水稻品种籽粒中铁生物有效性差异及机制
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摘要
铁是人体必需的微量矿物元素之一，主要参与氧的运输和能量代谢。铁缺乏是个世界性营养失调问题，占世界总人口的1／3人群面临着铁缺乏的威胁。稻米是主要粮食作物，为世界上一半人口提供能量和营养的需要，提高稻米铁含量及铁生物有效性可有效改善人体铁营养状况。本研究利用体外消化／Caco-2细胞模型研究了稻米籽粒铁生物有效性差异，以及叶面铁肥、土壤类型、种植地点和年份对稻米铁生物有效性的影响。结果如下：
Caco-2细胞接种于Transwell细胞转运培养槽的聚碳酯微孔滤膜上，在37℃和5％二氧化碳浓度培养条件下，培养21d，细胞跨膜电阻值稳定在590 Ohms·cm~2；甘露醇透过率低于0.07％·h~(-1)·cm~(-2)；肠腔侧(AP)碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于基底侧(BL)。表明，在本实验室条件下，Caco-2细胞模型能够形成与小肠上皮细胞相似的形态学结构，细胞间已形成紧密连接，并产生极化状态，可作为肠道吸收的体外模型。
在不同铁浓度和pH下，研究Caco-2细胞吸收转运模型(模型Ⅰ)和细胞吸收转化模型(模型Ⅱ)对铁的吸收性能。结果表明，两种模型铁吸收均与pH呈负相关，铁吸收随铁浓度增加而增加；当铁浓度25μmol／L以上时，模型Ⅱ铁吸收增加趋势显著低于模型Ⅰ。表明，在高铁浓度时，模型Ⅱ有一定局限性。因此，本研究以下试验均采用模型Ⅰ。
对Caco-2细胞铁吸收影响因素表明，草酸盐对二价铁抑制作用大于三价铁，随草酸盐／铁摩尔比，对二价铁抑制逐渐增加，5：1时有最大抑制；仅摩尔比为3：1以上时，草酸盐对三价铁有抑制作用。随硅酸盐／铁摩尔比增加，二价铁生物有效性逐渐降低，摩尔比为3：1时，铁生物有效性最低；硅酸盐对三价铁无影响。植酸对二价铁抑制作用大于三价铁。随着钙和锌水平增加，二价铁生物有效性出现不同程度的降低，最大的抑制分别出现在钙／铁摩尔比为1：1时和锌／铁摩尔比为3：1时。半胱氨酸、胱氨酸和抗坏血酸对细胞铁吸收有促进作用，且随浓度增加而增加。不同铁化合物生物有效性比较表明，柠檬酸亚铁和血红素铁铁生物有效性最高，元素铁粉最低，但减小其粒径可显著提高铁生物有效性，与其他铁化合物相比，元素铁粉受食物因子影响最小。
铁对Caco-2细胞毒性研究表明，当铁浓度大于1.5mM时，二价铁对细胞的毒性大于三价铁，细胞的生存能力明显降低。LDH释放量测定表明，二价铁的氧化破坏使细胞膜的稳定性降低。Caco-2细胞SOD和GPx活性均随着铁处理水平增加而增加，且二价铁处理组两种酶活性增加幅度高于三价铁组，提示在高铁水平下，二价铁和三价铁均能诱导细胞抗氧化酶基因表达的作用。
利用比色法和ICP-MS技术对“长三角”972个水稻基因型糙米铁含量分析表明，比色法测定铁含量最低值为15.74mg／kg，最高为54.68mg／kg，平均值35.01mg／kg；ICP-MS法测得最低值为5.25mg／kg，最高20.55mg／kg，平均值13.49mg／kg。两种方法显著相关，相关系数达0.7699。最终筛选出的13个水稻基因型，精米铁含量具有较大差异，其中铁含量最低为3.7mg／kg，最高达9.9mg／kg。利用Caco-2细胞模型进行铁生物有效性分析表明，基因型Gpei55、guangN66、HB075、TN7189显著高于其他基因型，而铁含量较高的JiaXingZD、HESQ57和GuangD50基因型，其铁生物有效性并不高，相反，铁含量最低的guangN66基因型却表现出最高的铁生物有效性。水稻精米籽粒铁生物有效性与半胱氨酸(P＜0.01)、硫(P＜0.01)含量呈极显著正相关；与磷(P＜0.05)含量呈显著负相关。添加抗坏血酸能够显著提高稻米铁生物有效性。
土壤类型对糙米营养品质影响表明，种植在小粉土和青紫泥的水稻铁富集量高于黄红壤(P＞0.05；P＞0.05)；钙、铜、锌、蛋白质及直链淀粉含量受土壤类型影响不大；植酸(P＜0.05)和总磷(P＞0.05)含量黄红壤低于其他土壤；硫(P＜0.05)含量小粉土显著低于其他土壤，黄红壤最高；半胱氨酸水平黄红壤高于小粉土(P＜0.05)和青紫泥(P＜0.05)；其他16种氨基酸含量青紫泥均显著高于小粉土(P＜0.05)和黄红壤(P＜0.05)。铁生物有效性结果表明，糙米可透析铁量和细胞铁蛋白形成量黄红壤显著高于小粉土(P＜0.05)和青紫泥(P＜0.05)，小粉土和青紫泥间变化不大；细胞转运铁量黄红壤显著的低于小粉土(P＜0.05)和青紫泥(P＜0.05)，青紫泥细胞转运铁量最高。基因型间比较表明，IR64可透析铁量(P＜0.05)和细胞铁蛋白形成量(P＜0.05)最低，基因型TN7189和IR68144最高；细胞转运铁量IR64和TN7189低于其他两品种(P＜0.05，P＜0.05)，以基因型IR68144细胞转运铁量最高。铁蛋白形成量与可透析铁(P＜0.05)呈显著正相关；与植酸(P＜0.05)和总磷含量(P＜0.05)呈显著负相关；与总铁含量没有相关(P＞0.05)。
4个来自国际水稻所(IRRI)的水稻基因型在我国杭州、东辉和海宁种植2年表明，精米铁和钙含量明显受基因型(P＜0.01；P＜0.01)和基因型—环境效应(P＜0.01；P＜0.01)的影响；铜和锰受基因型(P＜0.05；P＜0.01)和环境(P＜0.05；P＜0.01)影响较大；锌主要受基因型影响。水稻籽粒蛋白质含量杭州高于东辉和海宁；直链淀粉含量受种植地点影响不大；植酸和磷含量均是东辉最高，而硫含量最低。水稻籽粒17种氨基酸水平均表现为杭州高于东辉和海宁。稻米铁生物有效性分析表明，基因型IR68144最高，IR72最低。铁生物有效性与植酸(P＜0.05)和磷(P＜0.01)含量呈显著负相关，与半胱氨酸(P＜0.01)和硫(P＜0.01)呈极显著正相关，与铁含量无明显相关性。第二年水稻籽粒铁生物有效性显著高于第一年(P＜0.05)。基因型和基因型-环境互作效应对铁生物有效性具有显著影响(P＜0.01；P＜0.01)。
