基于GDI+的地图符号库的设计开发与优化
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摘要
地图符号库是数字化成图系统与地理信息处理软件中的一个重要的组成部分。符号绘制是实现地图符号库的关键,GDI+作为微软推出的最新的图形设备接口,与之前的GDI相比,具有更加强大的图形图象处理功能,给地图符号带来了新的绘制技术。本文在分析GDI+的基础上,按照分层的思想分别归纳出地图符号库中点、线、面三类符号的构成单元,分别设计相应的描述参数,最后通过组合GDI+函数绘制出符号,并在此基础上提出了一些地图符号改进绘制的方法。主要研究工作和创新点如下：
(1)根据点状符号的组成特点,归纳出了5种图素：圆、拐角、弧段、矩形和等边三角形,并给出了各种图素的参数描述格式以及每个点状符号的图素组合结构。
(2)将线状符号的线型归纳为虚线和实线,并给出了线状符号单元的拆分方法,分别设计了虚线和实线的参数描述格式,并就虚线层的绘制提出了两种绘制方法。
(3)将面状符号拆分为边界线和填充基类,边界线可以通过线状符号的方式绘制；把填充基类分成颜色填充、线型填充、GDI+模板填充和点状符号填充,并分别设计了参数的描述格式,同时,利用GDI+的裁剪功能,提出了无空洞面域和含空洞面域的符号绘制方法。
(4)设计了注记的C++结构体,利用GDI+提供的文本操作函数,初步实现了注记功能,并提供了简单的编辑功能。
(5)针对用GDI+开发地图图式符号库时,绘制复杂线状符号存在的转角问题,即在线段／线段连接处标注符号不均匀的问题,提出了一种基于单位距离的线状符号绘制方法,该优化方法不但提高了复杂线状符号的显示效果,在符号显示效率上也有所提高。
(6)实现了VC++环境下的GDI+二次缓存绘图技术、面域的点状符号快速填充和绘图区域的局部刷新技术,弥补了GDI+在地图符号库绘制上的不足,提高了整个地图符号的绘制速率和美观程度。
The map symbol database is an very important part in Digital Mapping System and Geographic information system. GDI+ is the new generation graphic-device port in Microsoft. Compared with GDI, It has more powerful function in processing graphic image which can bring a new rendering technology to map symbols.By analysing the characteristic of GDI+, the author summarized the symbol-unit of the symbols using hierarchical methods. Furthermore, the special data structure has been designed to describe symbol-unit. Finally, the map symbol database has been decelopped and several optimized methods with GDI+ have been achieved. The main works are listed as follows:
(1) Five kinds of point symbol units, i.e., round, corner, arc, rectangle and equilateral triangle, are summarized according to the feature of point symbols, and give the units special data structure and describe composite structure for each point symbol based on units;
(2) The author subdivided linetype to solid line and dotted line, and designed their special data structureis. Then proposed the method to split line symbol and two drawing methods on dotted line.
(3) Region symbols split boundary and filled base class, and their special data structure is designed. The boundary can be drawn by the way of line symbol; The filled base class contain color filling、linear filling、GDI+ template filling and point filling. Meanwhile, according to the cut function of GDI+, the method to draw region with or without hole is proposed.
(4) C++ structure of annotation is designed. According to the GDI+, note function is initially implemented and providing simply editing function.
(5) There is a corner-problem using GDI+ to implement develop complex linear symbols in cartographic symbols for fundamental scale maps, i.e., the marked symbol is not marked uniformly at the junction of line segments. In order to solve the problems, the authors present a method to draw linear symbols based on unit distance, The modified method presented in this paper not only solved the corner-problem, the efficiency of drawing the complex linear symbols also has been improved
(6) In order to make up the deficiencies in symbol drawing for GDI+, some schemes are proposed, which contains double cache technology using GDI+ in VC++、the quick-filled algorithm about using point symbol and local refresh technology. It obviously improve the tempo and quality for map symbol database.
