协商性会议;需根据所指的不同时期来判断,在本文中,一般特指宾夕法尼亚早期史上的立法机关中的“聚议会”。
[2]Bronner,William Penn's "Holy Experiment",转引自:Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):166
[3]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:14
[1]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):166
[2]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):164
[3]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):58
[1]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:69-70
[2]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:49
[3]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1, Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:49
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:202-203
[2]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:203
[3]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:17-18.
[4]关于殖民地时期人们对于“民主制”和最佳政体的认识相关论述请参见:李剑明.美国革命时期民主概念的演变[J].历史研究,2007(01):130-157
[5]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:16
[1][英]哈林顿著,何新译.大洋国[M].北京:商务印书馆,1996年重印,1963:77
[1]阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:7、11、10
[2]Herbert Levi Osgood.The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century[M].vol.1,New York:Macmillan,1904:13
[3]M.(Francois) Guizot,History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe[M].London:Henry G.Bohn,1852:46-47.52
[4]参见:阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:44
[5]阎照祥在《英国政治制度史》(45页)中提到“‘自由民'原意指贵族……,后扩延至广大人民……”。本文作者认为“自由民”原本的涵义即字面含义,封建社会贵族僭越了普通人民的自由民称谓,经过长期斗争到封建社会末期,贵族衰微,自由民的真实含义恢复到了原本所指的词义。
[1]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):150
[2]阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:55-60
[3]阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:83
[4]Nash.the Urban Crucible P.52,转引自:杨志国.试论宾夕法尼亚殖民地教友派政治统治的历史发展.[D].硕士研究生毕业论文,北京大学,1985
[1]参见:Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:33-34
[2]在当时英国骑士爵位严格讲不属贵族,在“公”、“侯”、“伯”、“子”、“男”的五级贵族之外,“骑士”低于五级中的最低的爵位,但又高于一般自由人。
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:50
[2]参见:1660年以后的殖民地人口估计表.自:[英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绛,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:124
[3]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:56
[4]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:62
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:22
[2]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:25
[3]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:61
[4]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:140
[5]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:142
[6]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:56;Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):151-152
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:91-93
[2]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):163
[3]参见 Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:81-83;Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):162的讨论。
[1]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):162
[2]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:102
[3]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:27
[4]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):159
[5]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:33
[6]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:94
[1]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:40
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:53
[3]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:97
[4]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:118
[5]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:122
[6]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):148
[7]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900: 191-193
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Polities:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:123
[2]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leaeh,1900:191
[3]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):163
[4]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:194-195
[5]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:225
[1]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:125
[2]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:127