叶面铁肥对水稻基因型籽粒中营养品质及铁生物有效性的影响表明，叶面铁肥均不同程度的提高了两个水稻基因型精米中铁含量。叶面铁肥FeSO_4(P＜0.05)和EDTAFeNa(P＜0.05)显著提高了基因型HB075籽粒中半胱氨酸水平，而对基因型TN7189籽粒中半胱氨酸水平影响不显著。几种铁肥均显著降低了基因型HB075籽粒中植酸含量(P＜0.05)，除HEDTAFe(P＞0.05)外，其他铁肥均显著降低了基因型TN7189籽粒中植酸含量(P＜0.05)；几种铁肥也不同程度的降低了两种水稻基因型籽粒中磷的水平；铁肥显著提高了基因型HB075籽粒中硫的含量(P＜0.05)，但对基因型TN7189的影响不大(P＞0.05)；铁肥DTPAFe(P＜0.05)显著提高了基因型HB075籽粒中钙含量。HEDTAFe则显著提高了基因型TN7189籽粒中钙含量；铁肥处理不同程度的提高了基因型HB075籽粒中铜和锌含量，尤其以DTPAFe对铜和锌的提高效果最好(P＜0.05；P＜0.05)。而，HEDTAFe铁肥显著提高了基因型TN7189籽粒铜含量(P＜0.05)，EDTAFeNa则显著降低了其籽粒中锌含量(P＜0.05)。其他铁肥对基因型TN7189籽粒中铜和锌有一定促进作用，但均未达显著水平(P＞0.05)。水稻籽粒铁生物有效性存在显著的基因型差异，基因型HB075铁生物有效性显著高于TN7189(P＜0.05)。叶面铁肥对两品种铁生物有效性影响表明，喷施本实验中几种铁不能显著提高两种水稻籽粒铁可透析量；但铁肥处理却不同程度的提高了基因型HB075细胞铁蛋白形成量，而对基因型TN7189影响不大；叶面铁肥FeSO_4(P＜0.05)和DTPAFe(P＜0.05)显著提高了基因型HB075籽粒细胞转运铁量，FeSO_4(P＞0.05)、EDTAFe(P＜0.05)和HEDTAFe(P＞0.05)则提高了基因型TN7189籽粒细胞转运铁量。以上结果表明，水稻籽粒铁生物有效性主要受基因型控制，喷施不同种类的铁肥对其有一定促进作用，且与水稻基因型存在密切关系。
Iron is an important essential micronutrient that is involved in oxygen transport andenergy metabolism. Iron deficiency is a wide-spread major micronutrient malnutritionproblem for humans, affecting one-third of the world's population. Rice is the dominant staplefood in the world which provides calories consumed and energy intake of almost half theworld's population. Therefore, slightly increase of iron content and iron bioavailability in ricegrains can greatly improve human health. In this study, iron bioavailability of different ricegenotypes were studied, and effects of foliar irons, soils, field locations, and years on ironbioavailability in rice grains were valued by a vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. The mainresults are summarized as followings:
The Caco-2 cells were seeded onto the polycarbonate microporal membranes in Transwellbichambers and cultured on 37℃and in an atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide. After 21 daysof culture, the transepithelial electrical resistance was about 590 Ohms·cm~2, the transportrate of mannitol across Caco-2 cell monolayers was less than 0.07%·h~(-1)·cm~(-2), and the activityof alkaline phosphatase in apical (AP) side was greatly higher than that in basolateral (BL)side. These results indicated that the Caco-2 cells cultured in our laboratory had similarity tointestinal epithelial cells in morphology, produced polarity, formed well tight junctionsbetween cells, and could be used as an in vitro model to investigate absorption mechanisms ofsubstances.
