赴英归国留学生在逆向文化冲击下的文化适应状况调查
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摘要
随着全球化的不断发展,国与国之间的交流日益频繁。针对频繁的国际交流活动,文化适应成为诸多学者研究的热点。“逆向文化冲击”这个概念大家并不陌生,国内外很多学者对此现象著书立说,当人们旅居至陌生文化时会提前做好准备,以应对“文化冲击”。
但是,在学术界关于“逆向文化冲击”的研究少之又少。“逆向文化冲击”的概念由Scheuts在1994年提出,那时正值战争完毕,很多归国老兵回到曾经熟悉的故土时,经历了诸多文化适应的困难。“逆向文化冲击”主要指离开旅居他乡的人们在回到母国后需要经历文化再次适应的过程。
学者Clyde N. Austin指出,现有人愿意承认自己遇到了“逆向文化冲击”,承认自己对母国文化的解读出现困难。但是事实情况是绝大多数经历异乡文化洗礼的归国者都会遭遇一定程度的再适应压力,有些人情况严重甚至需要及时治疗。
时至今日,中国的“海归”群体日益扩大。面对“逆向文化冲击”,他们是否能够很好的做出调整?本文采用John Berry的文化适应模型以及Colleen Ward对文化适应的二维分析(心理适应和社会文化适应),主要依靠网上问卷调查的形式,辅助以少量深度访谈,将赴英归国留学生作为调查对象,旨在与调查赴英留学生归国后对“逆向文化冲击”的适应状况,并对相关结果进行分析、综合,并提出建议。笔者希望通过本文能够帮助广大留学生更好的进行文化再适应,同时号召整个社会关注留学生归国文化再适应问题。
With the growing penetration of globalization, countries tend to exchange with each other much more than ever before. Researchers at home and abroad have conducted various researches on“cultural shock”experiences which people may encounter when he or she left his or her motherland culture for somewhere new. As a result, most people will get themselves ready for the cross-culture journey to face the potential“culture shock”.
However, researches about the“reverse cultural shock”are not often seen in the academic fields.“Reverse cultural shock”was firstly put forward by Scheuts in 1994, when the returned veteran met with difficulties in their once familiar home culture.“Reverse cultural shock”refers to the fact that people who have left their motherland involving in another culture for a long time may misunderstand, misinterpret, alien his or her home culture when coming back home, and he or she would have to do cultural re-adaptation.
Scholar Clyde N. Austin pointed out that no one wants to admit that he or she is having difficulties reading home culture. But reality is that most people returned faces stress in reentry process, and in some cases their need of counseling is severe.
At present,“Hai Gui”in China has been an expanding group. In face of“reverse cultural shock”, could they adapt themselves successfully? This study employs the returned college students from Britain as a focused group in order to indicate the whole picture of all the returnees. The research will be based on on-line survey by the returned college students from Britain, and under the theoretical framework of accultraration model of John Berry and two dimensions of adaptation of Collean Ward. The author hopes that the thesis could help the returned college students to better overcome the difficulties in cultural reentry and call on the society to pay attention to the issue.
但是,在学术界关于“逆向文化冲击”的研究少之又少。“逆向文化冲击”的概念由Scheuts在1994年提出,那时正值战争完毕,很多归国老兵回到曾经熟悉的故土时,经历了诸多文化适应的困难。“逆向文化冲击”主要指离开旅居他乡的人们在回到母国后需要经历文化再次适应的过程。
学者Clyde N. Austin指出,现有人愿意承认自己遇到了“逆向文化冲击”,承认自己对母国文化的解读出现困难。但是事实情况是绝大多数经历异乡文化洗礼的归国者都会遭遇一定程度的再适应压力,有些人情况严重甚至需要及时治疗。
时至今日,中国的“海归”群体日益扩大。面对“逆向文化冲击”,他们是否能够很好的做出调整?本文采用John Berry的文化适应模型以及Colleen Ward对文化适应的二维分析(心理适应和社会文化适应),主要依靠网上问卷调查的形式,辅助以少量深度访谈,将赴英归国留学生作为调查对象,旨在与调查赴英留学生归国后对“逆向文化冲击”的适应状况,并对相关结果进行分析、综合,并提出建议。笔者希望通过本文能够帮助广大留学生更好的进行文化再适应,同时号召整个社会关注留学生归国文化再适应问题。
With the growing penetration of globalization, countries tend to exchange with each other much more than ever before. Researchers at home and abroad have conducted various researches on“cultural shock”experiences which people may encounter when he or she left his or her motherland culture for somewhere new. As a result, most people will get themselves ready for the cross-culture journey to face the potential“culture shock”.