[3]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:132
[1]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:57
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:89
[3][英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绎,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:185
[4]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:38
[5]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:39
[6]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:185-187
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:199
[2]Herbert Levi Osgood.The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century[M].vol.1,New York:The Macmillan company,1904:275-276;Chester Raymond Young.The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):150
[3]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:133-134
[1]Donald S.Lutz,ed.Colonial Origins of the American Constitution:A Documentary History.Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1998:283(http://oll.libertyfund.org)
[1]Applegarth,Albert Clayton.Quakers in Pennsylvania[M].Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins press,1892:1-65
[2]Beatty,Edward C.O.William Penn as Social Philosopher[M].NewYork:1939
[3]Cope,Thomas Pym.Passages from the Life and Writings of William Penn[M].Philadelphia:Friend's Book-Store,1882:1-198
[4]Dixon,William Hepworth.History of William Penn,Founder of Pennsylvania [M].London:Hurst and Blackett,1872:1-165
[5]Dunn,Richard S.& Mary Maples Dunn,eds..The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 Vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:140-202
[6]Encyclopedia Britannica 2008.[K/CD]
[7]Fisher,Sydney George.The True William Penn[M].Philadelphia,1900:5-6
[8]Geiter,Mary K..William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:1-169
[9]Greenberg,Douglas."The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography"[J].The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser.,1979,36(3):396-427
[10]Guizot,M.Francois.History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe[M].London:Henry G.Bohn,1852:180-291
[11]Hodges,George.William Penn[M].Boston:Mifflin and Company.1901:13
[12]Holder,Charles Frederick.The Quakers in Great Britain and America[M].New York:The Neuner Company,1913:147
[13]Horle,Craig W.,...et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:1-134
[14]Illick,Joseph E..Colonial Pennsylvania:A History[M].New York,1976
[15]Lokken,Roy N..David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:1-235
[16]Lutz,Donald S.,ed..Colonial Origins of the American Constitution:A Documentary History[M].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1998:282-283
[17]MacDonald,William.ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:120-229
[18]Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:17-48
[19]Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 2,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:56-62
[20]Murphy,Andrew R.,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:i-421(http://oll.libertyfund.org)
[21]Nash,Gary B.,Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:1-240
[22]Osgood,Herbert Levi.The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century[M].vol.1,New York:The Macmillan company,1904:275-276
[23]Penn,William.No Cross,No Crown[O].Philadelphia:Friends Bookstore,1854:1-68
[24]Pennsylvania Archives,Colonial Records,[B].Ⅱ,37
[25]Poore,Benjamin Perley,The Federal and State Constitutions,Colonial Charters,and Other Organic Laws of the United States[G].Vol.2,Washington:Gov't Prt'g Office,1878:1509
[26]Proud,Robert.The History of Pennsylvania,With an Appendix[O].Philadelphia:1797
[27]Sharpless,Isaac.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Volume 1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:1-131
[28]Smucker,Samuel M..History of all Religions[M].Philadelphia:Quaker City Pub.House.1872:1-59
[29]The Oxford English Dictionary[K].2~(nd) ed.,Vol.Ⅰ.,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989:706-709
[30]The Oxford English Dictionary[K].2~(nd) ed.,Vol.Ⅺ.,Oxford:Clareddon Press,1989:240-241
[31]Trevelyan,George Macaulay,England Under the Stuarts[M].London:Methuen,1912:310-313