Iron uptake of Caco-2 cells treated with different pH or iron levels were compared fromabsorption-transport model (modelⅠ) vs absorption- translation model (modelⅡ). The resultsindicated that iron uptake of Caco-2 cells was decreased with increasing of pH from 5.5 to 7.5,but it was increased with added iron levels in the all both model. Moreover, the decrease trendwas more obvious for modelⅠthan for modelⅡat exceed 25μmol/L of iron levels. The resultsindicated that preferable capability of iron uptake from modelⅠthan modelⅡat higher ironlevels.
The effects of inhibitors and/or exciters on iron uptake of ferrous and ferric in Caco-2cell monolayers were investigated. The results were as follows. Uptake of ferrous wassignificantly reduced than it of ferric with increased of oxalate levels. Moreover, maximalinhibition of iron uptake of ferrous by oxalate occurred at a 1: 5 ratio of Fe to oxalate. Onlyinhibition of ferric by oxalate occurred at a 1: 3 ratio of Fe to oxalate. Uptake of ferrouswas decreased with increased of silicate levels, and maximal inhibition of iron uptake bysilicate occurred at a 1: 3 ratio of Fe to silicate. But silicate did not affect the uptake of ferric.More inhibition of iron uptake by phytic acid were from ferrous than from ferric. Uptake offerrous was inhibited in different degree with Ca2+ or Zn2+ levels, Ca2+/Fe2+ and Zn2+/Fe2+ molar ratio at 1: 1 and 3: 1 was appeared maximal inhibition of ferrous,respectively. Iron uptake was enhanced by Cys, Cys-cys, and Vc as their concentrationincreased, respectively. Comparison of iron bioavailability from different iron compoundswere showed that maximal ferritin amount of Caco-2 cell was from treated with citrate ferrousor heine, respectively. Iron bioavailability of reduced iron powder is increased withdecreasing of power granularity and is much lower than other iron compounds when the sizeis above 43μm. In general, water soluble iron compounds have an acceptable bioavailabilitybut cause unacceptable organoleptic changes during the storage or preparation of grains. Incontrast, the reduced iron powder does not cause organoleptic changes during storage or foodpreparation of cereal flours.
Fe (Ⅱ) at a concentration＞1.5 mM was found to be more effective in reducing cellularviability than Fe (Ⅲ). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release investigation suggested that Fe(Ⅱ) can reduce the stability of cell membrane. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of the cells treated with Fe (Ⅱ) were higher thanthose of Fe (Ⅲ), although both of them increased with raising iron supply levels. The resultsindicate that both Fe (Ⅱ) and Fe (Ⅲ) could reduce the cellular antioxidase gene expression athigh levels.
Iron concentration of unpolished rice from nine hundred seventy two rice genotypes inYangtze River Delta Region (YRDR) were determined by Fast Screening methods andICP-MS methods. The results indicated that the lowest and highest of iron content was 15.74mg/kg and 54.68 mg/kg using Fast Screening methods, respectively. Means of Fast Screeningmethods was 35.01 mg/kg. The lowest and highest of iron content was 5.25 mg/kg and 20.55mg/kg using ICP-MS methods, respectively. Means of ICP-MS methods was 13.49 mg/kg.The Fast Screening methods were significantly correlation with ICP-MS methods as 0.7699of correlative coefficient. Iron content and iron bioavailability of polished rice of thirteen ricegenotypes selected from nine hundred seventy two rice genotypes in YRDR. Ironbioavailabilities from all rice genotypes were ranked as a percent relative to a control variety(IR68144) from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Iron concentration in the ricesamples ranged from 3.7 mg/kg to 9.9 mg/kg. No correlation was observed between ironbioavailability and grain iron concentration. Iron bioavailabitity of polished rice from Gpei55,guangN66, HB075, and TN7189 genotypes were significantly higher than other ricegenotypes. Genotypes with high iron concentration (JiaXingZD, HESQ57, and GuangD50)have relatively low iron bioavailablity. In contrast, genotype of guangN66 with lowest ironconcentration has much high iron bioavailability. Cysteine and S levels showed positively andsignificantly correlation with iron bioavailability in polished rice. In contrast, P levels of polished rice showed negatively and significantly correlation with iron bioavailability. Theadded ascorbic acid significantly promoted iron bioavailability relative to experimentswithout added ascorbic acid.
