西方宗教文化视角下的19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮
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摘要
19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮的产生、发展和演变是西方文化由欧洲向美洲扩散的结果。在这一文化扩散的过程中,19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮受到西方基督宗教文化的巨大影响并在美国社会和文化的各个领域和方面产生了各不相同的表现。在政治领域,19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮以西方宗教文化的名义为美国人的侵略行为张目,并为美国领土扩张提供所谓“天定命运”(Manifest Destiny)的理论武器,使得美国在19世纪的领土扩张和对外侵略得以顺利进行。在哲学领域,西方宗教文化培养了19世纪美国浪漫主义的超验唯心主义思想和19世纪美国人独立自主的民主和自由意识。在文学领域,西方宗教文化为19世纪美国浪漫主义文学思潮提供了精神支柱和表现素材。19世纪美国浪漫主义文学思潮通过宣传平等、博爱的基督教思想和观念来倡导由浪漫主义思潮衍生出来的民主、自由的西方人文精神和道德准则,并为美国文学摆脱欧洲文学模式的羁绊和束缚以及独立美国文学的产生做出了贡献。在艺术领域,西方宗教文化为19世纪美国浪漫主义艺术文化的兴起提供了载体和表现舞台,为美国民族艺术的发展奠定了第一块基石。
本论文的写作是在西方宗教文化视角下对19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮的考察,其目的在于对19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮的渊源、形成、发展和表现做出回顾与评价,认识西方宗教文化与19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮的关系。
在序言部分,本文首先对本课题研究中的基本理论与概念进行了简要梳理和限定,然后简要评述了本课题的国内外研究现状,其中,既有国内外学者对西方宗教文化与19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮关系研究现状的综述和展望,也有对国内外西方文化史研究现状的简要回顾和大体分析。此外,序言部分还说明了本文的研究范围与内容。
正文部分共有四章。其中第一章首先通过近代西方宗教文化的演变历程的回顾,综合对浪漫主义思潮在德国的萌芽、在法国的表现和在英国的发展所进行的考察、评述了西方宗教文化的形成和浪漫主义思潮在欧洲兴起的历史原因,美国宗教文化特点的形成、浪漫主义思潮在美国的兴起与表现、欧洲浪漫主义思潮对美国的影响,美国浪漫主义思潮在美国政治、哲学、文学和艺术上的表现;第二章从西方宗教文化的视角考察了19世纪美国浪漫主义文学思潮的欧洲文化渊源、美国本土意识和表现意识等方面内容,得出清教主义及其信条是美国浪漫主义文学思潮的思想源泉和宗教是19世纪美国浪漫主义文学思潮表现的重要内容和形式等结论。第三章以西方宗教文化的视角对19世纪美国浪漫主义政治、哲学和艺术思潮进行了考察,对西方宗教文化在19世纪美国浪漫主义政治、哲学和艺术思潮中的地位进行了初步定位和一定程度的归纳总结。第四章通过对宗教和政治、哲学、文学及艺术思潮关系的历史省察,认识了西方思想文化史中宗教影响的巨大作用。除此之外,该章还从西方文化扩散的角度解释了欧洲浪漫主义思潮对美国浪漫主义思潮的影响,并对西方文化扩散的原因、动力、特点、途径和后果等问题进行了简要分析。
American Romanticism in the 19th century comes from the pervasion of western culture from Europe to America. In the process of the pervasion, it is strongly influenced by western religious culture and has different showings in all American social and cultural fields. For example, in the field of politics, it propagandizes O'Sullivan’s“Manifest Destiny”for the country’s will of grabbing for more land. In the field of philosophy, it cultivates American’s ideology of democracy, free will and transcendentalism. In the field of literature, it provides the ideal for holding and material for writing. It, moreover, makes an independent American literature by advocating of Christian doctrines and the ideas of equality, liberty and humanity. In the field of art, western religious culture provides carrier and stage for American romantic art in the 19th century, and sets the solid foundation for the development of American national art.
This is a survey and a review of American Romanticism in the 19th century with the angle of western religious culture. It aims to give a retrospect and a criticism to the origination, formation, development and exhibition of American Romanticism in the 19th century, and to see the relation between western religious culture and American Romanticism in the 19th century.
In the prelude of the dissertation, it firstly sorts and clarifies the concepts of the basic terms and theories of the study. Secondly, it briefly sorts and introduces the contemporary writings for the study, including both general overview of the study of the history of western culture and the summary of the relation between western religious culture and American Romanticism in the 19th century. Besides, in the prelude, it defines the content and the bound of the research.
The body of the dissertation is divided into 4 chapters. The 1st chapter reviews the history of the evolution of western religious culture. Moreover, the chapter gives a rough retrospect to the beginning of the thinking trends of Romanticism in Germany, the exhibition in France and the development in Britain. Furthermore, the chapter probes the causes to explain the formation of western religious culture and the rising of Romanticism in Europe. The chapter also studies the forming of the features of American religious culture, the rising and exhibition of Romanticism in America and American Romanticism’s European influence. And then, the chapter explicates the exhibition of American Romanticism in the fields of American politics, philosophy, literature and art. The 2nd chapter, with the angle of western religious culture, probes American romantic literature’s European source, national consciousness and the exhibition to draw the conclusions that Puritanism and its creeds are the intellectual sources of American romantic literature, and religion is the important content and form of American romantic literature in the 19th century. The 3rd chapter, with the angle of western religious culture, probes American romantic politics, philosophy and art to make a rough conclusion to the influence of western religious culture to American romantic politics, philosophy and art. The 4th Chapter probes the strong religious influence of the history of western intellectual culture by historical review of the relation between religion and the thinking trends of politics, philosophy, literature and art. Furthermore, the chapter explains American Romanticism’s European influence under the perspective of the pervasion of western culture, and generally analyses the causes, motivities, characteristics, routes and results of the pervasion of western culture.
本论文的写作是在西方宗教文化视角下对19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮的考察,其目的在于对19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮的渊源、形成、发展和表现做出回顾与评价,认识西方宗教文化与19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮的关系。
在序言部分,本文首先对本课题研究中的基本理论与概念进行了简要梳理和限定,然后简要评述了本课题的国内外研究现状,其中,既有国内外学者对西方宗教文化与19世纪美国浪漫主义思潮关系研究现状的综述和展望,也有对国内外西方文化史研究现状的简要回顾和大体分析。此外,序言部分还说明了本文的研究范围与内容。
正文部分共有四章。其中第一章首先通过近代西方宗教文化的演变历程的回顾,综合对浪漫主义思潮在德国的萌芽、在法国的表现和在英国的发展所进行的考察、评述了西方宗教文化的形成和浪漫主义思潮在欧洲兴起的历史原因,美国宗教文化特点的形成、浪漫主义思潮在美国的兴起与表现、欧洲浪漫主义思潮对美国的影响,美国浪漫主义思潮在美国政治、哲学、文学和艺术上的表现;第二章从西方宗教文化的视角考察了19世纪美国浪漫主义文学思潮的欧洲文化渊源、美国本土意识和表现意识等方面内容,得出清教主义及其信条是美国浪漫主义文学思潮的思想源泉和宗教是19世纪美国浪漫主义文学思潮表现的重要内容和形式等结论。第三章以西方宗教文化的视角对19世纪美国浪漫主义政治、哲学和艺术思潮进行了考察,对西方宗教文化在19世纪美国浪漫主义政治、哲学和艺术思潮中的地位进行了初步定位和一定程度的归纳总结。第四章通过对宗教和政治、哲学、文学及艺术思潮关系的历史省察,认识了西方思想文化史中宗教影响的巨大作用。除此之外,该章还从西方文化扩散的角度解释了欧洲浪漫主义思潮对美国浪漫主义思潮的影响,并对西方文化扩散的原因、动力、特点、途径和后果等问题进行了简要分析。
American Romanticism in the 19th century comes from the pervasion of western culture from Europe to America. In the process of the pervasion, it is strongly influenced by western religious culture and has different showings in all American social and cultural fields. For example, in the field of politics, it propagandizes O'Sullivan’s“Manifest Destiny”for the country’s will of grabbing for more land. In the field of philosophy, it cultivates American’s ideology of democracy, free will and transcendentalism. In the field of literature, it provides the ideal for holding and material for writing. It, moreover, makes an independent American literature by advocating of Christian doctrines and the ideas of equality, liberty and humanity. In the field of art, western religious culture provides carrier and stage for American romantic art in the 19th century, and sets the solid foundation for the development of American national art.