[32]Voltaire,Lettres Philosophiques[EB/OL].Lettres Ⅳ.Sur Les Quakers,.http://www.blackmask.com
[33]Webb,Maria.The Penns & Peningtons of the Seventeenth Century[M].London:F.B.Kitto,1867:155-157
[34]Young,Chester R.."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):147-168
[35][美]S.E.莫里森H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社1975:148-358
[36][英]S.李德·布勒德著,陈世第译.英国宪政史谭[M].北京:中国政法大学出版,2003:42-139
[37][英]波斯坦主编,E.E.里奇等编,张锦东等译.《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第四卷:16世纪、17世纪不断扩张的欧洲经济)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:200-336
[38][英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绛,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:87-191
[39][美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷,时殷弘,陈秀华,汪绍麟等译.《美国人:殖民地的历程》[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997:47-86
[40][法]伏尔泰,高达观等译.哲学通信[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1961:1-56
[41]哈林顿著,何新译[英].大洋国[M].北京:商务印书馆,1996年重印,1963:1-277
[42]黄绍湘.美国早期发展史(1492-1823)[M].北京:人民出版社,1957:84-95
[43]蒋劲松.美国国会史[M].海口:海南出版社,1992:1-24
[44]蒋劲松.议会之母[M].北京:中国民主法制出版社,1-123
[45][英]肯尼思·O.摩根主编,王觉非等译.牛津英国通史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1993:8-320
[46]李剑鸣.美国的奠基时代[M].北京:人民出版社,2002:135-333
[47]李剑鸣.“伯纳德·贝林的史学初论”[J].史学理论研究,1999(01):135-140
[48]李剑鸣.美国革命时期民主概念的演变[J].历史研究,2007(01):130-157
[49]刘建飞等.英国议会[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:1-283
[50]刘正埮,高名凯,麦永乾等编.汉语外来词词典[K].上海:上海辞书出版社,1984:28
[51]刘祚昌.论北美殖民地社会政治结构中的民主因素(续)[J].文史哲,1987(04):64-69
[52]刘祚昌.论北美殖民地社会政治结构中的民主因素[J].文史哲,1987(03):26-33
[53]刘祚昌.殖民地时代的美国议会制度[J].历史研究,1982(01):164-175
[54][美]迈克尔·卡门,王晶译.自相矛盾的民族——美国文化的起源[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2006:4-85
[55][法]托克维尔著,董果良译.论美国的民主[M].北京:北京商务印书馆,1997:482-498
[56]王希.原则与妥协:美国宪法的精神与实践[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000
[57][美]威廉福斯特.关于美国早期的历史[A].赫伯特·阿普特克著,全地和淑嘉译.美国人民史[M].第一卷殖民地时期.北京:三联1962:前言1-8,1-120
[58][美]沃浓·路易·帕灵顿,陈永国等译.美国思想史[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2002:1-107
[59]吴大英、任允、李林.比较立法制度[M].北京:群众出版社,1992:41-222
[60]新华通讯社译名资料组:《英语姓名译名手册》[K].北京:商务印书馆,1989
[61]阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:5-290
[62]杨志国.试论宾夕法尼亚殖民地教友派政治统治的历史发展[D].硕士毕业论文,北京大学,1985:1-49
[63][英]约翰·洛克著,叶启芳和瞿菊农译.政府论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997:80-81
[64]张定河.美国政治制度的起源与演变[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998:1-206
[65]周生旺.立法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994:1-390
[66]周生旺.立法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1988:1-332
[2][美]迈克尔·卡门,王品译.白相矛盾的民族—美国文化的起源[M].江苏人民出版社.2006;6
[3]在英国称为Parliament美国称为Congress,法国称为Assembly(现在的法国的Parlement指高等法院)德国Die Volkskammer...
[4]立法机关的范围要大于议会。立法机关着重点在于机构的功能性,而议会着重点仅在于就机构的组织性。就功能而言,立法机关和议会都具有立法和议事这两项重要功能,而狭义的立法机关是相对于三权分立中的“行政”和“司法”两机关而言。进一步关于立法机关的定义与界定参见:吴大英、任允、李林.比较立法制度[M].北京:群众出版社,1992:41-43;本文中“立法机关”的范围:一、它是“非专门立法机关”,即既行使立法职能又能行使其他职能的机关,参见:周生旺.立法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994:304;二、是立法主体,即议会、也包括参与立法活动或享有一定立法职权的行政(政府)和司法机关等,参见:周生旺.立法学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1988:287
[1]刘建飞等.英国议会[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:67
[2]在有的殖民地被称Assembly或General Assembly,还有的被称为House of Burgesses,如弗吉尼亚。
[3]“Assembly”在国内通常被译为“议会”、“大议会”,此类译法容易产生混淆,无法使读者领会“Parliament”和“Assembly”在本文所描述的历史背景下的细微差别。本文认为“Assembly”一词无论足从词源角度还是从政治史专业词汇角度来看,都有“聚而议之”的基本含义,所以本文将其一概译为“聚议会”,以便和巴力门议会“Parliament”有所区别。(关于Assembly一词的词源和含义演变,请参见:Oxford English Dictionary[K].2nd edition,Vol.1,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989:706;关于“巴力门”议会的译法请参见:刘正琰,高名凯,麦永乾等编.汉语外来词词典[K].上海辞书出版社,1984:28)
[4]Douglas Greenberg."The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography"[J].The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser.,1979,36(3):396
[1]目前已经出版了十个系列,共128册,其中第一、四、八和殖民地系列与本课题密切相关。The first series,12vols(Philadelphia,1852-56),edited by John B.Linn and William H.Egle(eds);The 4th Series,Addresses,Messages,Proclamations,etc,of Papers of Pennsylvania's Governors,with Brief Biographies and Portraits but with a Minimum of Documentation,1681-1902,12 vols(1900-1902),edited by Dr.George Edward Reed;8th series:Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province of Pennsylvania(Harrisburg,1931),Colonial Records Series,16 Vols.
