无线网络中基于跨层的数据吞吐量优化控制协议分析与设计
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摘要
随着无线通信网络的快速发展,对高数据速率和高服务质量的要求也在日益增长。然而,无线信道的衰落特性却严重降低了数据链路的传输性能。因此,相对于有线通信,无线系统的数据吞吐量在很大程度上被其信道特性所限制。吞吐量通常被定义为数据接收端成功接收数据的速率,它是通信系统服务质量好坏的重要标准。为实现无线系统吞吐量的提高,物理层中基于正交幅度调制实现的自适应调制编码和链路层中自动重传协议得到了广泛研究,但在这些研究中控制复杂度、系统整体性能和耗能的有效性上仍有许多不足。
首先,为准确和快速利用信噪比计算此时信道状态下的系统最佳的控制参数,本文针对信道特性在加性高斯白噪声条件下以格雷码编码的正交幅度调制提出了一种基于位判决线为参照结合各信息位格雷码扩展规律的误码率计算方法,并推导了其精确计算模型和提出了一种快速近似计算方法,并通过仿真验证了其精确性和近似性。
其次,相对于自适应调制编码和自动重传协议的分层控制,本文基于跨层设计的思想,以物理层的正交幅度调制为基础并结合数据链路层的自动重传和包长控制协议设计了基于最佳子包分割数机制控制下的自适应调制编码结合自动重传的跨层优化控制协议。该协议以接收端反馈到发射端的信噪比作为跟踪信道状态的依据来进行实时控制,并以最大化系统吞吐量为准则,给出了子包数目和调制编码方式联合选择的最优方法。
最后,以本文的跨层控制协议为基础综合考虑系统参数和数据负载对能耗的影响,建立了基于无线传感器网络以每数据比特等效能耗为目标的数学模型。并通过仿真,分析和研究了在实现数据吞吐量最大化的过程中传输数据对能耗有效性的影响。
In wireless communication networks, the demand for high data rates and quality of service (QoS) is growing at a rapid pace. However, the performance of wireless links is severely degraded due to channel fading, which limits the overall system throughput considerably relative to wired-line alternatives. Throughput, defined as the data rate successfully received, is a key measure of quality of service (QoS) for wireless data transmission systems. To enhance throughput in future wireless data communication systems, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) at the physical layer and automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol at the data link layer have been studied extensively, while they also have many obvious defects in aspects of complexity, overall performance, energy consumption and so on.
At first, this paper has been proposed an exact and general closed-form expression of the BER performance for the Quadrature Amplitude odulation (QAM), under an AWGN channel when Gray code mapping is employed. And by simulation to verify its accuracy and the approximate
Second, Compared with the separated control of adaptive modulation and coding, and automatic re-transmission protocol on the layer, in this paper, based on the idea of cross-layer design, the cross-layer protocol of adaptive modulation and coding combined with automatic retransmission control under the best number of Separate sub-package is designed based on AMC at the physical layer and ARQ at the data link laye. The protocol with the receiver back to the transmitter SNR as the basis for tracking channel state conduct real-time control. And to maximize system throughput as the goal, the method is given to choose jointly the number of sub-packet and the class of modulation coding.
Finally, to the cross-layer control protocol based on comprehensive consideration of system parameters and data load on the impact of energy consumption, a mathematical model of a wireless sensor network based on the data per-bits energy equivalent is established in this paper. And through simulation, analysis and research the data throughput in the process of maximizing the effectiveness of transferring data on the impact of energy consumption.
首先,为准确和快速利用信噪比计算此时信道状态下的系统最佳的控制参数,本文针对信道特性在加性高斯白噪声条件下以格雷码编码的正交幅度调制提出了一种基于位判决线为参照结合各信息位格雷码扩展规律的误码率计算方法,并推导了其精确计算模型和提出了一种快速近似计算方法,并通过仿真验证了其精确性和近似性。
其次,相对于自适应调制编码和自动重传协议的分层控制,本文基于跨层设计的思想,以物理层的正交幅度调制为基础并结合数据链路层的自动重传和包长控制协议设计了基于最佳子包分割数机制控制下的自适应调制编码结合自动重传的跨层优化控制协议。该协议以接收端反馈到发射端的信噪比作为跟踪信道状态的依据来进行实时控制,并以最大化系统吞吐量为准则,给出了子包数目和调制编码方式联合选择的最优方法。
最后,以本文的跨层控制协议为基础综合考虑系统参数和数据负载对能耗的影响,建立了基于无线传感器网络以每数据比特等效能耗为目标的数学模型。并通过仿真,分析和研究了在实现数据吞吐量最大化的过程中传输数据对能耗有效性的影响。
In wireless communication networks, the demand for high data rates and quality of service (QoS) is growing at a rapid pace. However, the performance of wireless links is severely degraded due to channel fading, which limits the overall system throughput considerably relative to wired-line alternatives. Throughput, defined as the data rate successfully received, is a key measure of quality of service (QoS) for wireless data transmission systems. To enhance throughput in future wireless data communication systems, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) at the physical layer and automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol at the data link layer have been studied extensively, while they also have many obvious defects in aspects of complexity, overall performance, energy consumption and so on.