Iron concentration of unpolished rice from grown in Silt Loam Soil (SLS)(P＞0.05) andPurplish Clayey Soil (PCS)(P＞0.05) were reversely higher than grown in Yellowish red Soil(YRS). Different soil had no effect on Calcium, Copper, Zinc, protein and Amylose (P＞0.05).Phytic acid (P＜0.05) and P(P＞0.05) concentration of unpolished rice from YRC werelower than from SLS and PCS, respectively. S concentration of unpolished rice from SLS wassignificantly lower than PCS (P＜0.05) and YRS (P＜0.05). moreover, maximal Sconcentration of unpolished rice from YRS. Cysteine content of unpolished rice was showedthat rice grown in YRS was significantly higher than it grown in SLS (P＜0.05) or PCS (P＜0.05). Dialyzable iron amount and ferritin formation of unpolished rice from YRS weresignificantly higher than from SLS (P＜0.05) or PCS (P＜0.05), and no significant differencebetween SLS and PCS. Transport iron of Caco-2 cells treated with unpolished rice from YRSwas significantly lower than SLS (P＜0.05) and PCS (P＜0.05), respectively. Comparison ofiron bioavailability among different rice genotypes were indicated that genotype of IR64 hadthe lowest dialyzable iron and ferritin formation amount than other genotypes (P＜0.05), andthose were highest in genotypes of TN7189 and IR68144. Transport iron amount of Caco-2cells treated with genotype of IR64 (P＜0.05) and TN7189 (P＜0.05) was significantly lowerthan treated with IR68144 and HB075 genotypes, respectively. Obvious genotypic differencesin nutrient compositions were observed among the tested genotypes, such as protein, amylase,phytic acid, P, S, Ca, Cu, Zn, and 17 amino acids, however, only dialyzable iron levelsshowed positively and significantly correlation with iron bioavailability in unpolished rice. Incontrast, phytic acid and P levels of unpolished rice showed negatively and significantlycorrelation with iron bioavailability. Noticeable, iron bioavailability was no significantlycorrelation with grain iron in unpolished rice.
Four rice genotypes from IRRI were grown in Hangzhou, Donghui, and Haining at twoyears, respectively. The effects of variety, location, and variety×location (G×E) onnutrient compositions and iron bioavailability of polished rice were investigated. The resultswere as follows. The varieties (P＜0.01; P＜0.01; P＜0.01), and variety×location (P＜0.01; P＜0.05; P＜0.01) interaction effects were highly significant for grain-Fe, -Caconcentration and iron bioavailability. Grain-Cu and-Mn concentration were significantlyaffected by varieties (P＜0.05; P＜0.01) and locations (P＜0.05; P＜0.01). The varietieseffects was higher than locations and variety×location (P＞0.05) for grain Znconcentration. Grain protein content of polished rice from area of Hangzhou was higher thanareas of Donghui and Haining. Different plant areas did not affect the amylose concentration in polished rice. Grain phytic acid and P content of rice from area of Donghui were higherthan areas of Hangzhou and Haining, but grain S was lower than Hangzhou and Haining.Relative content of 17 amino acids in polished rice from area of Hangzhou were higher than itfrom areas of Donghui and Haining. Iron bioavailability of polished rice was determinedusing an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. The results indicated that genotype IR68144had the highest iron bioavailability, and genotype IR72 had the lowest iron bioavailabilityamong all the rice genotypes. Grain phytic acid and P levels showed negatively andsignificantly correlation with iron bioavailability in polished rice. In contrast, grain cysteineand S levels showed positively and significantly correlation with iron bioavailability. But nosignificantly correlation between grain iron content and iron bioavailability. The ironbioavailability of four rice varieties from second year was significantly higher than it fromfirst year.
The effects of different foliar irons on nutrient compositions and iron bioavailability in ricegrain were investigated. The results were as follows. The total Fe amount of polished rice wasadvanced as two genotypes rice applied foliar irons. Cysteine concentration of rice grain wassignificantly increased as HB075 genotype treated with FeSO_4 and EDTAFeNa, but nosignificant difference between without and with foliar irons in TN7189 genotype. Phytic acidconcentration of polished rice was significantly decreased as treated with foliar irons inHB075 genotype. Except HEDTAFe, other foliar irons significantly decrease phytic acidlevels in grain of TN7189 genotype. P concentration of rice grain was decreased as appliedfoliar irons in two genotypes. S content of polished rice was significantly increased by foliarirons in HB075 genotype, but no significant difference in TN7189 genotype. DTPAFe offoliar iron significantly increase calcium concentration in grain of HB075 genotype.HEDTAFe of foliar iron significantly increase calcium concentration in grain of TN7189genotype. The concentration of iron and zinc in the HB075 genotype increased as treated withfoliar irons, and peaked treated with DTPAFe. Copper concentration of grain was significantlyincreased with HEDTFe, however, concentration of zinc was significantly decreased byEDTAFeNa in TN7189 genotype. Iron bioavailability of polished rice from HB075 genotypesignificantly higher than TH7189 genotype. Dialyzable iron amount of grain no significantlyincreased as treated with different foliar irons in two rice genotypes. The ferritin formation ofCaco-2 cell treated with polished rice from applied foliar irons was increased in HB075genotype, and hardly increased in TN7189 genotype. Transport iron amount of HB075genotype significantly increased by FeSO_4 and DTPAFe, and it significantly increased byFeSO_4, EDTAFe and HEDTAFe in grain of TN7189 genotype. This result suggested that ironbioavailability of grain significantly controlled with genotypes, and it can be increased withdifferent genotypes as applied appropriate foliar iron.