[2]Richard S.Dunn & Mary Maples Dunn,eds..The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981
[3]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:169
[4]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:170
[5]Sydney George Fisher's The True William Penn[M].(Philadelphia,1900);Edward Corbyn Obert Beatty's William Penn As Social Philosopher(Newyork:1939)
[6]Isaac Sharpless,Political Leaders of Provincial Pennsylvania[M].(New York:1919)
[7]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959
[1]Robert Proud.The History of Pennsylvania,With an Appendix[O].Philadelphia:Zachariah Poulson.1797
[2][法]托克维尔著,董果良译.论美国的民主[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997:498
[3]Guy F.Hershberger's Nonresistance and the State:The Pennsylvania Quaker Experiments in Politics,1682-1756(1937);Gary B.Nash's Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726(1968);Joseph E.Illick's Colonial Pennsylvania:A History(1976);and Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania(1991),(ed.) by Craig W.Horle and Marianne S.Wokeck;Edwin B.Bronner's William Penn's "Holy Experiment":The Founding of Pennsylvania 1681-1701(1962)
[4]分别是:Pennsylvania History,Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography(PMHB) 和 William and Mary Quarterly(WMQ)
[5]Hermann Wellenreucher,"The Political Dilemma of the Quakers in Pennsylvania,1681-1748," PMHB,XCIV(1970), 135-172;Joseph E.Illick,"The Flight to Pennsylvania;Affirmation or Denial of Quakerism," Quaker Hist.,LIX(1970),98-105;Jack D.Marietta,"ANote on Quaker Membership," ibid.,40-43;David Sloan,"'A Time of Sifting and Winnowing':The Paxton Riots and Quaker Non-Violence in Pennsylvania," Quaker Hist.,LⅩⅥ(1977) 13-22
[1]Thomas Wendel,"The Keith-Lloyd Alliance;Factional and Coalition Politics in Colonial Pennsylvania," PMHB,XCⅡ(1968),289-305;J.William Frost,"Unlikely Controversialists:Caleb Pusey and George Keith," Quaker History,LⅩⅣ(1975);Edward J.Cody,"The Price of Perfection:The Irony of George Keith," Pennsylvania History,XXXIX (1972),1-19;Jon Butler,"Into Pennsylvania's Spiritual Abyss:The Rise and Fall of the Later Keithians,1693-1703,"PMHB,CI(1977),151-170;Jon Butler,'Gospel Order Improved':The Keithian Schism and the Exercise of Quaker Ministerial Authority in Pennsylvania," WMQ,3d Ser.,ⅩⅩⅪ(1974),431-452
[2]Erwin C.Surrency,"The Evolution of an Urban Judicial System:The Philadelphia Story,1683-1968," Am.dour,of Legal Hist.,ⅩⅤⅢ(1974),95-123;Paul Lermack,"Peace Bonds and Criminal Justice in Colonial Pennsylvania,"PMHB,C(1976),173-190
[3]Chester R.Young's the Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly,1682-1748[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):147-168
[1]见,[美]S.E.莫里森,H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1975:159
[1]参见:[英]波斯坦主编,E.E.里奇等编,张锦东等译.剑桥欧洲经济史(第四卷:16世纪、17世纪不断扩张的欧洲经济)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:200、272-273、335-336
[1][英]哈林顿著,何新译.大洋国[M].北京:商务印书馆,1996年重印,1963:出版说明1、3-4
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:21-22
[3]混合政体即复合的和混合的政府形式。“如果立法权起初由大多数人交给一人或几人仅在其终身期内或一定限期内行使,然后把最高权力仍旧收回,那么,在权力这样重新归属他们时,共同体就可以把它重新交给他们所属意的人,从而组成一个新的政府形式。政府的形式以最高权力,即立法权的隶属关系而定……制定法律的权归谁这一点就决定国家是什么形式。([英]约翰·洛克著,叶启芳和瞿菊农译.政府论.商务印书馆,1997:80-81)
[4]指威谦·佩恩,转引自 Hargreaves-Mawdsley W.N.,Oxford in the Age of John Locke[M].University of Oklahoma,1973:98-115,引自 Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:15;Thomas Pym Cope.Passages From the Life and Writings of William Penn[M].Philadelphia:Friend's Book-store,1882:9
[5]Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina(March 1/11,1669/70)[A].William MacDonald,ed.,Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:149
[6]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].NewYork:Macmillan,1899:149;李剑明.美国的奠基时代[M].北京:人民出版社,2002:140
[1]Quaker,英文指“颤抖的人”,据伏尔泰所述,因其创始人福克斯传道时追求效果,说话故意和一般人不同,战战兢兢,常常装模作样,若有神启,故得此戏谑之名。见:[法]伏尔泰,高达观等译.哲学通信.上海:上海人民出版社,1961:11:Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited.2000:7
[2]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:7
[3]相关论述参看:George M.Trevelyan.England under the Smarts[M].London:Methuen,1912:313,notes 1.