This is a survey and a review of American Romanticism in the 19th century with the angle of western religious culture. It aims to give a retrospect and a criticism to the origination, formation, development and exhibition of American Romanticism in the 19th century, and to see the relation between western religious culture and American Romanticism in the 19th century.
In the prelude of the dissertation, it firstly sorts and clarifies the concepts of the basic terms and theories of the study. Secondly, it briefly sorts and introduces the contemporary writings for the study, including both general overview of the study of the history of western culture and the summary of the relation between western religious culture and American Romanticism in the 19th century. Besides, in the prelude, it defines the content and the bound of the research.
The body of the dissertation is divided into 4 chapters. The 1st chapter reviews the history of the evolution of western religious culture. Moreover, the chapter gives a rough retrospect to the beginning of the thinking trends of Romanticism in Germany, the exhibition in France and the development in Britain. Furthermore, the chapter probes the causes to explain the formation of western religious culture and the rising of Romanticism in Europe. The chapter also studies the forming of the features of American religious culture, the rising and exhibition of Romanticism in America and American Romanticism’s European influence. And then, the chapter explicates the exhibition of American Romanticism in the fields of American politics, philosophy, literature and art. The 2nd chapter, with the angle of western religious culture, probes American romantic literature’s European source, national consciousness and the exhibition to draw the conclusions that Puritanism and its creeds are the intellectual sources of American romantic literature, and religion is the important content and form of American romantic literature in the 19th century. The 3rd chapter, with the angle of western religious culture, probes American romantic politics, philosophy and art to make a rough conclusion to the influence of western religious culture to American romantic politics, philosophy and art. The 4th Chapter probes the strong religious influence of the history of western intellectual culture by historical review of the relation between religion and the thinking trends of politics, philosophy, literature and art. Furthermore, the chapter explains American Romanticism’s European influence under the perspective of the pervasion of western culture, and generally analyses the causes, motivities, characteristics, routes and results of the pervasion of western culture.
引文
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⑥ Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of world Order , New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
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① 徐新:《西方文化史:从文明初始至启蒙运动》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002 年版。徐新:《西方文化史续编:从美国革命至 20 世纪》,北京:北京大学出版社,2003 年版。叶胜年:《西方文化史鉴》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002 年版。沈福煦:《现代西方文化史概论》,上海:同济大学出版社,1997 年版。高福进:《西方文化史论》,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2001 年版。赵林:《西方文化概论》,北京:高等教育出版社,2004 年版。沈之兴,张幼香:《西方文化史》,广州:中山大学出版社,1999 年版。雷海宗:《西洋文化史纲要》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2001 年版。庄锡昌:《西方文化史》,北京:高等教育出版社,1999 年版。王小侠:《西方文化史论》,沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,2005 年版。
② 庄锡昌:《世界文化史通论》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1989 年版。 张广智:《世界文化史》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1999 年版。 董小川:《世界文化史》,北京:高等教育出版社,2002年版。 陈佛松:《世界文化史》,武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002 年版。解光云:《世界文化史》,合肥:安徽大学出版社,1999 年版。 裔昭印:《世界文化史》,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2002 年版。 杨超,紫都:《世界文化史》,呼和浩特:远方出版社,2005 年版。王加丰:《世界文化简史》,上海:上海文艺出版社,2002 年版。 王一江:《世界文化史》,哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,2004 年版。顾云深:《世界文化史》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1999年版。俞久洪:《外国文化史》,天津:天津社会科学院出版社,1997 年版。
③ 启良:《西方文化概论》,广州:花城出版社,1999 年版。
④ 董小川:《美国文化概论》,北京:人民出版社,2006 年版。
⑤ 杜美:《德国文化史》,台北:扬智文化事业公司,1993 年版。
⑥ 罗芃:《法国文化史》,北京:北京大学出版社,1997 年版。
⑦ 廉美瑾:《西班牙文化概况》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1991 年版。
⑧ 刘增泉:《希腊文化史》,台北:五南图书出版股份有限公司,2005 年版。
① 朱维之:《希伯来文化》,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2004 年版。
② 范梦:《西方美术史》,太原:山西教育出版社,1993 年版。
③ 黄忠晶:《西方社会思想史》,北京:群众出版社,2004 年版。
④ 邵牧君:《世界电影全纪录》,海口:南方出版社,2001 年版。
⑤ 常耀信:《美国文学史》,天津:南开大学出版社,1998 年版。
① Holy Bible, New Revised Standard Version, National TSPM & CCC, 2000, Ecclesiastes 12:8.
① William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, Plain Label Books, p.47.
① Dr. David R. Loy, The Spiritual Roots of Modernity: Buddhist Reflections on the Idolatry of the Nation-State, Corporate Capitalism and Mechanistic Science, see http://fo.wuys.com/news/Article_S how.asp?ArticleID=8727
② Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, New York: Penguin Group, 1990, p.13.
① 赵林:《西方宗教文化》,武汉:长江文艺出版社,1997 年版,第 334 页。
② 马焯荣:《中西宗教与文学》,长沙:岳麓书社,1991 年版,第 415 页。
① Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization, Eleventh Impression, New York: Verso, 2003, p.67.
② 霍尔巴赫:《自然的体系》,(上卷),管士滨译,北京:商务印书馆,1964 年版,第 16 页。
③ 霍尔巴赫:《袖珍神学或简明基督教辞典》,单志澄等译,北京:商务印书馆,1972 年版,第 76 页。
④ 北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室编译:《十八世纪法国哲学》,北京:商务印书馆,1963年版,第 556-557 页。
⑤ 梅叶:《遗书》,第 1 卷,陈太先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1959 年版,第 17-18 页。
① 梅叶:《遗书》,第 1 卷,第 8,85 页。
② Holy Bible, Luke 14:26.
③ ibid. John 8:51.
④ ibid. John 6:51-56.
⑤ ibid. John 37-38.
⑥ 梅叶:《遗书》,第 2 卷,陈太先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1959 年版,第 21 页。
① 汤泽林:《世界近代中期宗教史》,北京:中国国际广播出版社,1996 年版,第 41-42 页。
① Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1057.
② Franklin C. Palm, Calvinism and the Religious Wars, New York: Howard Fertig Press, 1971, p.90.
③ Allen French, Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval, A Study of the Causes of the Great Migration, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1955, p.15. 转引自董小川:《儒家文化与美国基督新教文化》,北京:商务印书馆,2002 年版,第 38 页。
① 在去往北美洲新英格兰殖民地的 41 名英国清教徒在上岸之前,于 1620 年 11 月 11 日在“五月花”号船上签订了《五月花号公约》,这是一项政治声明表明他们同意创建并服从一个新政府。《五月花号公约》的第一句话便是:“以上帝的名义”。参见 Isaac Cornelison, The Relation of Religion to Civil Government in the United States of American: A State Without a Church, but not Without a Religion, New York: Da Capo Press, 1970, p.24.
① 汤泽林:《世界近代中期宗教史》,第 43-45 页。
① 汤泽林:《世界近代中期宗教史》,第 49-51 页。
① Allen French, Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval, A Study of the Causes of the Great Migration, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1955, p.236. 转引自董小川:《儒家文化与美国基督新教文化》,北京:商务印书馆,2002 年版,第 38 页。
② Perry Miller, The New England Mind: the seventeenth century, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1939, p.108.
③ Perry Miller, The New England Mind from Colony to Province, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953, p.5-8.
① Alden T. Vaughan ed., The Puritan Tradition in America, 1620-1730, Revised Edition, University Press of New England, 1997, p.40.
② Robert M. Crunden, A Brief History of American Culture, New York: Paragon House, 1994, p.3.
③ Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1057.