Caco-2细胞接种于Transwell细胞转运培养槽的聚碳酯微孔滤膜上，在37℃和5％二氧化碳浓度培养条件下，培养21d，细胞跨膜电阻值稳定在590 Ohms·cm~2；甘露醇透过率低于0.07％·h~(-1)·cm~(-2)；肠腔侧(AP)碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于基底侧(BL)。表明，在本实验室条件下，Caco-2细胞模型能够形成与小肠上皮细胞相似的形态学结构，细胞间已形成紧密连接，并产生极化状态，可作为肠道吸收的体外模型。
在不同铁浓度和pH下，研究Caco-2细胞吸收转运模型(模型Ⅰ)和细胞吸收转化模型(模型Ⅱ)对铁的吸收性能。结果表明，两种模型铁吸收均与pH呈负相关，铁吸收随铁浓度增加而增加；当铁浓度25μmol／L以上时，模型Ⅱ铁吸收增加趋势显著低于模型Ⅰ。表明，在高铁浓度时，模型Ⅱ有一定局限性。因此，本研究以下试验均采用模型Ⅰ。
对Caco-2细胞铁吸收影响因素表明，草酸盐对二价铁抑制作用大于三价铁，随草酸盐／铁摩尔比，对二价铁抑制逐渐增加，5：1时有最大抑制；仅摩尔比为3：1以上时，草酸盐对三价铁有抑制作用。随硅酸盐／铁摩尔比增加，二价铁生物有效性逐渐降低，摩尔比为3：1时，铁生物有效性最低；硅酸盐对三价铁无影响。植酸对二价铁抑制作用大于三价铁。随着钙和锌水平增加，二价铁生物有效性出现不同程度的降低，最大的抑制分别出现在钙／铁摩尔比为1：1时和锌／铁摩尔比为3：1时。半胱氨酸、胱氨酸和抗坏血酸对细胞铁吸收有促进作用，且随浓度增加而增加。不同铁化合物生物有效性比较表明，柠檬酸亚铁和血红素铁铁生物有效性最高，元素铁粉最低，但减小其粒径可显著提高铁生物有效性，与其他铁化合物相比，元素铁粉受食物因子影响最小。
铁对Caco-2细胞毒性研究表明，当铁浓度大于1.5mM时，二价铁对细胞的毒性大于三价铁，细胞的生存能力明显降低。LDH释放量测定表明，二价铁的氧化破坏使细胞膜的稳定性降低。Caco-2细胞SOD和GPx活性均随着铁处理水平增加而增加，且二价铁处理组两种酶活性增加幅度高于三价铁组，提示在高铁水平下，二价铁和三价铁均能诱导细胞抗氧化酶基因表达的作用。
利用比色法和ICP-MS技术对“长三角”972个水稻基因型糙米铁含量分析表明，比色法测定铁含量最低值为15.74mg／kg，最高为54.68mg／kg，平均值35.01mg／kg；ICP-MS法测得最低值为5.25mg／kg，最高20.55mg／kg，平均值13.49mg／kg。两种方法显著相关，相关系数达0.7699。最终筛选出的13个水稻基因型，精米铁含量具有较大差异，其中铁含量最低为3.7mg／kg，最高达9.9mg／kg。利用Caco-2细胞模型进行铁生物有效性分析表明，基因型Gpei55、guangN66、HB075、TN7189显著高于其他基因型，而铁含量较高的JiaXingZD、HESQ57和GuangD50基因型，其铁生物有效性并不高，相反，铁含量最低的guangN66基因型却表现出最高的铁生物有效性。水稻精米籽粒铁生物有效性与半胱氨酸(P＜0.01)、硫(P＜0.01)含量呈极显著正相关；与磷(P＜0.05)含量呈显著负相关。添加抗坏血酸能够显著提高稻米铁生物有效性。
土壤类型对糙米营养品质影响表明，种植在小粉土和青紫泥的水稻铁富集量高于黄红壤(P＞0.05；P＞0.05)；钙、铜、锌、蛋白质及直链淀粉含量受土壤类型影响不大；植酸(P＜0.05)和总磷(P＞0.05)含量黄红壤低于其他土壤；硫(P＜0.05)含量小粉土显著低于其他土壤，黄红壤最高；半胱氨酸水平黄红壤高于小粉土(P＜0.05)和青紫泥(P＜0.05)；其他16种氨基酸含量青紫泥均显著高于小粉土(P＜0.05)和黄红壤(P＜0.05)。铁生物有效性结果表明，糙米可透析铁量和细胞铁蛋白形成量黄红壤显著高于小粉土(P＜0.05)和青紫泥(P＜0.05)，小粉土和青紫泥间变化不大；细胞转运铁量黄红壤显著的低于小粉土(P＜0.05)和青紫泥(P＜0.05)，青紫泥细胞转运铁量最高。基因型间比较表明，IR64可透析铁量(P＜0.05)和细胞铁蛋白形成量(P＜0.05)最低，基因型TN7189和IR68144最高；细胞转运铁量IR64和TN7189低于其他两品种(P＜0.05，P＜0.05)，以基因型IR68144细胞转运铁量最高。铁蛋白形成量与可透析铁(P＜0.05)呈显著正相关；与植酸(P＜0.05)和总磷含量(P＜0.05)呈显著负相关；与总铁含量没有相关(P＞0.05)。
4个来自国际水稻所(IRRI)的水稻基因型在我国杭州、东辉和海宁种植2年表明，精米铁和钙含量明显受基因型(P＜0.01；P＜0.01)和基因型—环境效应(P＜0.01；P＜0.01)的影响；铜和锰受基因型(P＜0.05；P＜0.01)和环境(P＜0.05；P＜0.01)影响较大；锌主要受基因型影响。水稻籽粒蛋白质含量杭州高于东辉和海宁；直链淀粉含量受种植地点影响不大；植酸和磷含量均是东辉最高，而硫含量最低。水稻籽粒17种氨基酸水平均表现为杭州高于东辉和海宁。稻米铁生物有效性分析表明，基因型IR68144最高，IR72最低。铁生物有效性与植酸(P＜0.05)和磷(P＜0.01)含量呈显著负相关，与半胱氨酸(P＜0.01)和硫(P＜0.01)呈极显著正相关，与铁含量无明显相关性。第二年水稻籽粒铁生物有效性显著高于第一年(P＜0.05)。基因型和基因型-环境互作效应对铁生物有效性具有显著影响(P＜0.01；P＜0.01)。
