微纳光子结构中的光子操控与光伏特性研究
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摘要
近年来,随着微纳制造技术的快速发展,半导体微纳米结构(如：光子晶体、量子点、量子阱、纳米线等)在光电子器件中的应用也越来越广泛。电磁理论与量子物理效应相结合的研究因此成为了半导体微纳米器件领域的研究热点,而微纳光子结构中光子操控与光伏特性研究是这两方面的重要体现,在现代光电子器件的发展中有重要的意义。
本论文依托课题组承担的国家863计划(批准号：2009AA03Z405)、国家自然科学基金(批准号：60971068)项目,围绕半导体微纳米材料的生长、半导体微纳器件(量子阱、量子点和光子晶体器件)中的光子运动规律以及光与物质之间相互作用展开相关的理论研究和时域有限差分法(FDTD)计算。取得的主要成果如下：
1.半导体微纳结构生长过程中的物理特性研究。半导体材料的生长对于光电子器件的特性非常重要,通过分子动力学研究可以深入了解半导体材料及结构(例如GaN薄膜及SiGe超晶格结构等)生长过程中的物理特性和动态过程,是光通信及光电子器件制造的基础。
2.量子点中光与物质相互作用及斯托克斯效应的新解释。通过数值模拟,理论推导与实验的结合,对量子点中斯托克斯位移效应做出了新解释,研究发现入射光激发量子点激子与外界光场相互耦合,形成激子-极化激元,从而影响量子点的介电常数,继而影响通过量子点内部的光功率,导致吸收峰和发射峰之间的位移,也就是斯托克斯位移。该结论为生物光电子探测及单光子通信提供了有用的理论依据。
3.光子晶体带隙对光子操控及其在空间光通信中的应用。利用光子晶体带隙特性,通过数值模拟设计了一种新颖的二维光子晶体波导结构,可以通过简单调节出口结构以实现1-2、1-3、1-5光分束器功能,各光束具有对称的能量分布和很好的定向特性。同时对其中的物理特性做了详细的理论分析,为空间光通信器件设计提供了有用的指导。
4.光子晶体衍射结构用于量子阱、量子点红外探测器。根据量子吸收的选择定则,量子阱或MBE生长的扁平量子点不能或者不能很好地吸收垂直入射的光场,本工作利用金属光子晶体和电介质材料光子晶体结构对垂直入射光进行衍射和耦合,进而提高了量子阱、量子点红外探测器的光吸收效率。
5.表面等离子体结构在量子阱、量子点红外光探测器上应用。金属孔-半导体界面的表面等离子体波可以有效衍射界面附近的光场,产生新的电场分量,而该电场分量对量子阱、量子点吸收光场非常重要,从而增强了红外探测器中光与物质的相互作用和光电流。
6.光子晶体结构在CdSe量子点或染料太阳能电池中应用。利用光子晶体可以对带内波长光实现有效散射的特性,设计了可以运用于量子点或染料太阳能电池中的梳状光子晶体框架结构,量子点或染料分子嵌入光子晶体晶格中。该结构不仅可以在宽波段范围有效散射入射的太阳光,增加了光子运动路径,还可以产生共振模式,很好的束缚住光,进而增加了光与物质相互作用的几率。
Recently, with the rapid development of the micro and nano fabrications, micro and nano semiconductor structures (such as photonic crystals, quantum dot, quantum well, nano wires, etc) have been widely used in optoelectronic devices. Electromagnetic theory and quantum physics combine together in micro and nano semiconductor devices, photon manipulations and photovoltaic effect are two important topics in modern optoelectronic devices.
The work in this thesis is supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2009AA03Z405) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.60971068), and focus on the growth of micro and nano semiconductor material, movement of the photons and light-matter interaction in the optoelectronic devices. The FDTD method is used in the calculation of electromagnetic wave movement. This thesis covers the following six main contributions:
1. Research on the physical characters in the growth of semiconductor. The growth of the semiconductor materials (eg. GaN film and SiGe superlattice) is important to the optoelectronic devices. Dynamic characters and the physical characters in the process of the growth can be obtained by using Molecular Dynamics method, which is a base of the fabrication of the optical communication and optoelectronic devices.