However, researches about the“reverse cultural shock”are not often seen in the academic fields.“Reverse cultural shock”was firstly put forward by Scheuts in 1994, when the returned veteran met with difficulties in their once familiar home culture.“Reverse cultural shock”refers to the fact that people who have left their motherland involving in another culture for a long time may misunderstand, misinterpret, alien his or her home culture when coming back home, and he or she would have to do cultural re-adaptation.
Scholar Clyde N. Austin pointed out that no one wants to admit that he or she is having difficulties reading home culture. But reality is that most people returned faces stress in reentry process, and in some cases their need of counseling is severe.
At present,“Hai Gui”in China has been an expanding group. In face of“reverse cultural shock”, could they adapt themselves successfully? This study employs the returned college students from Britain as a focused group in order to indicate the whole picture of all the returnees. The research will be based on on-line survey by the returned college students from Britain, and under the theoretical framework of accultraration model of John Berry and two dimensions of adaptation of Collean Ward. The author hopes that the thesis could help the returned college students to better overcome the difficulties in cultural reentry and call on the society to pay attention to the issue.
引文
Adelman, M. B. (1988). Cross-cultural adjustment: A theoretical perspective on social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relation, 12, 183~205
Adler, P. (1975). The transitional experience: An alternative view of culture shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15, 13-23.
Arends-Tóth, J., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2006). Assessment of psychological acculturation. In D. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Acculturation psychology (pp.142-162).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Austin,C.N.(Ed.).(1986).Cross-cultural reentry:A book of readings.Abilene,TX:Abilene Christian University Press.
Austin,C.N.&Jones,B.V.(1987).Reentry among missionary children:An overview of reentry research from 1934-1986.Journal of Psychology and Theology,15,315-325
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697-712 Berry, J. W. (2006). Contexts of acculturation. In D. L. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Acculturation psychology (pp. 27-42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration,30, 69-86.
Berry, J. W. (1994). Acculturation and psychological adaptation. In A. M. Bouvy, F. J. R.Van de Vijver, P. Boski, & P. Schmitz (Eds.), Journeys into cross-cultural psychology(pp. 129-141). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. B.Organista, & G. Marin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp.17-37). Baltimore, MD: United Book Press.
Berry, Kim, Unichol., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38, 185-206. Brown, L., & Holloway, I. (2008). The adjustment journey of international postgraduate students at an English university: An ethnographic study. Journal of Research in International Education, 7 (2), 232-249.
Citron,J.L.(1996).Short-term study abroad: Integration, third culture formation,andreentry.NAFSA:Association of International Educators(A NAFSA Conference Paper)
David, K. (1972). Intercultural adjustment and applications of reinforcement theory to problems of“culture shock.”Trends, 4, 1-64.
Flannery, W., Reise, S., & Yu, J.J. (2001). An empirical comparison of acculturation models. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1035-1045.
Furnham, A. & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: Psychological relations to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.
Gaw,K.(2000).Reverse culture shock in students returning from overseas.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,24(1),83-104.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (2007). Communication with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1984). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. New York: Random Publishing.
Gullahorn,J.T.,&Gullahorn,J.E.(1963).An extension of the U-curve hypothesis.Journal of Social Issues,19(3),33-47
Gullahorn, J. T., & Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19, 33-47.
Hammer, M. R., Gudykunst, W. B., & Wiseman, R. L. (1978). Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 382-392.
HE, P., & Tang, J. (2001).中国留学生在英国经历的文化冲击现象分析(An analysis of culture shock experienced by Chinese students in the United Kingdom).《四川师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》Journal of Sichuan Normal University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 3, 83-86. (In Chinese)
Hui, C., & Triandis, H. (1985). Measurement in cross-cultural psychology: A review and comparison of strategies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 131-152.