叶面铁肥对水稻基因型籽粒中营养品质及铁生物有效性的影响表明，叶面铁肥均不同程度的提高了两个水稻基因型精米中铁含量。叶面铁肥FeSO_4(P＜0.05)和EDTAFeNa(P＜0.05)显著提高了基因型HB075籽粒中半胱氨酸水平，而对基因型TN7189籽粒中半胱氨酸水平影响不显著。几种铁肥均显著降低了基因型HB075籽粒中植酸含量(P＜0.05)，除HEDTAFe(P＞0.05)外，其他铁肥均显著降低了基因型TN7189籽粒中植酸含量(P＜0.05)；几种铁肥也不同程度的降低了两种水稻基因型籽粒中磷的水平；铁肥显著提高了基因型HB075籽粒中硫的含量(P＜0.05)，但对基因型TN7189的影响不大(P＞0.05)；铁肥DTPAFe(P＜0.05)显著提高了基因型HB075籽粒中钙含量。HEDTAFe则显著提高了基因型TN7189籽粒中钙含量；铁肥处理不同程度的提高了基因型HB075籽粒中铜和锌含量，尤其以DTPAFe对铜和锌的提高效果最好(P＜0.05；P＜0.05)。而，HEDTAFe铁肥显著提高了基因型TN7189籽粒铜含量(P＜0.05)，EDTAFeNa则显著降低了其籽粒中锌含量(P＜0.05)。其他铁肥对基因型TN7189籽粒中铜和锌有一定促进作用，但均未达显著水平(P＞0.05)。水稻籽粒铁生物有效性存在显著的基因型差异，基因型HB075铁生物有效性显著高于TN7189(P＜0.05)。叶面铁肥对两品种铁生物有效性影响表明，喷施本实验中几种铁不能显著提高两种水稻籽粒铁可透析量；但铁肥处理却不同程度的提高了基因型HB075细胞铁蛋白形成量，而对基因型TN7189影响不大；叶面铁肥FeSO_4(P＜0.05)和DTPAFe(P＜0.05)显著提高了基因型HB075籽粒细胞转运铁量，FeSO_4(P＞0.05)、EDTAFe(P＜0.05)和HEDTAFe(P＞0.05)则提高了基因型TN7189籽粒细胞转运铁量。以上结果表明，水稻籽粒铁生物有效性主要受基因型控制，喷施不同种类的铁肥对其有一定促进作用，且与水稻基因型存在密切关系。
Iron is an important essential micronutrient that is involved in oxygen transport andenergy metabolism. Iron deficiency is a wide-spread major micronutrient malnutritionproblem for humans, affecting one-third of the world's population. Rice is the dominant staplefood in the world which provides calories consumed and energy intake of almost half theworld's population. Therefore, slightly increase of iron content and iron bioavailability in ricegrains can greatly improve human health. In this study, iron bioavailability of different ricegenotypes were studied, and effects of foliar irons, soils, field locations, and years on ironbioavailability in rice grains were valued by a vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. The mainresults are summarized as followings:
The Caco-2 cells were seeded onto the polycarbonate microporal membranes in Transwellbichambers and cultured on 37℃and in an atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide. After 21 daysof culture, the transepithelial electrical resistance was about 590 Ohms·cm~2, the transportrate of mannitol across Caco-2 cell monolayers was less than 0.07%·h~(-1)·cm~(-2), and the activityof alkaline phosphatase in apical (AP) side was greatly higher than that in basolateral (BL)side. These results indicated that the Caco-2 cells cultured in our laboratory had similarity tointestinal epithelial cells in morphology, produced polarity, formed well tight junctionsbetween cells, and could be used as an in vitro model to investigate absorption mechanisms ofsubstances.