2. Light-matter interaction in quantum dot and new explanation for Stokes shift effect in colloidal QD. By comparing the experiment spectrum and numerical calculation, we found that the optical excitation of an exciton in the QD will couple with the external excitation radiation (i.e., exciton polariton) and affect the dielectric constant of the QD very much, which leads to variations of the optical power inside the QDs, Thus leads to a shift between the light absorption peak and emission peak (i.e., Stokes shift). This is useful in bio-photonics and single-photon communication field.
3. Light manipulation in photonic crystal waveguide and its application in free space communication. Utilizing the photonic crystal bandgap character, one-to-two (one beam in and two beams out), one-to-three, and one-to-five beam splittings to free space from a two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) has been realized by adding and modifying a few additional dielectric rods at the exit of the PCW. The split beams have symmetric energy distributions and high directional transmissions. The design is very useful for the free-space-communication devices.
4. Photonic crystal structure for light diffraction in Quantum well/dot infrared photodetectors (QWIP/QDIP). Quantum well (QW) and dome-shaped quantum dot (QD) can not absorb the normal incident radiation and favor the Electric field that in the injection direction. In this work, we study two kinds of photonic crystal structures made of metallic and dielectric materials to diffract and couple the normal incident light into the active layers, which enhance the light absorption in QWIP and QDIP.
5. Surface Plasmon structure in QWIP and QDIP. Surface Plasmon wave excited by subwavelength hole arrays at metal-semiconductor interface can diffract the electric field in near field region and create useful field component for QWIPs and QDIPs. This can increase the light-matter interaction and photocurrent in QWIP and QDIP.
6. Photonic crystal (PhC) in QD or dye solar cells. PhC structures can efficiently diffract incident light from its initial incident direction to other directions in the PhC lattice when the wavelength is out of the bandgap. Further light trapping can be obtained by using comb-shaped PhC structure because comb-shaped PhC structure can create extra resonance modes. We design a comb-shaped PhC framework with CdSe QDs or dye materials immersed in the lattice for high-efficiency solar radiation absorption. The structure not only increases the propagation paths of light in the active region but also creates useful electric field modes in the lattice to trap the light. These will enhance the light-matter interaction.
本论文依托课题组承担的国家863计划(批准号：2009AA03Z405)、国家自然科学基金(批准号：60971068)项目,围绕半导体微纳米材料的生长、半导体微纳器件(量子阱、量子点和光子晶体器件)中的光子运动规律以及光与物质之间相互作用展开相关的理论研究和时域有限差分法(FDTD)计算。取得的主要成果如下：
1.半导体微纳结构生长过程中的物理特性研究。半导体材料的生长对于光电子器件的特性非常重要,通过分子动力学研究可以深入了解半导体材料及结构(例如GaN薄膜及SiGe超晶格结构等)生长过程中的物理特性和动态过程,是光通信及光电子器件制造的基础。
2.量子点中光与物质相互作用及斯托克斯效应的新解释。通过数值模拟,理论推导与实验的结合,对量子点中斯托克斯位移效应做出了新解释,研究发现入射光激发量子点激子与外界光场相互耦合,形成激子-极化激元,从而影响量子点的介电常数,继而影响通过量子点内部的光功率,导致吸收峰和发射峰之间的位移,也就是斯托克斯位移。该结论为生物光电子探测及单光子通信提供了有用的理论依据。
3.光子晶体带隙对光子操控及其在空间光通信中的应用。利用光子晶体带隙特性,通过数值模拟设计了一种新颖的二维光子晶体波导结构,可以通过简单调节出口结构以实现1-2、1-3、1-5光分束器功能,各光束具有对称的能量分布和很好的定向特性。同时对其中的物理特性做了详细的理论分析,为空间光通信器件设计提供了有用的指导。
4.光子晶体衍射结构用于量子阱、量子点红外探测器。根据量子吸收的选择定则,量子阱或MBE生长的扁平量子点不能或者不能很好地吸收垂直入射的光场,本工作利用金属光子晶体和电介质材料光子晶体结构对垂直入射光进行衍射和耦合,进而提高了量子阱、量子点红外探测器的光吸收效率。
5.表面等离子体结构在量子阱、量子点红外光探测器上应用。金属孔-半导体界面的表面等离子体波可以有效衍射界面附近的光场,产生新的电场分量,而该电场分量对量子阱、量子点吸收光场非常重要,从而增强了红外探测器中光与物质的相互作用和光电流。
6.光子晶体结构在CdSe量子点或染料太阳能电池中应用。利用光子晶体可以对带内波长光实现有效散射的特性,设计了可以运用于量子点或染料太阳能电池中的梳状光子晶体框架结构,量子点或染料分子嵌入光子晶体晶格中。该结构不仅可以在宽波段范围有效散射入射的太阳光,增加了光子运动路径,还可以产生共振模式,很好的束缚住光,进而增加了光与物质相互作用的几率。