At first, this paper has been proposed an exact and general closed-form expression of the BER performance for the Quadrature Amplitude odulation (QAM), under an AWGN channel when Gray code mapping is employed. And by simulation to verify its accuracy and the approximate
Second, Compared with the separated control of adaptive modulation and coding, and automatic re-transmission protocol on the layer, in this paper, based on the idea of cross-layer design, the cross-layer protocol of adaptive modulation and coding combined with automatic retransmission control under the best number of Separate sub-package is designed based on AMC at the physical layer and ARQ at the data link laye. The protocol with the receiver back to the transmitter SNR as the basis for tracking channel state conduct real-time control. And to maximize system throughput as the goal, the method is given to choose jointly the number of sub-packet and the class of modulation coding.
Finally, to the cross-layer control protocol based on comprehensive consideration of system parameters and data load on the impact of energy consumption, a mathematical model of a wireless sensor network based on the data per-bits energy equivalent is established in this paper. And through simulation, analysis and research the data throughput in the process of maximizing the effectiveness of transferring data on the impact of energy consumption.
引文
1 N.Aakvaag, M.Mathiesen, G.Thonet. Timing and power issues in wireless sensor networks-An industrial test case. In. Proc. of the Int’l Conf. on Parallel Processing Workshop (ICPPW 2005). Piscataway: IEEE Computer Society,2005:419-426
2 N.Ota, P.Wright. Trends in wireless sensor networks for manufacturing. Int’l Journal on Manufacturing Research,2006,1(1):3-17
3 D.Malan, T.Fulford-Jones, M.Welsh. Code blue: An adhoc sensor network infrastructure for emergency medical care. In: Proc. of the Int’l Workshop on Wearable Implantable Body Sensor Networks.http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/papers/code bluebsn04.pdf,2004
4 Li YJ, Wang Z, Song YQ. Wireless sensor network design for wildfire monitoring. In: Proc. of the IEEE World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA 2006). Piscataway: IEEE Computer Society,2006:109-113
5 Q.I.ZHANG, W.W.ZHU, F.YANG.. A cross-layer QoS support framework for multimedia delivery over wireless Internet.EURASIP Journal on App lied Signal Processing. 2005(1):207-219
6 J.Stankovic, Wireless Sensor Networks In Handbook of Real-Time and Embedded Systems. Boca Raton: champer&hall/CRC Press, 2007
7 Li YJ, Chen CS, Song YQ, et al. Real-Time QoS support in wireless sensor networks: A survey. In: Proc. of the IFAC Int’l Conf. on Fieldbuses and Networks in Industrial and Imbedded Systems (FET 2007). Toulouse: IFAC,2007:373-380
8 Li YJ, Wang Z, Sun YX. Decision fusion under fading channel in resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. Journal of Software,2007,18(5):1130-1137
9 M.S.Alouini, A.J.Goldsmith. Adaptive modulation over Nakagami fading channels. Kluwer Journal on Wireless Communications,2000,13(2):119-143
10 D.L.Goeckel. Adaptive coding for time-varying channels using outdated fadingestimates. IEEE Transactions on Communications,1999,47(6):844-855
11 A.J.Goldsmith, S.G.Chua. Adaptive coded modulation for fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications,1998,46(5):595-602
12 A.J.Goldsmith, S.G.Chua. Variable-rate variable-power MQAM for fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications,1997,45(10):1218-1230
13 K.J.Hole, H.Holm, G.E.Oien. Adaptive multidimensional coded modulation over flat fading channels. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18 (7):1153–1158
14 M.B.Pursley, J.M.Shea. Adaptive nonuniform phase-shift-key modulation for multimedia traffic in wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18(8):1394-1407
15 T.Ue, S.Sampei, N.Morinaga. Symbol rate and modulation level-controlled adaptive modulation/TDMA/TDD system for high-bit-rate wireless data transmission. IEEE Trans,on Vehicular Tech,1998,47(4):1134–1147