(1)根据点状符号的组成特点,归纳出了5种图素：圆、拐角、弧段、矩形和等边三角形,并给出了各种图素的参数描述格式以及每个点状符号的图素组合结构。
(2)将线状符号的线型归纳为虚线和实线,并给出了线状符号单元的拆分方法,分别设计了虚线和实线的参数描述格式,并就虚线层的绘制提出了两种绘制方法。
(3)将面状符号拆分为边界线和填充基类,边界线可以通过线状符号的方式绘制；把填充基类分成颜色填充、线型填充、GDI+模板填充和点状符号填充,并分别设计了参数的描述格式,同时,利用GDI+的裁剪功能,提出了无空洞面域和含空洞面域的符号绘制方法。
(4)设计了注记的C++结构体,利用GDI+提供的文本操作函数,初步实现了注记功能,并提供了简单的编辑功能。
(5)针对用GDI+开发地图图式符号库时,绘制复杂线状符号存在的转角问题,即在线段／线段连接处标注符号不均匀的问题,提出了一种基于单位距离的线状符号绘制方法,该优化方法不但提高了复杂线状符号的显示效果,在符号显示效率上也有所提高。
(6)实现了VC++环境下的GDI+二次缓存绘图技术、面域的点状符号快速填充和绘图区域的局部刷新技术,弥补了GDI+在地图符号库绘制上的不足,提高了整个地图符号的绘制速率和美观程度。
The map symbol database is an very important part in Digital Mapping System and Geographic information system. GDI+ is the new generation graphic-device port in Microsoft. Compared with GDI, It has more powerful function in processing graphic image which can bring a new rendering technology to map symbols.By analysing the characteristic of GDI+, the author summarized the symbol-unit of the symbols using hierarchical methods. Furthermore, the special data structure has been designed to describe symbol-unit. Finally, the map symbol database has been decelopped and several optimized methods with GDI+ have been achieved. The main works are listed as follows:
(1) Five kinds of point symbol units, i.e., round, corner, arc, rectangle and equilateral triangle, are summarized according to the feature of point symbols, and give the units special data structure and describe composite structure for each point symbol based on units;
(2) The author subdivided linetype to solid line and dotted line, and designed their special data structureis. Then proposed the method to split line symbol and two drawing methods on dotted line.
(3) Region symbols split boundary and filled base class, and their special data structure is designed. The boundary can be drawn by the way of line symbol; The filled base class contain color filling、linear filling、GDI+ template filling and point filling. Meanwhile, according to the cut function of GDI+, the method to draw region with or without hole is proposed.
(4) C++ structure of annotation is designed. According to the GDI+, note function is initially implemented and providing simply editing function.
(5) There is a corner-problem using GDI+ to implement develop complex linear symbols in cartographic symbols for fundamental scale maps, i.e., the marked symbol is not marked uniformly at the junction of line segments. In order to solve the problems, the authors present a method to draw linear symbols based on unit distance, The modified method presented in this paper not only solved the corner-problem, the efficiency of drawing the complex linear symbols also has been improved
(6) In order to make up the deficiencies in symbol drawing for GDI+, some schemes are proposed, which contains double cache technology using GDI+ in VC++、the quick-filled algorithm about using point symbol and local refresh technology. It obviously improve the tempo and quality for map symbol database.