[4]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:3
[5]William Penn,Andrew R.Murphy ed.,Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:ⅹⅰ.(http://oll.libertyfund.org)
[6]Albert Clayton Applegarth.Ouakers in Pennsylvania[M].Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins press 1892:6;[美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷,时殷弘,陈秀华,汪绍麟等译.美国人:殖民地的历程[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997:5,46
[1]George Hodges.William Penn[M].Boston:Mifflin and Company.1901:13
[2]杨志国.试论宾夕法尼亚殖民地教友派政治统治的历史发展[D].硕士毕业论文,北京大学,1985:5
[3]Holder,Charles Frederick,The Quakers in Great Britain andAmerica[M].New York:The Neuner company,1913:147
[4]Encyclopedia Britannica 2008[CD/K],"Quakers"词条。
[5][美]S.E.莫里森,H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1975:149
[1]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol 1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:130-131
[2]Benjamin Perley Poore,The Federal andState Constitutions,Colonial Charters,and Other Organic Laws of the UnitedStates[G].Vol.2,Washington:Gov't Prt'g Office,1878:1509;约克公爵即1685后的詹姆斯二世国王。当时的约克公爵领有北美洲中部的大片殖民地。另外,关于老佩恩什么时候将钱垫付,又垫付给谁,各种材料说法莫衷一是。根据宾夕法尼亚特许状的说法:“寡人念及威廉·佩恩先父之功德……效命王弟约克公爵麾下……1665年率众与荷兰国海军舰队之卓越、大获全胜之役……”除此之外未提起老佩恩的事迹。据此,很有可能是在与1655年第二次英荷战争时将现金垫付给了这场战争,也就是说老佩恩当时受约克公爵指挥,钱自然经他手。这样看来将约克公爵在北美的殖民地分出一部份给佩恩家作为偿还也是合情合理的事。以上解释是本文作者的推断。
[3]为了表彰老佩恩(Sir William Penn)的功绩将这块殖民地命名为“宾夕法尼亚”英文为”Pennsylvania”由penn和sylvania两部分而组成。sylvania意思是“森林”,合起来指“佩恩的森林”。
[4]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:327
[5]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:185
[1]William Hepworth Dixon.History of William Penn,Founder of Pennsylvania[M].London:Hurst and Blackett,1872:1-3;Edward Corbyn Obert Beatty,William Penn As Social Philosopher[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1939:20
[2]Maria Webb.The Penns & Peningtons of the Seventeenth Century[M].London:F.B.Kitto,1867:155-157
[1]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:18
[2]本书中一句话精辟的总结了观点:“Christ's cross is Christ's way to Christ's crown.''William Penn.No Cross,No Crown.Philadelphia:Friends Bookstore,1854:5
[3]The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience,The People's Ancient and just Liberty Asserted,England's Present Interest Discover'd,England's Great Interest in the Choice of this New Parliament,one Project for the Good of England
[4]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:18
[5]Isaac Sharpless,A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:ⅳ
[6][英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绛,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:92-93
[1]William Penn,The People's Ancient and just Liberty Asserted[A].,Murphy,Andrew R.,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:11
[2]William Penn,England's Great Interest in the Choice of This New Parliament[A].,Murphy,Andrew R.,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:385
[3]Murphy,Andrew R.,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:ⅹⅶ
[4][英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绛,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:93-94
[1]Thomas Pym Cope,Passages From the Life and Writings of William Penn[M].Philadelphia:Friend's Book-store,1882:238:[美]S.E.莫里森,H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1975:152
[1]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,eds..The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:140;Gary B.Nash:Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,vol.2,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:11
[2]Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:29-42
[3]Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32-34;William.MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第一、第十三条。
[4]Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32;William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第一条。
[5]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G]. New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第七条。
[1]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第十四条。
[2]William Penn:Laws Agreed Upon in England,May 5,1682[A].in Colonial Records,Ⅱ,Pennsylvania Archives,[B].pp37;Frame of Government of Pennsylvania May 5,1682(1) http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm
[3]William MacDonald,ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:192-199,第十四条。
[1]William Penn,England's Great Interest,in the Choice of this New Parliament[A].Andrew R.Murphy,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:386