16杨大成. CDMA2000 1x移动通信系统[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003:263-285
17 B. Bougard, S. Pullin, A. Dejonghe, et al. Cross-Layer Power Managementin Witless Networksand Consequences on System-Level Architecture. Signal Processing, 2005,86(8):1792-1803
18 Rex Min, Anantha Chandrakasan. A Framework for Energy-Scalable Communication in High-Density Wireless Networks. in ISLPED '02: Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium on Low power electronics and design,Monterey,California, USA,2002:36-41
19 A.Randall Bery, G.RoberGallager. Communication Over Fading Channels With Delay Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2002,48(5):1135-1149
20 A.Goldsmith. Adaptive modulation and coding for fading channels. Proceedings of the Information Theory and Communications Workshop,1999:24-26
21 L.Hanzo, W.T.Webb, T.Keller. Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation. in Principles and Applications for Personal Communications, Piscataway, New York,2000,5:271-279
22 J.M.Torrance, L.Hanzo. Latency and networking aspects of adaptive modems over slow indoors Rayleigh fading channels. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol, 1999,48:1237- 1251
23 A.J.Goldsmith, S.G.Chua. Variable-rate variable-power MQAM for fading channels. IEEE Trans.Commun.,1997,45:1218-1230
24 M.K.Simon, S.M.Hinedi, W. C. Lindsey. Digital Communication Techniques. Englewood Cliffs, NJ,Prentice-Hall,1995:128-144
25 M.P.Fitz, J.P.Seymour. On the bit error probability of QAM modulation. Int. J. Wireless Inform. Networks,1994,1(2):131-139
26 J.Lu, K.B.Letaief, J.C.I.Chuang. M-PSK and M-QAM BER computation using signal-space concepts. IEEE Trans.Commun, 1999,47:181–184
27 L.Yang, L.Hanzo. A recursive algorithm for the error probabilityevaluation of M-QAM. IEEE Commun. Lett,2000,4:304-306
28王乃博,马军. HSDPA终端侧HARQ合并技术的研究.电信快报,2006,(4):42-44
29 S.Lin, D.J.Costelo, M.Miler. Automatic-Repeat-reQuest Error-Control Schemes. IEEE Commun.,Mag.,Dec.,1984,22(12):5-17
30 S.Kallel. Generalized Type II Hybrid ARQ Scheme Using Punctured Convolutional Coding.IEEE Transaction on Communications,1990,38:1938- 1946
31 N.Douglas, B.L.Milstein. on the performance of hybrid FEC-ARQ systems using rate compatible punctured turbo(RCPT) codes. IEEE Trans. On Communications, 2000,48(6):948-959
32 D.Garg, R.Kimura, F.Adachi. RCPT hybrid ARQ with limited number of retransmissions in DS-CDMA. Electronics Letters,2003,39(2):241-242
33 L.Qingwen, Z.Shengli, G.B.Giannakis. Cross-layer Combining of A daptive Modulation and Coding With Truncated ARQ Over Wireless Links. IEEE Transactionson Wireless Communications,2004,3:1746-1755
34 W.Dalei, C.Song. Cross-Layer Design for Combining Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Hybrid ARQ. IWCMC'06, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,2006:147-152
35 W.Dalei, Ci.Song. Cross-Layer Combination of Hybrid ARQ and Adaptive Modulation and Coding for QoS provisioning in Wireless Data Networks. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series,2006,191:07-09
36 J.Gross. Cross-Layer Optimization of OFDM Transmission Systems for MPEG4 Video Streaming. Comp.Common,2004,27:1044-55
37 R.S.Tupelly, J.Zhang, E.K.P.Chong. Opportunistic Scheduling for Streaming Video in Wireless Networks. 37th Annual Conf.Info.Sci.and Sys.,Baltimore,MD,Mar,2003: 12-14
38 Q.Liu, S.Zhou, G.Giannakis. Cross-layer Scheduling with Prescribed QoS Guarantees in Adaptive Wireless Networks. IEEE JSAC,2005,23(5):1056-66
39 Y.Shan, A.Zakhor. Cross Layer Techniques for Adaptive Video Streaming over Wireless Networks. IEEE Int'l.Conf.Multi media and Expo,Lausanne,Switzerland, Aug,2002:26-29
40 M.V.Schaar. Adaptive Cross-Layer Protection Strategies for Robust Scalable Video Transmissi on over 802.11WLANs.IEEE JSAC,2003,21(10):1752-1763
41 Y.Peng. Adaptive Resource Alocation and Frame Scheduling for Wireless multi-user Video Streaming. IEEEI nt'l.Conf.Image Proc.Geneva,Italy,2005:11-14
42 T.Shi, L.Can. Combining Techniques and Segment Selective Repeaton Turbo Coded Hybrid ARQ. IEEE Commun,Society WCNC,2004:2115-2119