① 海涅:论浪漫派,《海涅选集》,张玉书编选,北京:人民文学出版社,1983 年版,第 11,36,32,73 页。
② 海涅:论德国画家,见上书第 385 页。
① 卓新平:基督宗教与欧洲浪漫主义(下),《国外社会科学》,2003 年第 6 期,第 9 页。
② 詹姆斯·C·利文斯顿:《现代基督教思想:从启蒙运动到第二届梵蒂冈公会议》,(上卷),何光沪译,成都:四川人民出版社,1992 年版,第 162-163 页。
③ 夏多布里昂:基督教真谛,中国社会科学院外国文学研究所外国文学研究资料丛刊编,《欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义(二)》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981 年版,第 67-68页。
④ 伍蠡甫,胡经之:《西方文艺理论名著选编》(中卷),北京大学出版社,2001 年版,第 40-41页。
① 雨果:论司各特,《雨果论文学》,柳鸣九译,上海译文出版社,1980 年版,第 28 页。
② 勃兰兑斯:《十九世纪文学主流:法国的反动》,张道真译,北京:人民文学出版社,1986年版,第 65 页。
① 罗钢:《浪漫主义文艺思想研究》,西安:陕西人民出版社,1986 年版,第 2 页。
① Thomas Moore, ESQ., The Works of Lord Byron: With His Letters and Journals and His Life, Vol. XIV. In Seventeen Volumes, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1847, pp.17-103.
① Percy Bysshe Shelley, “A Defense of Poetry,” in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, the 6th edition, Vol. 2, M.H. Abrams, ed., New York: Norton, 1993, p.245.
② 艾弗·埃文斯:《英国文学简史》,蔡文显译,北京:人民文学出版社,1984 年版,第 43页。
① 刘小枫:《诗化哲学》,济南:山东文艺出版社,1986 年版,第 33 页。
② David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Dover Publications, 2004, p.1.
① 约·阿·克雷维列夫:《宗教史》,(上卷),乐峰等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1984年版,第 6 页。
② John McManners, The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, p.354.
① Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence, New York: Scholastic Inc., 2002, p.146.
② Alfons J. Beitzinger, A History of American Political Thought, New York: Dodd, Mead, 1972, p.248.
③ Oliver P. Chitwood, Rembert W. Patrick, Robert E. Corlew, The American People, a History, New York: Van Nostrand, 1962, p.223.
④ Merill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, London: Oxford University Press, 1970, p.384.
⑤ Henry J. Carman, A History of American People, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960, p.312.
⑥ 刘绪贻,杨生茂主编:《美国通史》,第 2 卷,北京:人民出版社,2002 年版,第 82 页。
① 刘绪贻,杨生茂主编:《美国通史》,第 2 卷,北京:人民出版社,2002 年版,第 86 页。
② James D. Richardson, Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol.1, New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897, p.322-323. see ibid., p.92.
③ Benjamin Fletcher Wright ed., A Source Book of American Political Theory, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929, p.382.
① H. Mark Roelofs, The Poverty of American Politics: A Theoretical Interpretation, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992, p.1.
② Robert Brett Westbrook, John Dewey and American Democracy, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991, p.165; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998, p.XVII-XIX.
③ Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998, p.XVIII.
④ Holy Bible, 2 Corinthians 3:17.
⑤ Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998, p.12.
⑥ ibid, p.47-48.
① Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, p.77-78.
① 常耀信:《美国文学史》,(上),天津:南开大学出版社,1998 年版,第 117-118 页。
② 欧文:《欧文见闻录》,樊培根等译,长沙:湖南人民出版社,1986 年版,第 9 页。
③ 罗伯特·斯皮勒:《美国文学的周期》,王长荣译,上海外语教育出版社,1990 年版,第22 页。
④ 常耀信:《美国文学史》,第 164 页。
① Ian Marshall, Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail, The University Press of Virginia, 1998, p.111.
② Harold Karl Bush, American Declarations: Rebellion and Repentance in American Cultural History, Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois,1999, p.111.
① Roland N. Stromberg, European Intellectual History Since 1789, New Jersey: Printice Hall. Inc., 1981, p.50.
② Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1936, p.236.
① Edward Shils, The Constitution of Society, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982, p.198.
② Ralph Ketcham, Individualism and Public Life:A Modern Dilemma, Blackwell Publishers, 1987, pp.60-61.
③ 罗伯特·N·贝拉,理查德·马德逊等:《心灵的习性:美国人生活中的个人主义和公共责任》,王宝泉等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991 年版,第 214 页。
① Lauriat Lane Jr., Introduction, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Other Stories, New York: Airmont Publishing Company, 1964, p.2-4.
① 瓦·惠特曼:《惠特曼散文选》,张禹九译,长沙:湖南人民出版社,1986 年版,第 153 页。
② 霍桑:《美国日记选》,第 1 卷,波士顿 1879 年版,第 1 卷,第 218 页,转引自常耀信:《美国文学史》,(上),第 32-33 页。
③ J. Gerald Kennedy, Liliane Weissberg, Romancing the Shadow: Poe and Race, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, p.69.
① Peter J. Kitson, Tim Fulford, Romanticism and Colonialism: Writing and Empire, 1780-1830, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.258.
① Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1064.
② Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p.340.
③ Poul Houe, Sven Hakon Possel, Images of America in Scandinavia, Altanta: Editions Rodoi B.V., 1998, p.27.
④ Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography and Other Writings, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p.xiii.
① Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1065.
① Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p.87-88.
② Emory Elliott ed., Columbia Literary History of the United States, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p.55-56.
① 常耀信:《美国文学史》,(上),第 20-21 页。
② Emory Elliott ed., Columbia Literary History of the United States, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p.24.
③ James David Hart ed., The Oxford Companion to American Literature, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.409.
① Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p.1.
① Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.: The Disuniting of America, Tennessee: Whittle Direct Books, 1995, p.14.
② Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981, pp.23-25,27.
③ Norbert Finzsch and Dietmar Schirmer , Identity and Intolerance:Nationalism, Racism, and Xenophobia in Germany and the United states, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.12.
① Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot Drama in Four Acts, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914, pp.184-185.
② 转引自刘澎:《当代美国宗教》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001 年版,第 70 页。
③ 杰里尔·A·罗塞蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,周启朋等译,北京:世界知识出版社,1996 年版,第 374 页。
① Robert M. Crunden, A Brief History of American Culture, New York: Paragon House, 1994, p.4.
② 齐小新:《美国文化研究导论》,北京大学出版社,2001 年版,第 59-60 页。
③ Jessica Munns and Gita Rajan, A Cultural Studies Reader, History, Theory, Practice, Longman Publishing Group, 1995, pp.59-75.
① Samuel Eliot Morison, The Growth of the American Republic, Volume One, New York: Oxford University Press, 1969, p.445.
① Ian Marshall, Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail, The University Press of Virginia, 1998, p.111.
② Ralph B. Perry, Puritanism and Democracy, New York: Random House Trade, 1944, p.34.
① Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p.463.
① 毛峰:《神秘主义诗学》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998 年版,第 232 页。
② 同上,第 233 页。
① Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown and Other Short Stories, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1992, p.30.
② Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1216.
① Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown and Other Short Stories, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1992, p.30.
① Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2005, p.167.
② Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1216.
③ 张冲:《新编美国文学史》,第 1 卷,上海外语教育出版社,2000 年版,第 247-248 页。
① 斯托曼:《情绪心理学》,张燕云译,沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1986 年版,第 349 页。
① 潘翠菁:《西方文论辨析》,广州:中山大学出版社,1984 年版,第 375 页。
② 韦勒克,沃伦:《文学理论》,刘象愚等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1984 年版,第 246 页。
③ Holy Bible, 1 Kings 21:25-26
① Holy Bible, Genesis 21:9-19.
② ibid. Genesis 16:11.
③ Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, p.1217.
① Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, p.1217.
② James Reeves ed., Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson, Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1959, p.xvi.
③ Judith Farr, The Gardens of Emily Dickinson, Harvard University Press, 2005, p.180.
④ Wendy Martin ed., The Cambridge Companion to Emily Dickinson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p.132.
① Paul Negri ed., Great Short Poems, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 2000, p.27.
② Stanley Appelbaum ed., Emily Dickinson, Selected Poems, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990, p.20.
③ David Jasper, Robert Detweiler ed., Religion and Literature: A Reader, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2000, p.133.
④ Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1218.
① Richard R. O’Keefe, Mythic Archetypes in Ralph Waldo Emerson: A Blakean Reading, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 1995, p.99.
② Joel Myerson ed., The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.154.
③ Kenneth M. Price, Walt Whitman: The Contemporary Reviews, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.214.
④ Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1217.