[2]Gary B.Nash:Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Vol.2,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:33
[3]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:123
[1]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:140-141
[2]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:178,179
[3]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:180
[1]第六稿的名称为“基本法”,其实足和前5稿后4稿“政府框架”是一脉相承的,应算为第六稿“政府框架”。参见:Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:189
[2]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:190-191第六稿第一条。
[3]草稿原文"Eminent(honest)",此处为选词的痕迹。可能是在考虑选用合适的词。Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:191 第六稿第三条。
[4]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:191,第六稿第三条。
[5]Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:31
[1]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:Uni.of Pennsylvania,1981:193
[2]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:Uni.of Pennsylvania,1981:182
[3]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:Uni.of Pennsylvania,1981:198,第十稿第二条。
[4]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn.The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:Uni.of Pennsylvania,1981:195
[1]一词的用法在英文中十分灵活。
[2]“诺曼王朝早期的库利亚大会既不是枢密院也不是王室法庭,它是贵族出席的大聚议会(grand assembly),商讨国是、辅佐国王治国和司法。”(参见Guizot,M.Franqois.History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe[M].London:Henry G Bohn,1852:291)由此本文作者认为这时期的Curia Regis译为库里亚大会,而不能翻译成御前会议。
[1]大会议(great or general council)不同于先前的古代库里亚大会(curia de more又叫Curia Regis)。大会议是古代库里亚大会(Curia Regis)和国王的咨询机关(king's council)结合的产物,Curia Regis后来发展为Privy Council,1244年大会议改名为议会(Parliament)。关于1066到1244年间人民大集会(great assembly)的叫法很多,如Curia de more,Curia regis,Concilium,Magnum Conciliurn,Commune Concilium,Concilium regni,这些词包括great council之间的差别、具体含义和范围一直都是比较模糊的。有关这方面的讨论参见M.F.Guizot.History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe[M].London:Henry G.Bohn,1852:290-291
[2]The Oxford English Dictionary[K].2nd ed.,Vol.Ⅺ.,Oxford:Ciareddon Press,1989:241-240
[1]Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32
[1]Richard S.Dunn,Mary M.Dunn,The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:140,邓恩将这些“政府框架”草稿整理后按时间编号,共十份;Horle,craig、W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:Uni of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:11
[2]Gary B Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:29
[3]Gary B Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:29
[4]William Penn,The People's Ancient and Just Liberties Asserted[A],见,Andrew R.Murphy,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].lndianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:5
[1]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:4
[2]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:3
[3]Gary B Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:30-31
[1]Frame of Government of Pennsylvania,1683[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:45
[2]Horle,Craig W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:20;Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):149
[3]Frame of Government of Pennsylvania,1682[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1, Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:32、35
[1]Frame of Government of Pennsylvania,1682[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:45,第十五条。
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:4
[3]Horle,Craig W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:13
[1]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:16-67;Horle,Craig W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:13
[2]Horle,Craig W.,…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:13
[3]William Penn,Commission of William Markham to be Governor Under William Penn,of Pennsylvania and Countries Annexed[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:474-475
[4]Gary B.Nash:Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:202-203
[5]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:13
[1]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:14
[2]Gary B.Nash:Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:203
[3]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:52
[4]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Sevems & co.1852:53-54
[5]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:14
[1]关于殖民地“副总督”(deputy)的职权的问题一直争论未决。1724年到1725年间劳埃德和洛根发表小册子进行论战。洛根是业主派,支持业主的观点,认为只有业主本人的签署才算有效;而劳埃德针锋相对认为总督的代理人拥有总督的全权。参见:Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:214-221
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:109.
