高效时间反演电磁系统实现的关键技术研究
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摘要
一套完整的时间反演电磁系统由两部分组成——时间反演镜与接收终端。时间反演镜的主要功能是对信道探测信号进行时间反演变换，并对所反演的信号进行处理、发射。接收终端的主要功能是接收由时间反演镜发射的信号，并对接收的信号做进一步处理，以获得最佳的聚焦效果。时间反演镜与接收终端都会对时间反演电磁波的聚焦特性产生影响。因此，对实现时间反演镜以及接收终端的关键技术进行研究，有助于提高整套时间反演系统的性能。
本文对高效时间反演电磁系统实现的关键技术和基础理论进行了深入研究，主要内容概述如下：
首先，介绍了时间反演电磁学的研究背景以及发展动态。并分别对时间反演电磁信号的获取方法与基于时间反演技术的亚波长阵列天线的研究进行了综述。指出了目前时间反演电磁系统实现过程中亟需解决的两大关键问题。
然后，对基于模拟信号处理技术实现高频电磁信号时间反演变换的方法进行了深入研究。模拟信号处理技术利用器件本身的物理性质完成对信号的处理，与数字信号处理技术相比，由于无需对信号进行离散化处理，模拟信号处理技术不受模数/数模采样率限制，在处理速度上远优于数字信号处理技术。本文对基于模拟信号处理技术的波形变换方法进行了研究。首先，对基于时域成像技术的波形变换方法进行了研究。通过与空间成像系统进行对比分析，给出了在时域成像系统中得到电磁信号反演波形的条件。对波形变换系统的核心器件——啁啾延迟线的设计方法进行了讨论。利用所设计的啁啾延迟线，在系统仿真中对基于时间透镜原理获得时间反演电磁信号的方法进行了验证。在协同仿真实验中，实现了一个时宽为1.6ns的三角波信号的时间反演变换。在此基础上，又提出了一种基于色散补偿原理的电磁信号时间反演变换方法。通过推导，得到了基于色散补偿技术获得微波信号时间反演的条件并利用仿真和实验对其进行了验证。与时域成像技术相比，该方法减少了微波色散延迟线的使用数量，降低了系统损耗。基于模拟信号处理技术实现电磁信号时间反演变换的研究为高效时间反演镜设计提供了新的思路。
进一步，提出了利用模拟信号处理技术设计亚波长阵列天线的方法。亚波长阵列天线在时间反演电磁系统的接收终端扮演着极为重要的角色。基于凋落波-传播波模式转换理论的亚波长阵列天线的设计方法成功率低，不适合推广。通过对阵列单元间互耦的分析，明确了亚波长阵列获得时间反演超分辨特性的条件。在此基础上，提出了两种亚波长阵列天线设计的新方法。在第一种方案中，具有不同反射色散特性的啁啾延迟线被引入阵列单元的馈电网络中。由于引入的啁啾延迟线打破了各个单元天线到时间反演镜的信道响应之间的强相关性，运用时间反演技术时，具有最大聚焦峰值的信号仅由亚波长阵列天线的目标单元所接收。在第二种方案中，为了减小各个单元到时间反演镜的信道响应之间的相关性，具有不同时域传输函数的波形整形电路被引入单元的馈电网络中。结合时间反演技术，亚波长阵列天线同样获得了时间反演超分辨率聚焦特性。与第一种方法相比，由于不再需要定向耦合器等器件，单元天线的辐射效率进一步提高。与基于凋落波-传播波模式转换机制的设计方法不同，新的方法在效率与互相关性水平上更容易控制与预测。
最后，对时间反演电磁波聚焦效果的影响因素进行了讨论。利用仿真与实验研究了人工超材料对时间反演电磁波聚焦效果的影响。此外，也讨论了时间反演镜天线对时间反演电磁波聚焦效果的影响，并提出了初步的解决方案。
A complete time reversal electromagnetic system consists of two parts: timereversal mirror and receiving terminal. The main functions of the time reversal mirrorare making time reversal transformation on channel detecting signals andre-transmitting the time-reversed signals. The main functions of the receiving terminalare receiving the time-reversed signals and making further processing to achieveoptimum focusing effect. Both time reversal mirror and the receiving terminal willaffect the focusing performance of time-reversed electromagnetic wave. Therefore,study of the key technologies for the realization of time reversal mirror and thereceiving terminal will help improve the performance of the complete time reversalsystem.