① 恩斯特·卡西尔:《国家的神话》,范进等译,北京:华夏出版社,1998 年版,第 220 页。
② Jack D. Douglas, The Myth of the Welfare State, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991, p.226.
① Richard Morris, Encyclopedia of American History, New York: Harper & Row, 1982, p.633.
② John A. Garraty, A Short History of the American Nation, New York: Harper & Row, Pub., 1985, p.108.
③ Henry E. Graff, ed., The Presidents, A Reference History, New York, 1984, p.55.
④ James D. Richardson, Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897, p.379.
① Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History, New York: Vintag Books, 1963, p.29.
② Bromhead Peter, Life in Modern America, London: Longman, 1990, p.153.
① Robert Wuthnow, James A. Beckford ed., The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc.,1998.
② 恩斯特·卡西尔:《国家的神话》,第 223 页。
③ 谢林:《先验唯心论体系》,梁志学,石泉译,北京:商务印书馆,1977 年版,第 8-9 页。
④ 恩斯特·卡西尔:《国家的神话》,第 223 页。
① Catherine L. Albanese, Transcendentalism, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1117.
② ibid.
③ Arthur Versluis, American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p.4.
④ Catherine L. Albanese, Transcendentalism, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1118.
⑤ Iain S. Maclean, John G. West, Jeffrey D. Schultz, Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics, Phoenix: The Oryx Press, 1999, p.247.
⑥ Catherine L. Albanese, Transcendentalism, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1118.
① Harold Karl Bush, American Declarations: Rebellion and Repentance in American Cultural History, Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois,1999, p.111.
① Ian Marshall, Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail, The University Press of Virginia, 1998, p.111.
② Harold Karl Bush, American Declarations: Rebellion and Repentance in American Cultural History, Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois,1999, p.111.
③ Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Lectures, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 1983, p.20.
④ ibid.
⑤ Richard Francis, Transcendental Utopias, Individual and Community at Brook Farm, Fruitlands, and Walden, Cornell University Press, 1997, p.11.
① Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays, Lectures, and orations, London: William S. Orr and Co.,1848, p.30.
② ibid.
③ ibid., p.23.
④ Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Lectures, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 1983, p.53-54.
① 帕克:《先验论》,见 W.C.米尔德和 L.西尔斯编:《美国哲学的发展》,1940 年版,第 136页,转引自涂纪亮:《美国哲学史》,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2000 年版,第 317 页。
② 帕克:《补充的演说、讲演以及即席作出的布道》,1867 年版,第 2 卷,第 320 页,转引自涂纪亮:《美国哲学史》,第 321 页。
③ 同上,第 317 页。
① Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience, and other Essays, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1993, p.1.
② David M. Robinson, Natural Life: Thoreau’s Worldly Transcendentalism, Cornell University, 2004, p.11.
③ Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p.76.
① 叔本华:《作为意志和表象的世界》,石冲白译,北京:商务印书馆,1982 年版,第 361 页。
② 杨周怀:《基督教音乐》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2001 年版,第 19 页。
③ 蔡良玉:《美国专业音乐发展简史》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1992 年版,第 2-4 页。
④ 比林斯:《新英格兰赞美诗歌手》,1770 年版。转引自上书第 19 页。
① Paul Westermeyer, Religious Music and Hymnody, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1295.
① Northrop Frye, The Drunken Boat: The Revolutionary Element in Romanticism, Robert Francis Gleckner, Romanticism: Points of View, Michigan: Prentice-Hall, 1974, p.299.
② Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays: First Series, Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1850, p.317.
③ John W. Cook, Material Culture and the Visual Arts, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1363.
① Phillips Brandley ed., Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 2 vols. New York: Vintage Books, 1945. see Jeffrey D. Schultz, John G. West, Jr., and Iain Maclean ed., Religion in American Politics, Phoenix: The Oryx Press, 1999, p.246.
① 詹姆斯·C·利文斯顿:《现代基督教思想:从启蒙运动到第二届梵蒂冈公会议》,(上卷),何光沪译,成都:四川人民出版社,1992 年版,第 159 页。
② 伯特兰·罗素:《西方的智慧:西方哲学在它的社会和政治背景中的历史考察》,马家驹,贺霖译,北京:世界知识出版社,1992 年版,第 307 页。
① Bjarne Sode Funch, The Psychology of Art Appreciation, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, p.196.
② ibid.
③ 沃尔斯托夫:《艺术与宗教》译本序,沈建平等译,北京:工人出版社,1988 年版。
① 《马克思恩格斯全集》,第 1 卷,北京:人民出版社,1973 年版,第 651 页。
② Allen Pridgen, Walker Percy’s Scaramental Landscapes: the Search in the Desert, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 2000, p.32.
① Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1208.
①《马克思恩格斯选集》,第 2 卷,北京:人民出版社,1972 年版,第 113 页。
② Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, New York: New American Library, 2000, p.232.
① Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Lectures, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 1983, p.71.
① Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1208.
① Walt Whitman, The Complete Poems, London: Penguin Group, 1996, p.87.
② 何其敏:《论宗教与政治的互动关系》,见《世界宗教研究》,2001 年第 4 期,第 8 页。
③ Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1058.
① 宗教研究中心编:《世界宗教总览》,北京:东方出版社,1993 年版,第 484 页。
② Anson Phelps Strokes and Lee Pfeffer, Church and State in the United States, New York: Harper & Row, publisher, 1964, p.81.
③ Chidester, D., Patterns of Power: Religion and Politics in American Culture, New Jersey, 1988, p.166.
④ Clifton E. Olmstead, Religion in America: Past and Present, Englewood Clitts, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961, p.22.
⑤ Keith W. Kavenagh ed., Foundations of Colonial America: a documentary history, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1973, Vol.1, p.421.
⑥ Peter L. Berger, The Capitalist Spirit: Toward a Religious Ethic of Wealth Creation, San Francisco: ICS Press, 1990, p.84.
① Richard V. Pierard and Robert D. Linder, Civil Religion and the Presidency, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing Company, 1988, p.24.
② 《马克思恩格斯全集》,第 26 卷第 1 册,北京:人民出版社,1972 年版,第 26 页。
① Jane Ellen Harrison, Ancient Art and Ritual, London: Williams and Norgate, 1927, p.41.
② ibid.
① John W. Cook, Material Culture and the Visual Arts, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1359.
② ibid., p.1362.
③ ibid., p.1364.
① Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays: First Series, Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1850, p.319.
② ibid., p.323.
① http://www.confucius2000.com/admin/list.asp?id=1606 2005-11-16
② 新华社华盛顿 1992 年 9 月 10 日英文电。
① 启良:《东方文明畅想录》,广州:花城出版社,2001 年版,第 7 页。
① 兹比格纽·布热津斯基:《大棋局:美国的首要地位及其地线战略》,中国国际问题研究所译,上海人民出版社,1998 年版,第 9 页。
② 萨缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,周琪等译,北京:新华出版社,2002年版,第 74 页。
③ 孙晋忠,晁永国:全球化时代的西方文化霸权,《光明日报》,2001 年 12 月 18 日。
① 孙晋忠,晁永国:全球化时代的西方文化霸权,《光明日报》,2001 年 12 月 18 日。
② 启良:《西方文化概论》,广州:花城出版社,1999 年版,第 4 页。
①《马克思恩格斯选集》,第 3 卷,北京:人民出版社,1972 年版,第 354 页。
② 刘建军:《基督教文化与西方文学传统》,北京大学出版社,2005 年版,第 332 页。
① 董小川:《20 世纪美国宗教与政治》,北京:人民出版社,2002 年版,第 3-5 页。
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34. 萨缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,周琪等译,北京:新华出版社,2002 年版。
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38. 涂纪亮:《美国哲学史》,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2000 年版。
39. 瓦·惠特曼:《惠特曼散文选》,张禹九译,长沙:湖南人民出版社,1986 年版。
40. 韦勒克,沃伦:《文学理论》,刘象愚等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1984 年版。
41. 沃尔斯托夫:《艺术与宗教》译本序,沈建平等译,北京:工人出版社,1988年版。
42. 伍蠡甫,胡经之:《西方文艺理论名著选编》(中卷),北京大学出版社,2001年版。
43. 谢林:《先验唯心论体系》,梁志学,石泉译,北京:商务印书馆,1977 年版。
44. 杨周怀:《基督教音乐》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2001 年版。
45. 雨果:论司各特,《雨果论文学》,柳鸣九译,上海译文出版社,1980 年版。
46. 约·阿·克雷维列夫:《宗教史》,(上卷),乐峰等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1984 年版。
47. 詹姆斯·C·利文斯顿:《现代基督教思想:从启蒙运动到第二届梵蒂冈公会议》,(上卷),何光沪译,成都:四川人民出版社,1992 年版。
48. 张冲:《新编美国文学史》,第 1 卷,上海外语教育出版社,2000 年版。
49. 赵林:《西方宗教文化》,武汉:长江文艺出版社,1997 年版。
50. 郑伯奇:《郑伯奇文集》,西安:陕西人民出版社,1986 年版。
51. 中国社会科学院外国文学研究所外国文学研究资料丛刊编,《欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义(二)》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981 年版。
52. 中国社科院世界宗教研究所编:《基督教文化面面观》,济南:齐鲁书社,1991年版。
53. 卓新平:《宗教理解》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999 年版。
54. 兹比格纽·布热津斯基:《大棋局:美国的首要地位及其地线战略》,中国国际问题研究所译,上海人民出版社,1998 年版。
55. 宗教研究中心编:《世界宗教总览》,北京:东方出版社,1993 年版。
② Fiona Bowie, Anthropology of Religion, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2000, p.23.