[3]Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn,esq.1701[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 2,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:57
[4]CharterofPrivileges,1701.有译为“特权宪章”见张定河.美国政治制度的起源与演变[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998:14,亦有译为“特权许可状”,见于:[美]S.E.莫里森,H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1975:156
[5]Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn,esq.1701[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 2,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:57-60
[1]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1682[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:33
[2]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1682[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:54
[1]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:49
[2]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1683[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:46
[3]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:49
[4]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:17
[1]该词小写时泛指“议会”,当大写时,即聚而议之的协商性会议;需根据所指的不同时期来判断,在本文中,一般特指宾夕法尼亚早期史上的立法机关中的“聚议会”。
[2]Bronner,William Penn's "Holy Experiment",转引自:Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):166
[3]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:14
[1]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):166
[2]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):164
[3]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):58
[1]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:69-70
[2]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:49
[3]Fame of Government of Pennsylvania 1696[A].Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1, Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:49
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:202-203
[2]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:203
[3]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:17-18.
[4]关于殖民地时期人们对于“民主制”和最佳政体的认识相关论述请参见:李剑明.美国革命时期民主概念的演变[J].历史研究,2007(01):130-157
[5]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:16
[1][英]哈林顿著,何新译.大洋国[M].北京:商务印书馆,1996年重印,1963:77
[1]阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:7、11、10
[2]Herbert Levi Osgood.The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century[M].vol.1,New York:Macmillan,1904:13
[3]M.(Francois) Guizot,History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe[M].London:Henry G.Bohn,1852:46-47.52
[4]参见:阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:44
[5]阎照祥在《英国政治制度史》(45页)中提到“‘自由民'原意指贵族……,后扩延至广大人民……”。本文作者认为“自由民”原本的涵义即字面含义,封建社会贵族僭越了普通人民的自由民称谓,经过长期斗争到封建社会末期,贵族衰微,自由民的真实含义恢复到了原本所指的词义。
[1]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):150
[2]阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:55-60
[3]阎照祥.英国政治制度史[M].北京:人民出版社,2003:83
[4]Nash.the Urban Crucible P.52,转引自:杨志国.试论宾夕法尼亚殖民地教友派政治统治的历史发展.[D].硕士研究生毕业论文,北京大学,1985
[1]参见:Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:33-34
[2]在当时英国骑士爵位严格讲不属贵族,在“公”、“侯”、“伯”、“子”、“男”的五级贵族之外,“骑士”低于五级中的最低的爵位,但又高于一般自由人。
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:50
[2]参见:1660年以后的殖民地人口估计表.自:[英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绛,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:124
[3]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:56
[4]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:62
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:22
[2]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:25
[3]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:61
[4]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:140
[5]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education limited,2000:142
[6]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:56;Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):151-152
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:91-93
[2]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):163
[3]参见 Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:81-83;Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):162的讨论。
[1]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):162
[2]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:102
[3]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:27
[4]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):159
[5]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:33
[6]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:94
[1]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:40
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:53
[3]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:97
[4]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:118
[5]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:122
[6]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):148
[7]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900: 191-193
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Polities:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:123
[2]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leaeh,1900:191
[3]Chester Raymond Young."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):163
[4]Isaac Sharpless.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Vol.1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:194-195
[5]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:225