Firstly, the background and the development trends of time reversalelectormagnetics are introduced in the dissertation. The approach to obtaintime-reversed electromagnetic signals and the method to design sub-wavelength arraybased on time reversal technique are summarized and two critical issues for therealization of the time reversal electromagnetic system are pointed out.
Then, the implementations of time reversal transformation of high frequencyelectromagnetic waves based on analog signal processing technique are thoroughlystudied. The analog signal processing technology is based on the physical properties ofthe devices to complete the signal processing. Compared with digital signal processingtechnique, because of requiring no discretizing processing, the analog signal techniquewill be unlimited by the sampling rates of AD/DA converters any more and theprocessing speed of the analog signal processing is much superior to the digital signalprocessing technique. The dissertation investigates two approaches of waveformtransformation based on analog signal processing technique. Firstly, the waveformtransformation approach based on temporal imaging technique is studied. Theconditions to achieve time-reversed waveform of microwave signals in thetemporal-imaging system are derived by comparing with the spatial-imaging system.Design methods of the chirped delay lines serving as the key components in the temporal imaging system are discussed. By employing the fabricated chirped delay lines,the approach to obtain time-reversed electromagnetic signal based on time lens theory isfurther validated in system simulation. The time-reversed waveform of a singletriangular signal with a1.6ns time duration is obtained in the hardware in loopsimulation. On that basis, a new approach to obtain time-reversed electromagneticsignals based on dispersion compensation principle is proposed. The conditions toachieve time-reversed waveform of microwave signals based on dispersioncompensation technique are derived and the new approach is validated by bothsimulation and experiment. Compared with the temporal-imaging technique, the newapproach requires less dispersion delay lines and reduces the system losses. Thesestudies on time reversal transformation of electromagnetic signals based on analogsignal processing technique will provide new ideas for the realization of high efficienttime reversal mirror.
Further more, the approaches to design the sub-wavelength antenna array by usinganalog signal processing technique are proposed. The sub-wavelength antenna arrayplays an important role in the receiving terminal of the time reversal electromagneticsystem. The method to design sub-wavelength antenna array based onevanescent-to-propagating spectrum conversion mechanism has a low success rate, so itis unsuitable to replication. By analyzing the cross-coupling between the elements of thesub-wavelength array, the conditions to achieve time reversal super-resolutioncharacteristic for sub-wavelength array are determined. On that basis, two new schemesare proposed to design the sub-wavelength antenna array. In the first scheme, thechirped delay lines with different dispersion properties are embedded into the feedingnetworks of the array elements. Because the embedded chirped delay lines break thestrong correlations of the channel responses from the elements to the time reversalmirror, when time reversal technique is used, the focusing signal with maximum peakvoltage will be received only by the target element of the sub-wavelength array. In thesecond scheme, in order to reduce the correlations of the channel responses from theelements to the time reversal mirror, the pulse shaping circuits with different transferfunctions are embedded into the feeding networks of the elements. Combining with timereversal technique, the sub-wavelength array can also achieve time reversalsuper-resolution property. Compared with the first scheme, due to requiring no directional coupling devices, the the radiation efficiency of the element antennas arefurther improved by using the second scheme. Compared with the approach based onevanescent-to-propagating spectrum conversion mechanism, the efficiency and thedecorrelation level are much easier to control and predict by using the new approaches.