Hu, W. Z. (1999).跨文化交际学概论(Introduction to intercultural communication). Beijing:外语教学与研究出版社Foreign Language Education Press. (In Chinese)
Kim, Y. Y. (1986). Cross-cultural adaptation: A critical assessment of the field. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the speech Communication Association, Chicago,Illinois.
Kim, Y. Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
Kim, Y. Y. (1995). Cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. In R. L.Wiseman (Eds.). Theories in intercultural communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y. Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Clevedon, Avon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Kim, Y. Y. (2002). Adapting to an unfamiliar culture: An interdisciplinary overview. In W.B. Gudykunst & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed.)(pp. 259-274). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kuo, B. & Roysircar, Gargi. (2006). An exploratory study of cross-cultural adaptation of adolescent Taiwanese unaccompanied sojourners in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(2), 159-184.
Martin,J.N.(1984).The intercultural reentry:Conceptualization and directions for future research.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,8(2),115-134.
Martin,J.N.(1986).Communication in the intercultural reentry:Student sojourners’perceptions of change in reentry relationship.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,10(1),1-22.
Oberg, K. (1960). Culture shock and the problem of adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 170-179.
Oberg,K.(1960).Culture shock:Adjustment to new cultural environments.Practical Anthropology,7,177-182.
Raschio,R.A.(1987).College students’perceptions of reverse culture shock and reentry adjustments.Journal of College Student Personnel,28,156-162
Rogers,J.&Ward,C.(1993).Expectation-experience discrepancies and psychological adjustment during cross-cultural reentry.International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17(2),185-196.
Rohrlich,B.F.&Martin,J.N.(1991).Host country and reentry adjustment of studentsojourners.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,15(2),163-182.
Rudmin, F.W. (2003). Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Review of General Psychology, 7, 3–37.
Sahin,N.H.(1990).Re-entry and the academic and psychological problems of the second generation.Psychology and Developing Societies.2(2),165-182.
Scheutz,A.(1944).The Homecomer.American Journal of Sociology,50,369-376.
Searle, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and socio-cultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449-464.
Sussman,N.M.(1986).Reentry research and training methods and implications. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,10,235-254
Sussman, N. M. (2002). Testing the cultural identity model of the cultural transition cycle: Sojourners return home. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 391-408.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1994). Acculturation strategies, psychological adjustment and sociocultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18, 329–343.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 659– 677.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A.(2001). Coping with cross-cultural transition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 636-642.
Ward, C., Leong C. H., & Low, M. (2004). Personality and sojourner adjustment: An exploration of the big five and the cultural fit proposition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 137-151.
Ward, C., Okura, Y., Kennedy, A., & Kojima, T. (1998). The u-curve on trial: A longitudinal study of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transition. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 277-291.
Zhang, Z. H.,& Brunton, M. (2007). Differences in living and learning: Chinese international students in New Zealand. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11,124-140.
Adler, P. (1975). The transitional experience: An alternative view of culture shock. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 15, 13-23.
Arends-Tóth, J., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2006). Assessment of psychological acculturation. In D. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Acculturation psychology (pp.142-162).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Austin,C.N.(Ed.).(1986).Cross-cultural reentry:A book of readings.Abilene,TX:Abilene Christian University Press.
Austin,C.N.&Jones,B.V.(1987).Reentry among missionary children:An overview of reentry research from 1934-1986.Journal of Psychology and Theology,15,315-325
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697-712 Berry, J. W. (2006). Contexts of acculturation. In D. L. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Acculturation psychology (pp. 27-42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration,30, 69-86.
Berry, J. W. (1994). Acculturation and psychological adaptation. In A. M. Bouvy, F. J. R.Van de Vijver, P. Boski, & P. Schmitz (Eds.), Journeys into cross-cultural psychology(pp. 129-141). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. B.Organista, & G. Marin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp.17-37). Baltimore, MD: United Book Press.
Berry, Kim, Unichol., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 38, 185-206. Brown, L., & Holloway, I. (2008). The adjustment journey of international postgraduate students at an English university: An ethnographic study. Journal of Research in International Education, 7 (2), 232-249.