[1]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:125
[2]Mary K.Geiter.William Penn[M].Essex:Pearson Education Limited,2000:127
[3]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:132
[1]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:57
[2]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:89
[3][英]R.C.西蒙斯著,朱绎,常绍民,林鲁卿等译.美国早期史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1994:185
[4]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:38
[5]Craig W.Horle…et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:39
[6]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:185-187
[1]Gary B.Nash.Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:199
[2]Herbert Levi Osgood.The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century[M].vol.1,New York:The Macmillan company,1904:275-276;Chester Raymond Young.The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):150
[3]Roy N.Lokken.David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:133-134
[1]Donald S.Lutz,ed.Colonial Origins of the American Constitution:A Documentary History.Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1998:283(http://oll.libertyfund.org)
[1]Applegarth,Albert Clayton.Quakers in Pennsylvania[M].Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins press,1892:1-65
[2]Beatty,Edward C.O.William Penn as Social Philosopher[M].NewYork:1939
[3]Cope,Thomas Pym.Passages from the Life and Writings of William Penn[M].Philadelphia:Friend's Book-Store,1882:1-198
[4]Dixon,William Hepworth.History of William Penn,Founder of Pennsylvania [M].London:Hurst and Blackett,1872:1-165
[5]Dunn,Richard S.& Mary Maples Dunn,eds..The Papers of William Penn[G].Vol.2(4 Vols),Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1981:140-202
[6]Encyclopedia Britannica 2008.[K/CD]
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[9]Greenberg,Douglas."The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography"[J].The William and Mary Quarterly,3rd Ser.,1979,36(3):396-427
[10]Guizot,M.Francois.History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe[M].London:Henry G.Bohn,1852:180-291
[11]Hodges,George.William Penn[M].Boston:Mifflin and Company.1901:13
[12]Holder,Charles Frederick.The Quakers in Great Britain and America[M].New York:The Neuner Company,1913:147
[13]Horle,Craig W.,...et al.,ed..Lawmaking and Legislators in Pennsylvania:A Biographical Dictionary[G].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Pr,1991:1-134
[14]Illick,Joseph E..Colonial Pennsylvania:A History[M].New York,1976
[15]Lokken,Roy N..David Lloyd:Colonial Lawmaker[M].Seattle:University of Washington Press,1959:1-235
[16]Lutz,Donald S.,ed..Colonial Origins of the American Constitution:A Documentary History[M].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,1998:282-283
[17]MacDonald,William.ed..Select Charters and Other Documents Illustrative of American History,1606-1775[G].New York:Macmillan,1899:120-229
[18]Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 1,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:17-48
[19]Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania[B].Vol 2,Philadelphia:Jo.Severns & co.1852:56-62
[20]Murphy,Andrew R.,ed.Political Writings of William Penn[G].Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2002:i-421(http://oll.libertyfund.org)
[21]Nash,Gary B.,Quakers and Politics:Pennsylvania 1681-1726[M].New ed.,Boston:Northeastern University Press,1993:1-240
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[23]Penn,William.No Cross,No Crown[O].Philadelphia:Friends Bookstore,1854:1-68
[24]Pennsylvania Archives,Colonial Records,[B].Ⅱ,37
[25]Poore,Benjamin Perley,The Federal and State Constitutions,Colonial Charters,and Other Organic Laws of the United States[G].Vol.2,Washington:Gov't Prt'g Office,1878:1509
[26]Proud,Robert.The History of Pennsylvania,With an Appendix[O].Philadelphia:1797
[27]Sharpless,Isaac.A History of Quaker Government in Pennsylvania[M].Volume 1,Philadelphia:T.S.Leach,1900:1-131
[28]Smucker,Samuel M..History of all Religions[M].Philadelphia:Quaker City Pub.House.1872:1-59
[29]The Oxford English Dictionary[K].2~(nd) ed.,Vol.Ⅰ.,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1989:706-709
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[31]Trevelyan,George Macaulay,England Under the Stuarts[M].London:Methuen,1912:310-313
[32]Voltaire,Lettres Philosophiques[EB/OL].Lettres Ⅳ.Sur Les Quakers,.http://www.blackmask.com
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[34]Young,Chester R.."The Evolution of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1682-1748"[J].Pennsylvania History,1968,35(2):147-168
[35][美]S.E.莫里森H.S.康马杰等著,南开历史系译.美利坚共和国的成长[M].天津:天津人民出版社1975:148-358
[36][英]S.李德·布勒德著,陈世第译.英国宪政史谭[M].北京:中国政法大学出版,2003:42-139
[37][英]波斯坦主编,E.E.里奇等编,张锦东等译.《剑桥欧洲经济史》(第四卷:16世纪、17世纪不断扩张的欧洲经济)[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:200-336
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[39][美]丹尼尔·布尔斯廷,时殷弘,陈秀华,汪绍麟等译.《美国人:殖民地的历程》[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1997:47-86
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[48]李剑鸣.美国革命时期民主概念的演变[J].历史研究,2007(01):130-157
[49]刘建飞等.英国议会[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002:1-283
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[51]刘祚昌.论北美殖民地社会政治结构中的民主因素(续)[J].文史哲,1987(04):64-69
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