③ Ninian Smart, Dimensions of the Sacred: an Anatomy of the World’s Beliefs, London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1996, p.10-11.
④ 亨利·康马杰:《美国精神》,杨静予等译,北京:光明日报出版社,1988 年版,第 249 页。
① http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/5448184.html?si=9,2007-6-3.
② Herbert John Clifford Grierson, The Background of English Literature and Other Essays & addresses, London: Chatto and Windus, 1925, p.256.
① R·塞耶、M·洛维:《论反资本主义的浪漫主义》,《国外社会科学》,1985 年第 9 期,第33-34 页。
② Arthur O. Lovejoy, “On the Discrimination of Romanticisms”, in M. H. Abrams ed., English Romantic Poets: Modern Essays in Criticism, New York: Oxford University Press, 1960, p.6.
③ Aidan Day, Romanticism, London: Routledge, 1996, p.202.
④ Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony, London: Oxford University Press, 1933, p.21.
⑤ 利里安·弗斯特:《浪漫主义》,李今译,北京:昆仑出版社,1989 年版,第 78-79 页。
⑥ 郑伯奇:《郑伯奇文集》,西安:陕西人民出版社,1986 年版,第 96 页。
⑦ 中国社会科学院外国文学研究所外国文学研究资料丛刊编辑委员会编:《欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义(二)》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981 年版,第 134-135 页。
⑧ P. P. Howe, The Complete Works of William Hazlitt: vol.v, London: J. M. Dent, 1930, p.161.
⑨ 海涅:《论浪漫派》,张玉书译,北京:人民文学出版社,1988 年版,第 1 页。
⑩ Rene Wellek, "The concept of Romanticism in literary history", in Concepts of Criticism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963, pp.160-161.
① Margaret Drabble ed., The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, pp.841-843.
② 高尔基:《俄国文学史》,缪灵珠译,上海:新文艺出版社,1956 年版,第 70-72 页。
① Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, Blackwell Publishers, 1989, p.219.
② 《马克思恩格斯选集》,第 4 卷,北京:人民出版社,1972 年版,第 475 页。
① George H. Shriver, Romantic Religion, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1103.
② 中国社科院世界宗教研究所编:《基督教文化面面观》,济南:齐鲁书社,1991 年版,第233 页。
③ 同上。
④ 卓新平:《宗教理解》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999 年版,605 页。
① 海涅:《论浪漫派》,第 5 页。
② 赵林:《西方宗教文化》,武汉:长江文艺出版社,1997 年版,第 435-436 页。
③ Isaiah Berlin, The Roots of Romanticism, London: Pimlico, 1999.
④ Harold Bloom ed., Romanticism and Consciousness, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., 1970.
⑤ David B. Brown, Romanticism, London: Phaidon, 2001.
⑥ Albert Boime, Art in an Age of Counterrevolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
⑦ Miller Budick, Fiction and Historical Consciousness: the American Romance Tradition, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
① Maurice William Cranston, The Romantic Movement, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.
② Aidan Day, Romanticism, London: Routledge, 1996.
③ Lilian R. Furst, Romanticism in Perspective, London: Macmillan, 1969.
④ Russell Goodman, American Philosophy and the Romantic Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
⑤ Michael Gilmore, The Middle Way: Puritanism and Ideology in American Romantic Fiction, New York: Rutgers University Press, 1977.
⑥ David Jasper, The Study of Literature and Religion, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1989.
⑦ Roland Bartel ed., Biblical Images in Literature, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1975.
⑧ John L. Mahoney, Seeing Into the Life of Things, New York: Fordham University Press, 1998.
⑨ Bernard Reardon, Religion in the Age of Romanticism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
⑩ Laura Dabundo ed., The Encyclopedia of Romanticism, London: Routledge, 1992. 11 Christopher John Murray ed., Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004. 12 David Jasper ed., The Interpretation of Belief, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1986. 13 Martin Marty, Religion and Republic, Boston: Beacon Press, 1987.
① David Morse, American Romanticism Vol.1, Totowa: Barnes & Noble Books, 1987.
② Edward Ericson ed., Emerson on Transcendentalism, New York: Ungar, 1986.
③ George Kateb, Emerson and Self-reliance, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2002.
④ David Robinson, Natural Life, New York: Cornell University Press, 2004.
⑤ Stanley Brodwin ed., The Old and New World Romanticism of Washington Irving, New York: Greenwood Press, 1986.
⑥ Warren Motley, The American Abraham, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
⑦ Frederick Newberry, Hawthorne's Divided Loyalties, Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1987.
⑧ Ed Folsom, Walt Whitman’s Native Representations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
⑨ David Kuebrich, Minor Prophecy: Walt Whitman’s New American Religion, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
⑩ Alan Shucard, American poetry: the Puritans through Walt Whitman, Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1988. 11 William Braswell, Melville's Religious Thought, New York: Octagon Books, 1959. 12 Gail Coffler, Melville's Allusions to Religion, Westport: Praeger, 2004.
① Howard Franklin, The Wake of the Gods: Melville's Mythology, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1963.
② Lawrance Thompson, Melville's Quarrel with God, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
③ Van Brooks, The Life of Emerson, New York: Literary Guild, 1932.
④ Gay Allen, The Solitary Singer, New York: Grove Press, 1955.
⑤ Henry James, Hawthorne, New York: Cornell University Press, 1997.
⑥ Connie Kirk, Emily Dickinson, Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004.
⑦ Laurie Robertson-Lorant, Melville, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998.
⑧ Sanborn, The life of Henry David Thoreau, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917.
⑨ Richard Sewall, The Life of Emily Dickinson, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.
⑩ Stanley Williams, The Life of Washington Irving, New York: Oxford University Press, 1935.
① 《美国文学研究通讯》,1991 年第 1 期。
② 《美国文学研究通讯》,1992 年第 2 期。
③ 顾晓辉:《上帝与诗人:试论美国女诗人艾米莉·狄金森的宗教观》,见《国外文学》,2001年第 1 期。
④ 韩德星:《谈<白鲸>人物形象的“圣经”原型》,见《外国文学研究》,2000 年第 2 期。
⑤ 韩启群:《“有形之象”征兆“无形之虚”:论爱默生的宗教观和象征》,见《四川外语学院学报》,2003 年第 3 期。
① 彭石玉:《霍桑小说与<圣经>原型》,见《外国文学》,2005 年第 4 期。
② 孙筱珍:《<白鲸>的宗教意义透视》,见《外国文学研究》,2003 年第 4 期。
③ 李铭:《论霍桑的加尔文主义倾向》[硕士学位论文],南京师范大学,2002 年。
④ 姜希颖:《从艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌看她的宗教信仰观》,[硕士学位论文],浙江大学,2003年。
① 本目部分内容参见王林:西方文化史研究的现状与趋势,《史学月刊》,2007 年第 6 期。
② Orlando Patterson, Freedom in the Making of Western Culture, New York: Basic Books, 1991.
③ Edward Cell, Religion and Contemporary Western Culture, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1967.