Iron uptake of Caco-2 cells treated with different pH or iron levels were compared fromabsorption-transport model (modelⅠ) vs absorption- translation model (modelⅡ). The resultsindicated that iron uptake of Caco-2 cells was decreased with increasing of pH from 5.5 to 7.5,but it was increased with added iron levels in the all both model. Moreover, the decrease trendwas more obvious for modelⅠthan for modelⅡat exceed 25μmol/L of iron levels. The resultsindicated that preferable capability of iron uptake from modelⅠthan modelⅡat higher ironlevels.
The effects of inhibitors and/or exciters on iron uptake of ferrous and ferric in Caco-2cell monolayers were investigated. The results were as follows. Uptake of ferrous wassignificantly reduced than it of ferric with increased of oxalate levels. Moreover, maximalinhibition of iron uptake of ferrous by oxalate occurred at a 1: 5 ratio of Fe to oxalate. Onlyinhibition of ferric by oxalate occurred at a 1: 3 ratio of Fe to oxalate. Uptake of ferrouswas decreased with increased of silicate levels, and maximal inhibition of iron uptake bysilicate occurred at a 1: 3 ratio of Fe to silicate. But silicate did not affect the uptake of ferric.More inhibition of iron uptake by phytic acid were from ferrous than from ferric. Uptake offerrous was inhibited in different degree with Ca2+ or Zn2+ levels, Ca2+/Fe2+ and Zn2+/Fe2+ molar ratio at 1: 1 and 3: 1 was appeared maximal inhibition of ferrous,respectively. Iron uptake was enhanced by Cys, Cys-cys, and Vc as their concentrationincreased, respectively. Comparison of iron bioavailability from different iron compoundswere showed that maximal ferritin amount of Caco-2 cell was from treated with citrate ferrousor heine, respectively. Iron bioavailability of reduced iron powder is increased withdecreasing of power granularity and is much lower than other iron compounds when the sizeis above 43μm. In general, water soluble iron compounds have an acceptable bioavailabilitybut cause unacceptable organoleptic changes during the storage or preparation of grains. Incontrast, the reduced iron powder does not cause organoleptic changes during storage or foodpreparation of cereal flours.
Fe (Ⅱ) at a concentration＞1.5 mM was found to be more effective in reducing cellularviability than Fe (Ⅲ). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release investigation suggested that Fe(Ⅱ) can reduce the stability of cell membrane. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of the cells treated with Fe (Ⅱ) were higher thanthose of Fe (Ⅲ), although both of them increased with raising iron supply levels. The resultsindicate that both Fe (Ⅱ) and Fe (Ⅲ) could reduce the cellular antioxidase gene expression athigh levels.
Iron concentration of unpolished rice from nine hundred seventy two rice genotypes inYangtze River Delta Region (YRDR) were determined by Fast Screening methods andICP-MS methods. The results indicated that the lowest and highest of iron content was 15.74mg/kg and 54.68 mg/kg using Fast Screening methods, respectively. Means of Fast Screeningmethods was 35.01 mg/kg. The lowest and highest of iron content was 5.25 mg/kg and 20.55mg/kg using ICP-MS methods, respectively. Means of ICP-MS methods was 13.49 mg/kg.The Fast Screening methods were significantly correlation with ICP-MS methods as 0.7699of correlative coefficient. Iron content and iron bioavailability of polished rice of thirteen ricegenotypes selected from nine hundred seventy two rice genotypes in YRDR. Ironbioavailabilities from all rice genotypes were ranked as a percent relative to a control variety(IR68144) from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Iron concentration in the ricesamples ranged from 3.7 mg/kg to 9.9 mg/kg. No correlation was observed between ironbioavailability and grain iron concentration. Iron bioavailabitity of polished rice from Gpei55,guangN66, HB075, and TN7189 genotypes were significantly higher than other ricegenotypes. Genotypes with high iron concentration (JiaXingZD, HESQ57, and GuangD50)have relatively low iron bioavailablity. In contrast, genotype of guangN66 with lowest ironconcentration has much high iron bioavailability. Cysteine and S levels showed positively andsignificantly correlation with iron bioavailability in polished rice. In contrast, P levels of polished rice showed negatively and significantly correlation with iron bioavailability. Theadded ascorbic acid significantly promoted iron bioavailability relative to experimentswithout added ascorbic acid.