At last, the impact factors of the focusing effect of time-reversed electromagneticwaves are discussed. The influences caused by the special metamaterials on the focusingeffect of time reversal electromagnetic waves are studied by using simulations andexperiments. In addition, the influences caused by antennas in the time reversal mirrorare also discussed and some preliminary solutions are proposed.
本文对高效时间反演电磁系统实现的关键技术和基础理论进行了深入研究，主要内容概述如下：
首先，介绍了时间反演电磁学的研究背景以及发展动态。并分别对时间反演电磁信号的获取方法与基于时间反演技术的亚波长阵列天线的研究进行了综述。指出了目前时间反演电磁系统实现过程中亟需解决的两大关键问题。
然后，对基于模拟信号处理技术实现高频电磁信号时间反演变换的方法进行了深入研究。模拟信号处理技术利用器件本身的物理性质完成对信号的处理，与数字信号处理技术相比，由于无需对信号进行离散化处理，模拟信号处理技术不受模数/数模采样率限制，在处理速度上远优于数字信号处理技术。本文对基于模拟信号处理技术的波形变换方法进行了研究。首先，对基于时域成像技术的波形变换方法进行了研究。通过与空间成像系统进行对比分析，给出了在时域成像系统中得到电磁信号反演波形的条件。对波形变换系统的核心器件——啁啾延迟线的设计方法进行了讨论。利用所设计的啁啾延迟线，在系统仿真中对基于时间透镜原理获得时间反演电磁信号的方法进行了验证。在协同仿真实验中，实现了一个时宽为1.6ns的三角波信号的时间反演变换。在此基础上，又提出了一种基于色散补偿原理的电磁信号时间反演变换方法。通过推导，得到了基于色散补偿技术获得微波信号时间反演的条件并利用仿真和实验对其进行了验证。与时域成像技术相比，该方法减少了微波色散延迟线的使用数量，降低了系统损耗。基于模拟信号处理技术实现电磁信号时间反演变换的研究为高效时间反演镜设计提供了新的思路。
进一步，提出了利用模拟信号处理技术设计亚波长阵列天线的方法。亚波长阵列天线在时间反演电磁系统的接收终端扮演着极为重要的角色。基于凋落波-传播波模式转换理论的亚波长阵列天线的设计方法成功率低，不适合推广。通过对阵列单元间互耦的分析，明确了亚波长阵列获得时间反演超分辨特性的条件。在此基础上，提出了两种亚波长阵列天线设计的新方法。在第一种方案中，具有不同反射色散特性的啁啾延迟线被引入阵列单元的馈电网络中。由于引入的啁啾延迟线打破了各个单元天线到时间反演镜的信道响应之间的强相关性，运用时间反演技术时，具有最大聚焦峰值的信号仅由亚波长阵列天线的目标单元所接收。在第二种方案中，为了减小各个单元到时间反演镜的信道响应之间的相关性，具有不同时域传输函数的波形整形电路被引入单元的馈电网络中。结合时间反演技术，亚波长阵列天线同样获得了时间反演超分辨率聚焦特性。与第一种方法相比，由于不再需要定向耦合器等器件，单元天线的辐射效率进一步提高。与基于凋落波-传播波模式转换机制的设计方法不同，新的方法在效率与互相关性水平上更容易控制与预测。
最后，对时间反演电磁波聚焦效果的影响因素进行了讨论。利用仿真与实验研究了人工超材料对时间反演电磁波聚焦效果的影响。此外，也讨论了时间反演镜天线对时间反演电磁波聚焦效果的影响，并提出了初步的解决方案。
A complete time reversal electromagnetic system consists of two parts: timereversal mirror and receiving terminal. The main functions of the time reversal mirrorare making time reversal transformation on channel detecting signals andre-transmitting the time-reversed signals. The main functions of the receiving terminalare receiving the time-reversed signals and making further processing to achieveoptimum focusing effect. Both time reversal mirror and the receiving terminal willaffect the focusing performance of time-reversed electromagnetic wave. Therefore,study of the key technologies for the realization of time reversal mirror and thereceiving terminal will help improve the performance of the complete time reversalsystem.