④ John D. Carter, Western Humanism: A Christian Prespective, Photon Publishing, 2005.
⑤ Margaret L. King, Western Civilization: A Social and Cultural History, Prentice Hall, 2005.
⑥ Samuel Mencher, Individualism in Modern Western Culture, Southwestern Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 28 Issue 3, Dec. 1947, p.257-263.
① Emory Elliott ed., Columbia Literary History of the United States, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
② Richard H. Popkin ed., The Columbia History of Western Philosophy, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
③ Richard Taruskin, The Oxford History of Western Music, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
④ Denis Lawton and Peter Gordon, A History of Western Educational Ideas, London: Woburn Press, 2002.
⑤ David Watkin, History of Western Architecture, Hali Publications, 2005.
⑥ Howard Mumford Jones, America and French Culture, 1750-1848, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1927.
⑦ Alistair Davies and Alan Sinfield, British Culture of the Postwar : an Introduction to Literature and Society, 1945-1999, New York: Routledge, 2000.
⑧ Shearer West ed., Italian Culture in Northern Europe in the Eighteenth Century, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
⑨ Luther S. Luedtke ed., Making America: the Society and Culture of the United States, Washington D.C.: United States Information Agency, 1987.
⑩ Patrick Brantlinger, Crusoe's Footprints, British and American Cultural Studies , New York: Routledge, 1990. 11 David A. Hollinger and Charles Capper, The American Intellectual Tradition, A Sourcebook, Volume I: 1620—1865,New York: Oxford University Press, 1989
① John Hartley and Robert E. Pearson, American Cultural Studies, A Reader, Oxford University Press, New York 2000
② Larry L. Naylor, American Culture--Myth and Reality of A Culture of Diversity, London: Bergin & Garvey, 1998.
③ Robert M. Crunden, A Brief History of American Culture, New York: Paragon House, 1994.
④ Lynne Tatlock and Matt Erlin ed., German Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Reception, Adaptation, Transformation, New York: Camden House, 2005.
⑤ Russell Kirk, America's British Culture, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
⑥ Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of world Order , New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
⑦ 哈拉尔德·米勒:《文明的共存:对塞缪尔·亨廷顿“文明冲突论”的批判》,郦红,那滨译,北京:新华出版社,2002 年版。
① 徐新:《西方文化史:从文明初始至启蒙运动》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002 年版。徐新:《西方文化史续编:从美国革命至 20 世纪》,北京:北京大学出版社,2003 年版。叶胜年:《西方文化史鉴》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002 年版。沈福煦:《现代西方文化史概论》,上海:同济大学出版社,1997 年版。高福进:《西方文化史论》,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2001 年版。赵林:《西方文化概论》,北京:高等教育出版社,2004 年版。沈之兴,张幼香:《西方文化史》,广州:中山大学出版社,1999 年版。雷海宗:《西洋文化史纲要》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2001 年版。庄锡昌:《西方文化史》,北京:高等教育出版社,1999 年版。王小侠:《西方文化史论》,沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,2005 年版。
② 庄锡昌:《世界文化史通论》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1989 年版。 张广智:《世界文化史》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1999 年版。 董小川:《世界文化史》,北京:高等教育出版社,2002年版。 陈佛松:《世界文化史》,武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002 年版。解光云:《世界文化史》,合肥:安徽大学出版社,1999 年版。 裔昭印:《世界文化史》,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2002 年版。 杨超,紫都:《世界文化史》,呼和浩特:远方出版社,2005 年版。王加丰:《世界文化简史》,上海:上海文艺出版社,2002 年版。 王一江:《世界文化史》,哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社,2004 年版。顾云深:《世界文化史》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1999年版。俞久洪:《外国文化史》,天津:天津社会科学院出版社,1997 年版。
③ 启良:《西方文化概论》,广州:花城出版社,1999 年版。
④ 董小川:《美国文化概论》,北京:人民出版社,2006 年版。
⑤ 杜美:《德国文化史》,台北:扬智文化事业公司,1993 年版。
⑥ 罗芃:《法国文化史》,北京:北京大学出版社,1997 年版。
⑦ 廉美瑾:《西班牙文化概况》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1991 年版。
⑧ 刘增泉:《希腊文化史》,台北:五南图书出版股份有限公司,2005 年版。
① 朱维之:《希伯来文化》,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2004 年版。
② 范梦:《西方美术史》,太原:山西教育出版社,1993 年版。
③ 黄忠晶:《西方社会思想史》,北京:群众出版社,2004 年版。
④ 邵牧君:《世界电影全纪录》,海口:南方出版社,2001 年版。
⑤ 常耀信:《美国文学史》,天津:南开大学出版社,1998 年版。
① Holy Bible, New Revised Standard Version, National TSPM & CCC, 2000, Ecclesiastes 12:8.
① William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, Plain Label Books, p.47.
① Dr. David R. Loy, The Spiritual Roots of Modernity: Buddhist Reflections on the Idolatry of the Nation-State, Corporate Capitalism and Mechanistic Science, see http://fo.wuys.com/news/Article_S how.asp?ArticleID=8727
② Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, New York: Penguin Group, 1990, p.13.
① 赵林:《西方宗教文化》,武汉:长江文艺出版社,1997 年版,第 334 页。
② 马焯荣:《中西宗教与文学》,长沙:岳麓书社,1991 年版,第 415 页。
① Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization, Eleventh Impression, New York: Verso, 2003, p.67.
② 霍尔巴赫:《自然的体系》,(上卷),管士滨译,北京:商务印书馆,1964 年版,第 16 页。
③ 霍尔巴赫:《袖珍神学或简明基督教辞典》,单志澄等译,北京:商务印书馆,1972 年版,第 76 页。
④ 北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室编译:《十八世纪法国哲学》,北京:商务印书馆,1963年版,第 556-557 页。
⑤ 梅叶:《遗书》,第 1 卷,陈太先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1959 年版,第 17-18 页。
① 梅叶:《遗书》,第 1 卷,第 8,85 页。
② Holy Bible, Luke 14:26.
③ ibid. John 8:51.
④ ibid. John 6:51-56.
⑤ ibid. John 37-38.
⑥ 梅叶:《遗书》,第 2 卷,陈太先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1959 年版,第 21 页。
① 汤泽林:《世界近代中期宗教史》,北京:中国国际广播出版社,1996 年版,第 41-42 页。
① Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1057.
② Franklin C. Palm, Calvinism and the Religious Wars, New York: Howard Fertig Press, 1971, p.90.
③ Allen French, Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval, A Study of the Causes of the Great Migration, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1955, p.15. 转引自董小川:《儒家文化与美国基督新教文化》,北京:商务印书馆,2002 年版,第 38 页。
① 在去往北美洲新英格兰殖民地的 41 名英国清教徒在上岸之前,于 1620 年 11 月 11 日在“五月花”号船上签订了《五月花号公约》,这是一项政治声明表明他们同意创建并服从一个新政府。《五月花号公约》的第一句话便是:“以上帝的名义”。参见 Isaac Cornelison, The Relation of Religion to Civil Government in the United States of American: A State Without a Church, but not Without a Religion, New York: Da Capo Press, 1970, p.24.
① 汤泽林:《世界近代中期宗教史》,第 43-45 页。
① 汤泽林:《世界近代中期宗教史》,第 49-51 页。
① Allen French, Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval, A Study of the Causes of the Great Migration, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1955, p.236. 转引自董小川:《儒家文化与美国基督新教文化》,北京:商务印书馆,2002 年版,第 38 页。
② Perry Miller, The New England Mind: the seventeenth century, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1939, p.108.
③ Perry Miller, The New England Mind from Colony to Province, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953, p.5-8.
① Alden T. Vaughan ed., The Puritan Tradition in America, 1620-1730, Revised Edition, University Press of New England, 1997, p.40.
② Robert M. Crunden, A Brief History of American Culture, New York: Paragon House, 1994, p.3.
③ Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1057.