Iron concentration of unpolished rice from grown in Silt Loam Soil (SLS)(P＞0.05) andPurplish Clayey Soil (PCS)(P＞0.05) were reversely higher than grown in Yellowish red Soil(YRS). Different soil had no effect on Calcium, Copper, Zinc, protein and Amylose (P＞0.05).Phytic acid (P＜0.05) and P(P＞0.05) concentration of unpolished rice from YRC werelower than from SLS and PCS, respectively. S concentration of unpolished rice from SLS wassignificantly lower than PCS (P＜0.05) and YRS (P＜0.05). moreover, maximal Sconcentration of unpolished rice from YRS. Cysteine content of unpolished rice was showedthat rice grown in YRS was significantly higher than it grown in SLS (P＜0.05) or PCS (P＜0.05). Dialyzable iron amount and ferritin formation of unpolished rice from YRS weresignificantly higher than from SLS (P＜0.05) or PCS (P＜0.05), and no significant differencebetween SLS and PCS. Transport iron of Caco-2 cells treated with unpolished rice from YRSwas significantly lower than SLS (P＜0.05) and PCS (P＜0.05), respectively. Comparison ofiron bioavailability among different rice genotypes were indicated that genotype of IR64 hadthe lowest dialyzable iron and ferritin formation amount than other genotypes (P＜0.05), andthose were highest in genotypes of TN7189 and IR68144. Transport iron amount of Caco-2cells treated with genotype of IR64 (P＜0.05) and TN7189 (P＜0.05) was significantly lowerthan treated with IR68144 and HB075 genotypes, respectively. Obvious genotypic differencesin nutrient compositions were observed among the tested genotypes, such as protein, amylase,phytic acid, P, S, Ca, Cu, Zn, and 17 amino acids, however, only dialyzable iron levelsshowed positively and significantly correlation with iron bioavailability in unpolished rice. Incontrast, phytic acid and P levels of unpolished rice showed negatively and significantlycorrelation with iron bioavailability. Noticeable, iron bioavailability was no significantlycorrelation with grain iron in unpolished rice.
Four rice genotypes from IRRI were grown in Hangzhou, Donghui, and Haining at twoyears, respectively. The effects of variety, location, and variety×location (G×E) onnutrient compositions and iron bioavailability of polished rice were investigated. The resultswere as follows. The varieties (P＜0.01; P＜0.01; P＜0.01), and variety×location (P＜0.01; P＜0.05; P＜0.01) interaction effects were highly significant for grain-Fe, -Caconcentration and iron bioavailability. Grain-Cu and-Mn concentration were significantlyaffected by varieties (P＜0.05; P＜0.01) and locations (P＜0.05; P＜0.01). The varietieseffects was higher than locations and variety×location (P＞0.05) for grain Znconcentration. Grain protein content of polished rice from area of Hangzhou was higher thanareas of Donghui and Haining. Different plant areas did not affect the amylose concentration in polished rice. Grain phytic acid and P content of rice from area of Donghui were higherthan areas of Hangzhou and Haining, but grain S was lower than Hangzhou and Haining.Relative content of 17 amino acids in polished rice from area of Hangzhou were higher than itfrom areas of Donghui and Haining. Iron bioavailability of polished rice was determinedusing an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. The results indicated that genotype IR68144had the highest iron bioavailability, and genotype IR72 had the lowest iron bioavailabilityamong all the rice genotypes. Grain phytic acid and P levels showed negatively andsignificantly correlation with iron bioavailability in polished rice. In contrast, grain cysteineand S levels showed positively and significantly correlation with iron bioavailability. But nosignificantly correlation between grain iron content and iron bioavailability. The ironbioavailability of four rice varieties from second year was significantly higher than it fromfirst year.
The effects of different foliar irons on nutrient compositions and iron bioavailability in ricegrain were investigated. The results were as follows. The total Fe amount of polished rice wasadvanced as two genotypes rice applied foliar irons. Cysteine concentration of rice grain wassignificantly increased as HB075 genotype treated with FeSO_4 and EDTAFeNa, but nosignificant difference between without and with foliar irons in TN7189 genotype. Phytic acidconcentration of polished rice was significantly decreased as treated with foliar irons inHB075 genotype. Except HEDTAFe, other foliar irons significantly decrease phytic acidlevels in grain of TN7189 genotype. P concentration of rice grain was decreased as appliedfoliar irons in two genotypes. S content of polished rice was significantly increased by foliarirons in HB075 genotype, but no significant difference in TN7189 genotype. DTPAFe offoliar iron significantly increase calcium concentration in grain of HB075 genotype.HEDTAFe of foliar iron significantly increase calcium concentration in grain of TN7189genotype. The concentration of iron and zinc in the HB075 genotype increased as treated withfoliar irons, and peaked treated with DTPAFe. Copper concentration of grain was significantlyincreased with HEDTFe, however, concentration of zinc was significantly decreased byEDTAFeNa in TN7189 genotype. Iron bioavailability of polished rice from HB075 genotypesignificantly higher than TH7189 genotype. Dialyzable iron amount of grain no significantlyincreased as treated with different foliar irons in two rice genotypes. The ferritin formation ofCaco-2 cell treated with polished rice from applied foliar irons was increased in HB075genotype, and hardly increased in TN7189 genotype. Transport iron amount of HB075genotype significantly increased by FeSO_4 and DTPAFe, and it significantly increased byFeSO_4, EDTAFe and HEDTAFe in grain of TN7189 genotype. This result suggested that ironbioavailability of grain significantly controlled with genotypes, and it can be increased withdifferent genotypes as applied appropriate foliar iron.
引文
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