Firstly, the background and the development trends of time reversalelectormagnetics are introduced in the dissertation. The approach to obtaintime-reversed electromagnetic signals and the method to design sub-wavelength arraybased on time reversal technique are summarized and two critical issues for therealization of the time reversal electromagnetic system are pointed out.
Then, the implementations of time reversal transformation of high frequencyelectromagnetic waves based on analog signal processing technique are thoroughlystudied. The analog signal processing technology is based on the physical properties ofthe devices to complete the signal processing. Compared with digital signal processingtechnique, because of requiring no discretizing processing, the analog signal techniquewill be unlimited by the sampling rates of AD/DA converters any more and theprocessing speed of the analog signal processing is much superior to the digital signalprocessing technique. The dissertation investigates two approaches of waveformtransformation based on analog signal processing technique. Firstly, the waveformtransformation approach based on temporal imaging technique is studied. Theconditions to achieve time-reversed waveform of microwave signals in thetemporal-imaging system are derived by comparing with the spatial-imaging system.Design methods of the chirped delay lines serving as the key components in the temporal imaging system are discussed. By employing the fabricated chirped delay lines,the approach to obtain time-reversed electromagnetic signal based on time lens theory isfurther validated in system simulation. The time-reversed waveform of a singletriangular signal with a1.6ns time duration is obtained in the hardware in loopsimulation. On that basis, a new approach to obtain time-reversed electromagneticsignals based on dispersion compensation principle is proposed. The conditions toachieve time-reversed waveform of microwave signals based on dispersioncompensation technique are derived and the new approach is validated by bothsimulation and experiment. Compared with the temporal-imaging technique, the newapproach requires less dispersion delay lines and reduces the system losses. Thesestudies on time reversal transformation of electromagnetic signals based on analogsignal processing technique will provide new ideas for the realization of high efficienttime reversal mirror.
Further more, the approaches to design the sub-wavelength antenna array by usinganalog signal processing technique are proposed. The sub-wavelength antenna arrayplays an important role in the receiving terminal of the time reversal electromagneticsystem. The method to design sub-wavelength antenna array based onevanescent-to-propagating spectrum conversion mechanism has a low success rate, so itis unsuitable to replication. By analyzing the cross-coupling between the elements of thesub-wavelength array, the conditions to achieve time reversal super-resolutioncharacteristic for sub-wavelength array are determined. On that basis, two new schemesare proposed to design the sub-wavelength antenna array. In the first scheme, thechirped delay lines with different dispersion properties are embedded into the feedingnetworks of the array elements. Because the embedded chirped delay lines break thestrong correlations of the channel responses from the elements to the time reversalmirror, when time reversal technique is used, the focusing signal with maximum peakvoltage will be received only by the target element of the sub-wavelength array. In thesecond scheme, in order to reduce the correlations of the channel responses from theelements to the time reversal mirror, the pulse shaping circuits with different transferfunctions are embedded into the feeding networks of the elements. Combining with timereversal technique, the sub-wavelength array can also achieve time reversalsuper-resolution property. Compared with the first scheme, due to requiring no directional coupling devices, the the radiation efficiency of the element antennas arefurther improved by using the second scheme. Compared with the approach based onevanescent-to-propagating spectrum conversion mechanism, the efficiency and thedecorrelation level are much easier to control and predict by using the new approaches.
At last, the impact factors of the focusing effect of time-reversed electromagneticwaves are discussed. The influences caused by the special metamaterials on the focusingeffect of time reversal electromagnetic waves are studied by using simulations andexperiments. In addition, the influences caused by antennas in the time reversal mirrorare also discussed and some preliminary solutions are proposed.
引文
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