① 海涅:论浪漫派,《海涅选集》,张玉书编选,北京:人民文学出版社,1983 年版,第 11,36,32,73 页。
② 海涅:论德国画家,见上书第 385 页。
① 卓新平:基督宗教与欧洲浪漫主义(下),《国外社会科学》,2003 年第 6 期,第 9 页。
② 詹姆斯·C·利文斯顿:《现代基督教思想:从启蒙运动到第二届梵蒂冈公会议》,(上卷),何光沪译,成都:四川人民出版社,1992 年版,第 162-163 页。
③ 夏多布里昂:基督教真谛,中国社会科学院外国文学研究所外国文学研究资料丛刊编,《欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义(二)》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981 年版,第 67-68页。
④ 伍蠡甫,胡经之:《西方文艺理论名著选编》(中卷),北京大学出版社,2001 年版,第 40-41页。
① 雨果:论司各特,《雨果论文学》,柳鸣九译,上海译文出版社,1980 年版,第 28 页。
② 勃兰兑斯:《十九世纪文学主流:法国的反动》,张道真译,北京:人民文学出版社,1986年版,第 65 页。
① 罗钢:《浪漫主义文艺思想研究》,西安:陕西人民出版社,1986 年版,第 2 页。
① Thomas Moore, ESQ., The Works of Lord Byron: With His Letters and Journals and His Life, Vol. XIV. In Seventeen Volumes, London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1847, pp.17-103.
① Percy Bysshe Shelley, “A Defense of Poetry,” in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, the 6th edition, Vol. 2, M.H. Abrams, ed., New York: Norton, 1993, p.245.
② 艾弗·埃文斯:《英国文学简史》,蔡文显译,北京:人民文学出版社,1984 年版,第 43页。
① 刘小枫:《诗化哲学》,济南:山东文艺出版社,1986 年版,第 33 页。
② David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Dover Publications, 2004, p.1.
① 约·阿·克雷维列夫:《宗教史》,(上卷),乐峰等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1984年版,第 6 页。
② John McManners, The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, p.354.
① Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence, New York: Scholastic Inc., 2002, p.146.
② Alfons J. Beitzinger, A History of American Political Thought, New York: Dodd, Mead, 1972, p.248.
③ Oliver P. Chitwood, Rembert W. Patrick, Robert E. Corlew, The American People, a History, New York: Van Nostrand, 1962, p.223.
④ Merill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation, London: Oxford University Press, 1970, p.384.
⑤ Henry J. Carman, A History of American People, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960, p.312.
⑥ 刘绪贻,杨生茂主编:《美国通史》,第 2 卷,北京:人民出版社,2002 年版,第 82 页。
① 刘绪贻,杨生茂主编:《美国通史》,第 2 卷,北京:人民出版社,2002 年版,第 86 页。
② James D. Richardson, Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol.1, New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897, p.322-323. see ibid., p.92.
③ Benjamin Fletcher Wright ed., A Source Book of American Political Theory, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929, p.382.
① H. Mark Roelofs, The Poverty of American Politics: A Theoretical Interpretation, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992, p.1.
② Robert Brett Westbrook, John Dewey and American Democracy, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991, p.165; Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998, p.XVII-XIX.
③ Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998, p.XVIII.
④ Holy Bible, 2 Corinthians 3:17.
⑤ Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1998, p.12.
⑥ ibid, p.47-48.
① Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom, p.77-78.
① 常耀信:《美国文学史》,(上),天津:南开大学出版社,1998 年版,第 117-118 页。
② 欧文:《欧文见闻录》,樊培根等译,长沙:湖南人民出版社,1986 年版,第 9 页。
③ 罗伯特·斯皮勒:《美国文学的周期》,王长荣译,上海外语教育出版社,1990 年版,第22 页。
④ 常耀信:《美国文学史》,第 164 页。
① Ian Marshall, Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail, The University Press of Virginia, 1998, p.111.
② Harold Karl Bush, American Declarations: Rebellion and Repentance in American Cultural History, Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois,1999, p.111.
① Roland N. Stromberg, European Intellectual History Since 1789, New Jersey: Printice Hall. Inc., 1981, p.50.
② Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia, New York: Harcourt Brace, 1936, p.236.
① Edward Shils, The Constitution of Society, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1982, p.198.
② Ralph Ketcham, Individualism and Public Life:A Modern Dilemma, Blackwell Publishers, 1987, pp.60-61.
③ 罗伯特·N·贝拉,理查德·马德逊等:《心灵的习性:美国人生活中的个人主义和公共责任》,王宝泉等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1991 年版,第 214 页。
① Lauriat Lane Jr., Introduction, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Other Stories, New York: Airmont Publishing Company, 1964, p.2-4.
① 瓦·惠特曼:《惠特曼散文选》,张禹九译,长沙:湖南人民出版社,1986 年版,第 153 页。
② 霍桑:《美国日记选》,第 1 卷,波士顿 1879 年版,第 1 卷,第 218 页,转引自常耀信:《美国文学史》,(上),第 32-33 页。
③ J. Gerald Kennedy, Liliane Weissberg, Romancing the Shadow: Poe and Race, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, p.69.
① Peter J. Kitson, Tim Fulford, Romanticism and Colonialism: Writing and Empire, 1780-1830, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.258.
① Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1064.
② Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p.340.
③ Poul Houe, Sven Hakon Possel, Images of America in Scandinavia, Altanta: Editions Rodoi B.V., 1998, p.27.
④ Benjamin Franklin, Autobiography and Other Writings, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p.xiii.
① Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1065.
① Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, p.87-88.
② Emory Elliott ed., Columbia Literary History of the United States, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p.55-56.
① 常耀信:《美国文学史》,(上),第 20-21 页。
② Emory Elliott ed., Columbia Literary History of the United States, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988, p.24.
③ James David Hart ed., The Oxford Companion to American Literature, New York: Oxford University Press, 1983, p.409.
① Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p.1.
① Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.: The Disuniting of America, Tennessee: Whittle Direct Books, 1995, p.14.
② Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981, pp.23-25,27.
③ Norbert Finzsch and Dietmar Schirmer , Identity and Intolerance:Nationalism, Racism, and Xenophobia in Germany and the United states, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.12.
① Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot Drama in Four Acts, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914, pp.184-185.
② 转引自刘澎:《当代美国宗教》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001 年版,第 70 页。
③ 杰里尔·A·罗塞蒂:《美国对外政策的政治学》,周启朋等译,北京:世界知识出版社,1996 年版,第 374 页。
① Robert M. Crunden, A Brief History of American Culture, New York: Paragon House, 1994, p.4.
② 齐小新:《美国文化研究导论》,北京大学出版社,2001 年版,第 59-60 页。
③ Jessica Munns and Gita Rajan, A Cultural Studies Reader, History, Theory, Practice, Longman Publishing Group, 1995, pp.59-75.
① Samuel Eliot Morison, The Growth of the American Republic, Volume One, New York: Oxford University Press, 1969, p.445.
① Ian Marshall, Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail, The University Press of Virginia, 1998, p.111.
② Ralph B. Perry, Puritanism and Democracy, New York: Random House Trade, 1944, p.34.
① Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p.463.
① 毛峰:《神秘主义诗学》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1998 年版,第 232 页。
② 同上,第 233 页。
① Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown and Other Short Stories, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1992, p.30.
② Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1216.
① Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown and Other Short Stories, New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1992, p.30.
① Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2005, p.167.
② Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1216.
③ 张冲:《新编美国文学史》,第 1 卷,上海外语教育出版社,2000 年版,第 247-248 页。
① 斯托曼:《情绪心理学》,张燕云译,沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1986 年版,第 349 页。
① 潘翠菁:《西方文论辨析》,广州:中山大学出版社,1984 年版,第 375 页。
② 韦勒克,沃伦:《文学理论》,刘象愚等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1984 年版,第 246 页。
③ Holy Bible, 1 Kings 21:25-26
① Holy Bible, Genesis 21:9-19.
② ibid. Genesis 16:11.
③ Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, p.1217.
① Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, p.1217.
② James Reeves ed., Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson, Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1959, p.xvi.
③ Judith Farr, The Gardens of Emily Dickinson, Harvard University Press, 2005, p.180.
④ Wendy Martin ed., The Cambridge Companion to Emily Dickinson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, p.132.
① Paul Negri ed., Great Short Poems, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 2000, p.27.
② Stanley Appelbaum ed., Emily Dickinson, Selected Poems, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990, p.20.
③ David Jasper, Robert Detweiler ed., Religion and Literature: A Reader, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2000, p.133.
④ Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1218.
① Richard R. O’Keefe, Mythic Archetypes in Ralph Waldo Emerson: A Blakean Reading, Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 1995, p.99.