引文
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[2]Soffer, Aya and Hanan Samet. Negative shape features for image databases consisting of geographic symbols.3rd International Workshop on Visual Form Capri, 1997.1-13
[3]Cordella L.P. and Vento, M. Symbol recognition in documents:a collection of techniques? International Journal on Document Analysis on Recognition,2000,(3): 73-88
[4]Emmanual S. Representation of Map Objects with Semistructred Data Models. Symposium on Geospatial Theory, Processing And Applications, Ottawa, 2002
[5]Colavolpe, Giulio. and Barbieri, Alan. On map symbol detection for ISI channels using the underboeck observation model,2005,9(8):720-722
[6]Gustavsson, Marcus. Kolstrup, Else, and Seijmonsbergen, Arie.C. A new symbol-and-GIS based detailed geomorphological mapping system:Renewal of a scientific discipline for understanding landscape development. Geomorphology, 2006,77:90-111
[7]David F. On the Design and Point Symbol for Tourist Maps. The Cartographic Journal,1998,35(1):35-41
[8]Chiavaccini, Eugenio. and Ciorgio M.Vitetta. MAP Symbol Estimation on Frequency-Flat Rayleigh Fading Channels Via a Bayesian EM Algorithm. In IEEE communications letters,2001:1057-1061
[9]Colavolpe, Giulio. and Barbieri, Alan. On MAP Symbol Detection for ISI Channels Using the Ungerboeck Observation Model.In IEEE communications letters, 2005,9(8):720-722
[10]Teuvo Kohonen,Panu Somervuo. Self-organizing maps of symbol strings. Neurocomputing 1998(21):19-30
[11]Morrison, Joel. A theoretical framework for cartographic symbolization. International yearbook of cartography 1974(14):115-117
[12]Pravda,J. Map expression,map semoucs,map language(地图表示法,地图符号学,地图语言陈毓芬译).黑龙江测绘,1995,(2)
[13]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T20257.1.《国家基本比例尺地图图式第1部分：1：5001：10001：2000地形图图式》.北京：中国标准出版社,2007
[14]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB／T 20257.2. 《国家基本比例尺地图图式第2部分：1：50001：10000地形图图式》.北京：中国标准出版社,2006
[15]李津平.基于Internet的地图符号化研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国科学院,2003
[16]袁伟志.基于ArcEngine的地图扩展符号研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：北京林业大学,2008
[17]张为成.GIS中地图符号的研究：[硕士学位论文].吉林：吉林大学,2006
[18]周熠.数字制图中地图符号化控制技术研究与实践：[硕士学位论文].河南郑州：中国人民解放军信息工程大学,2007
[19]张国坤.现代地图学理论对计算机地图制图的作用.松辽学刊(自然科学版),1999,(2)
[20]张超.地理空间数据图形符号标准研究：[硕士学位论文],上海：华东师范大学,2008
[21]高金锋,陈笑蓉,陈笑媛等.基于SVG的地图符号库设计.贵州大学学报(自然科学版),2009,26(1)
[22]张传信,朱体高,朱勇等.三维道路交通地图符号库的研究.地理信息空间,2009(6)
[23]冯艳芬,曹学宝.CorelDRAW在《计算机地图制图》教学中的应用,中山大学学报论丛,2005,25(1)
[24]杨勇,李霖,王红.地图制图软件中符号图形的研究.测绘信息与工程,2007,32(3)
[25]麦照秋,韩雪华.GIS数据用于CorelDRAW地图制图方法的研究.测绘通报,2008,(2)
[26]覃如府,许惠平,王家林等.基于XML的通用地图符号库设计与实现.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2008,36(8)
[27]王兵.面向对象三维GIS及可视化研究：[硕士学位论文],西安：西安电子科技大学,2009
[28]蔡先华,武利.基于特征元的符号库数据结构及算法探讨.测绘学报,2004,(3)
[29]李青元,李洪省,刘皓晨.GIS符号库数据模型抽象及其交换格式研究.武汉大大学报·信息科学版,2008,33(6)
[30]杨春成,宋志刚,吴文会.基于OOP技术的地图符号制作工具的设计与实现.测绘科学,2002,27(1)
[31]王伟,张波,殷赣华等.基于COM技术的地图符号库结构设计与实现.武汉大大学报·信息科学版,2002,27(3)
[32]赵江洪,殷赣华.通用地图符号库的算法设计及其实现.测绘通报,2002,(4)
[33]熊卫东,罗年学.RDGIS的开放式地图符号体系设计.测绘信息与工程,2003,28(1)
[34]程朋根.Geostar地图符号的实现方法.地矿测绘,1999,(3)
[35]何忠焕.GIS符号库中复杂线状符号设计技术的研究.武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,29(2)
[36]程朋根.参数化线状符号设计思想与实现.华东地质学院学报,1999,22(3)
[37]程朋根,龚健雅,眭海刚.GIS中地图符号设计系统的设计与实现.中国图象图形学报,2000,5(12)
[38]陈顺清.地形图符号库的设计.测绘学报,1998,22(1)
[39]谈晓军,边馥苓,何忠焕.地图符号可视化系统的面向对象设计与实现.测绘通报,2003,(1)
[40]姚兴海,马秋云.基于CorelDRAW的地图符号库建库.测绘通报,2003,(2)
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