Recently, with the rapid development of the micro and nano fabrications, micro and nano semiconductor structures (such as photonic crystals, quantum dot, quantum well, nano wires, etc) have been widely used in optoelectronic devices. Electromagnetic theory and quantum physics combine together in micro and nano semiconductor devices, photon manipulations and photovoltaic effect are two important topics in modern optoelectronic devices.
The work in this thesis is supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2009AA03Z405) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.60971068), and focus on the growth of micro and nano semiconductor material, movement of the photons and light-matter interaction in the optoelectronic devices. The FDTD method is used in the calculation of electromagnetic wave movement. This thesis covers the following six main contributions:
1. Research on the physical characters in the growth of semiconductor. The growth of the semiconductor materials (eg. GaN film and SiGe superlattice) is important to the optoelectronic devices. Dynamic characters and the physical characters in the process of the growth can be obtained by using Molecular Dynamics method, which is a base of the fabrication of the optical communication and optoelectronic devices.
2. Light-matter interaction in quantum dot and new explanation for Stokes shift effect in colloidal QD. By comparing the experiment spectrum and numerical calculation, we found that the optical excitation of an exciton in the QD will couple with the external excitation radiation (i.e., exciton polariton) and affect the dielectric constant of the QD very much, which leads to variations of the optical power inside the QDs, Thus leads to a shift between the light absorption peak and emission peak (i.e., Stokes shift). This is useful in bio-photonics and single-photon communication field.
3. Light manipulation in photonic crystal waveguide and its application in free space communication. Utilizing the photonic crystal bandgap character, one-to-two (one beam in and two beams out), one-to-three, and one-to-five beam splittings to free space from a two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) has been realized by adding and modifying a few additional dielectric rods at the exit of the PCW. The split beams have symmetric energy distributions and high directional transmissions. The design is very useful for the free-space-communication devices.
4. Photonic crystal structure for light diffraction in Quantum well/dot infrared photodetectors (QWIP/QDIP). Quantum well (QW) and dome-shaped quantum dot (QD) can not absorb the normal incident radiation and favor the Electric field that in the injection direction. In this work, we study two kinds of photonic crystal structures made of metallic and dielectric materials to diffract and couple the normal incident light into the active layers, which enhance the light absorption in QWIP and QDIP.
5. Surface Plasmon structure in QWIP and QDIP. Surface Plasmon wave excited by subwavelength hole arrays at metal-semiconductor interface can diffract the electric field in near field region and create useful field component for QWIPs and QDIPs. This can increase the light-matter interaction and photocurrent in QWIP and QDIP.
6. Photonic crystal (PhC) in QD or dye solar cells. PhC structures can efficiently diffract incident light from its initial incident direction to other directions in the PhC lattice when the wavelength is out of the bandgap. Further light trapping can be obtained by using comb-shaped PhC structure because comb-shaped PhC structure can create extra resonance modes. We design a comb-shaped PhC framework with CdSe QDs or dye materials immersed in the lattice for high-efficiency solar radiation absorption. The structure not only increases the propagation paths of light in the active region but also creates useful electric field modes in the lattice to trap the light. These will enhance the light-matter interaction.
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