② Joel Myerson ed., The Cambridge Companion to Henry David Thoreau, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.154.
③ Kenneth M. Price, Walt Whitman: The Contemporary Reviews, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.214.
④ Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1217.
① 恩斯特·卡西尔:《国家的神话》,范进等译,北京:华夏出版社,1998 年版,第 220 页。
② Jack D. Douglas, The Myth of the Welfare State, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1991, p.226.
① Richard Morris, Encyclopedia of American History, New York: Harper & Row, 1982, p.633.
② John A. Garraty, A Short History of the American Nation, New York: Harper & Row, Pub., 1985, p.108.
③ Henry E. Graff, ed., The Presidents, A Reference History, New York, 1984, p.55.
④ James D. Richardson, Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, New York: Bureau of National Literature, 1897, p.379.
① Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History, New York: Vintag Books, 1963, p.29.
② Bromhead Peter, Life in Modern America, London: Longman, 1990, p.153.
① Robert Wuthnow, James A. Beckford ed., The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc.,1998.
② 恩斯特·卡西尔:《国家的神话》,第 223 页。
③ 谢林:《先验唯心论体系》,梁志学,石泉译,北京:商务印书馆,1977 年版,第 8-9 页。
④ 恩斯特·卡西尔:《国家的神话》,第 223 页。
① Catherine L. Albanese, Transcendentalism, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1117.
② ibid.
③ Arthur Versluis, American Transcendentalism and Asian Religions, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p.4.
④ Catherine L. Albanese, Transcendentalism, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1118.
⑤ Iain S. Maclean, John G. West, Jeffrey D. Schultz, Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics, Phoenix: The Oryx Press, 1999, p.247.
⑥ Catherine L. Albanese, Transcendentalism, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1118.
① Harold Karl Bush, American Declarations: Rebellion and Repentance in American Cultural History, Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois,1999, p.111.
① Ian Marshall, Story Line: Exploring the Literature of the Appalachian Trail, The University Press of Virginia, 1998, p.111.
② Harold Karl Bush, American Declarations: Rebellion and Repentance in American Cultural History, Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois,1999, p.111.
③ Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Lectures, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 1983, p.20.
④ ibid.
⑤ Richard Francis, Transcendental Utopias, Individual and Community at Brook Farm, Fruitlands, and Walden, Cornell University Press, 1997, p.11.
① Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays, Lectures, and orations, London: William S. Orr and Co.,1848, p.30.
② ibid.
③ ibid., p.23.
④ Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Lectures, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 1983, p.53-54.
① 帕克:《先验论》,见 W.C.米尔德和 L.西尔斯编:《美国哲学的发展》,1940 年版,第 136页,转引自涂纪亮:《美国哲学史》,石家庄:河北教育出版社,2000 年版,第 317 页。
② 帕克:《补充的演说、讲演以及即席作出的布道》,1867 年版,第 2 卷,第 320 页,转引自涂纪亮:《美国哲学史》,第 321 页。
③ 同上,第 317 页。
① Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience, and other Essays, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1993, p.1.
② David M. Robinson, Natural Life: Thoreau’s Worldly Transcendentalism, Cornell University, 2004, p.11.
③ Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p.76.
① 叔本华:《作为意志和表象的世界》,石冲白译,北京:商务印书馆,1982 年版,第 361 页。
② 杨周怀:《基督教音乐》,北京:宗教文化出版社,2001 年版,第 19 页。
③ 蔡良玉:《美国专业音乐发展简史》,北京:人民音乐出版社,1992 年版,第 2-4 页。
④ 比林斯:《新英格兰赞美诗歌手》,1770 年版。转引自上书第 19 页。
① Paul Westermeyer, Religious Music and Hymnody, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1295.
① Northrop Frye, The Drunken Boat: The Revolutionary Element in Romanticism, Robert Francis Gleckner, Romanticism: Points of View, Michigan: Prentice-Hall, 1974, p.299.
② Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays: First Series, Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1850, p.317.
③ John W. Cook, Material Culture and the Visual Arts, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1363.
① Phillips Brandley ed., Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 2 vols. New York: Vintage Books, 1945. see Jeffrey D. Schultz, John G. West, Jr., and Iain Maclean ed., Religion in American Politics, Phoenix: The Oryx Press, 1999, p.246.
① 詹姆斯·C·利文斯顿:《现代基督教思想:从启蒙运动到第二届梵蒂冈公会议》,(上卷),何光沪译,成都:四川人民出版社,1992 年版,第 159 页。
② 伯特兰·罗素:《西方的智慧:西方哲学在它的社会和政治背景中的历史考察》,马家驹,贺霖译,北京:世界知识出版社,1992 年版,第 307 页。
① Bjarne Sode Funch, The Psychology of Art Appreciation, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, p.196.
② ibid.
③ 沃尔斯托夫:《艺术与宗教》译本序,沈建平等译,北京:工人出版社,1988 年版。
① 《马克思恩格斯全集》,第 1 卷,北京:人民出版社,1973 年版,第 651 页。
② Allen Pridgen, Walker Percy’s Scaramental Landscapes: the Search in the Desert, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 2000, p.32.
① Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1208.
①《马克思恩格斯选集》,第 2 卷,北京:人民出版社,1972 年版,第 113 页。
② Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, New York: New American Library, 2000, p.232.
① Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and Lectures, New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 1983, p.71.
① Lynn Ross-Bryant, Religion and Literature, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1208.
① Walt Whitman, The Complete Poems, London: Penguin Group, 1996, p.87.
② 何其敏:《论宗教与政治的互动关系》,见《世界宗教研究》,2001 年第 4 期,第 8 页。
③ Daniel Walker Howe, The Impact of Puritanism on American Culture, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1058.
① 宗教研究中心编:《世界宗教总览》,北京:东方出版社,1993 年版,第 484 页。
② Anson Phelps Strokes and Lee Pfeffer, Church and State in the United States, New York: Harper & Row, publisher, 1964, p.81.
③ Chidester, D., Patterns of Power: Religion and Politics in American Culture, New Jersey, 1988, p.166.
④ Clifton E. Olmstead, Religion in America: Past and Present, Englewood Clitts, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961, p.22.
⑤ Keith W. Kavenagh ed., Foundations of Colonial America: a documentary history, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1973, Vol.1, p.421.
⑥ Peter L. Berger, The Capitalist Spirit: Toward a Religious Ethic of Wealth Creation, San Francisco: ICS Press, 1990, p.84.
① Richard V. Pierard and Robert D. Linder, Civil Religion and the Presidency, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing Company, 1988, p.24.
② 《马克思恩格斯全集》,第 26 卷第 1 册,北京:人民出版社,1972 年版,第 26 页。
① Jane Ellen Harrison, Ancient Art and Ritual, London: Williams and Norgate, 1927, p.41.
② ibid.
① John W. Cook, Material Culture and the Visual Arts, Charles H. Lippy and Peter W. Williams ed., Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience, Vol.II, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, p.1359.
② ibid., p.1362.
③ ibid., p.1364.
① Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays: First Series, Boston: James Munroe and Company, 1850, p.319.
② ibid., p.323.
① http://www.confucius2000.com/admin/list.asp?id=1606 2005-11-16
② 新华社华盛顿 1992 年 9 月 10 日英文电。
① 启良:《东方文明畅想录》,广州:花城出版社,2001 年版,第 7 页。
① 兹比格纽·布热津斯基:《大棋局:美国的首要地位及其地线战略》,中国国际问题研究所译,上海人民出版社,1998 年版,第 9 页。
② 萨缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,周琪等译,北京:新华出版社,2002年版,第 74 页。
③ 孙晋忠,晁永国:全球化时代的西方文化霸权,《光明日报》,2001 年 12 月 18 日。
① 孙晋忠,晁永国:全球化时代的西方文化霸权,《光明日报》,2001 年 12 月 18 日。
② 启良:《西方文化概论》,广州:花城出版社,1999 年版,第 4 页。
①《马克思恩格斯选集》,第 3 卷,北京:人民出版社,1972 年版,第 354 页。
② 刘建军:《基督教文化与西方文学传统》,北京大学出版社,2005 年版,第 332 页。
① 董小川:《20 世纪美国宗教与政治》,北京:人民出版社,2002 年版,第 3-5 页。
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