Citron,J.L.(1996).Short-term study abroad: Integration, third culture formation,andreentry.NAFSA:Association of International Educators(A NAFSA Conference Paper)
David, K. (1972). Intercultural adjustment and applications of reinforcement theory to problems of“culture shock.”Trends, 4, 1-64.
Flannery, W., Reise, S., & Yu, J.J. (2001). An empirical comparison of acculturation models. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1035-1045.
Furnham, A. & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: Psychological relations to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.
Gaw,K.(2000).Reverse culture shock in students returning from overseas.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,24(1),83-104.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (2007). Communication with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (1984). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. New York: Random Publishing.
Gullahorn,J.T.,&Gullahorn,J.E.(1963).An extension of the U-curve hypothesis.Journal of Social Issues,19(3),33-47
Gullahorn, J. T., & Gullahorn, J. E. (1963). An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. Journal of Social Issues, 19, 33-47.
Hammer, M. R., Gudykunst, W. B., & Wiseman, R. L. (1978). Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 382-392.
HE, P., & Tang, J. (2001).中国留学生在英国经历的文化冲击现象分析(An analysis of culture shock experienced by Chinese students in the United Kingdom).《四川师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》Journal of Sichuan Normal University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 3, 83-86. (In Chinese)
Hui, C., & Triandis, H. (1985). Measurement in cross-cultural psychology: A review and comparison of strategies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 131-152.
Hu, W. Z. (1999).跨文化交际学概论(Introduction to intercultural communication). Beijing:外语教学与研究出版社Foreign Language Education Press. (In Chinese)
Kim, Y. Y. (1986). Cross-cultural adaptation: A critical assessment of the field. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the speech Communication Association, Chicago,Illinois.
Kim, Y. Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
Kim, Y. Y. (1995). Cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. In R. L.Wiseman (Eds.). Theories in intercultural communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y. Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Clevedon, Avon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Kim, Y. Y. (2002). Adapting to an unfamiliar culture: An interdisciplinary overview. In W.B. Gudykunst & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed.)(pp. 259-274). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kuo, B. & Roysircar, Gargi. (2006). An exploratory study of cross-cultural adaptation of adolescent Taiwanese unaccompanied sojourners in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(2), 159-184.
Martin,J.N.(1984).The intercultural reentry:Conceptualization and directions for future research.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,8(2),115-134.
Martin,J.N.(1986).Communication in the intercultural reentry:Student sojourners’perceptions of change in reentry relationship.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,10(1),1-22.
Oberg, K. (1960). Culture shock and the problem of adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 170-179.
Oberg,K.(1960).Culture shock:Adjustment to new cultural environments.Practical Anthropology,7,177-182.
Raschio,R.A.(1987).College students’perceptions of reverse culture shock and reentry adjustments.Journal of College Student Personnel,28,156-162
Rogers,J.&Ward,C.(1993).Expectation-experience discrepancies and psychological adjustment during cross-cultural reentry.International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17(2),185-196.
Rohrlich,B.F.&Martin,J.N.(1991).Host country and reentry adjustment of studentsojourners.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,15(2),163-182.
Rudmin, F.W. (2003). Critical history of the acculturation psychology of assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Review of General Psychology, 7, 3–37.
Sahin,N.H.(1990).Re-entry and the academic and psychological problems of the second generation.Psychology and Developing Societies.2(2),165-182.
Scheutz,A.(1944).The Homecomer.American Journal of Sociology,50,369-376.
Searle, W., & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and socio-cultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449-464.
Sussman,N.M.(1986).Reentry research and training methods and implications. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,10,235-254
Sussman, N. M. (2002). Testing the cultural identity model of the cultural transition cycle: Sojourners return home. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 391-408.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1994). Acculturation strategies, psychological adjustment and sociocultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18, 329–343.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 659– 677.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A.(2001). Coping with cross-cultural transition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 636-642.
Ward, C., Leong C. H., & Low, M. (2004). Personality and sojourner adjustment: An exploration of the big five and the cultural fit proposition. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 137-151.
Ward, C., Okura, Y., Kennedy, A., & Kojima, T. (1998). The u-curve on trial: A longitudinal study of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transition. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22, 277-291.
Zhang, Z. H.,& Brunton, M. (2007). Differences in living and learning: Chinese international students in New Zealand. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11,124-140.