43 K.Stuhlmuller, N.Farber, M.Link. Analysis of video transmission over lossy channels.IEEE JSAC,2000,18:1012-1032
44 J.Yang, X.Z.Fang, X.Hongkai. A Joint Rate Control Scheme for H.264 Encoding of Multiple Video Sequences. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2005, 51(4): 617-623
45 C.Lan, T.Chu, K.R.Narayanan. Scalable image and video transmission using irregular repeat-accumulate codes with fast algorithm for optimal unequal error protection. IEEE Trans.Comm.,2004,52(5):1092-1101
46 M.Conti, G.Maselli, G.Turi. Cross-layering in mobile ad hoc network design. IEEE Computer Society,2004,37(2):48-51
47 L.Tong, Q.Zhao. Multipacket Receptionin Random Access Wireless Networks: From Signal Processing to Optimal Medium Access Control. IEEE Communications Magazine,2001,39(11):108-122
48 V.Kawadia, P.R.Kumar. A Cautionary Perspective on Cross-layer Desigh.IEEE wireless communication,2005:3-13
49 G.Holland, N.Vaidya, P.Bahl. A Rate-Adaptive MAC Protocol for Multihop Wireless Networks. Proc.7th Annual Int'1.Conf.Mobile Comp.and Net.,ACM Press,2001,23: 6-51
50 P.R.Kumar.A Survey of Some Results in Stochastic Adaptive Control.SIAMJ. Control and optimization,1985,23(3):329-380
51 D.Yoon, K.Cho. On the general BER expression of one and two-dimensional amplitude modulations. IEEE Transactions on Communications,2002,50(7):1074- 1080
52 D.Yoon, K.Cho, J.Lee. Bit error probability of M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation. in Proc. IEEE VTC Fall,2000,5:2422-2427
53 L.Yang, L.Hanzo. A recursive algorithm for the error probability evaluation of M-QAM. IEEE Commun Lett,2000,4:304-306
54 T.Yoo, A.Goldsmith. Throughput optimization using adaptive techniques. IEEE Communication Letters, http://wsl.stanford.edu/Andrea publications.html,2006
55 H.Minn, M.Zeng, V.K.Bhargava. On ARQ scheme with adaptive error control. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2001,50(6):1426-1436
56 E.Biglieri, G.Caire, G.Taricco. Limiting performance of block-fading channels with multiple antennas. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2001,47(4):1273-1289
57 Z.Yiqing, W.Jiangzhou. Optimum subpacket transmission for hybrid ARQ system. IEEE Transactions on Communications,2006,54(5):934-942
58 I.Akyildiz, F.SuW, Y.Sankarasubramaniam. Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. Computer Networks,2002,38:393-422
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60徐建城,史浩山,王结太.无线传感器网络中ARQ协议能量有效性分析.计算机工程与应用,2008,44(9):13-14
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62 N. Li, J.C. Hou, L. Sha. Design and Analysis of an MST-Based Topology Control Algorithm. Proc. IEEE Infocom,2003:1702-1712
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2 N.Ota, P.Wright. Trends in wireless sensor networks for manufacturing. Int’l Journal on Manufacturing Research,2006,1(1):3-17
3 D.Malan, T.Fulford-Jones, M.Welsh. Code blue: An adhoc sensor network infrastructure for emergency medical care. In: Proc. of the Int’l Workshop on Wearable Implantable Body Sensor Networks.http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/papers/code bluebsn04.pdf,2004
4 Li YJ, Wang Z, Song YQ. Wireless sensor network design for wildfire monitoring. In: Proc. of the IEEE World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA 2006). Piscataway: IEEE Computer Society,2006:109-113
5 Q.I.ZHANG, W.W.ZHU, F.YANG.. A cross-layer QoS support framework for multimedia delivery over wireless Internet.EURASIP Journal on App lied Signal Processing. 2005(1):207-219
6 J.Stankovic, Wireless Sensor Networks In Handbook of Real-Time and Embedded Systems. Boca Raton: champer&hall/CRC Press, 2007
7 Li YJ, Chen CS, Song YQ, et al. Real-Time QoS support in wireless sensor networks: A survey. In: Proc. of the IFAC Int’l Conf. on Fieldbuses and Networks in Industrial and Imbedded Systems (FET 2007). Toulouse: IFAC,2007:373-380
8 Li YJ, Wang Z, Sun YX. Decision fusion under fading channel in resource-constrained wireless sensor networks. Journal of Software,2007,18(5):1130-1137
9 M.S.Alouini, A.J.Goldsmith. Adaptive modulation over Nakagami fading channels. Kluwer Journal on Wireless Communications,2000,13(2):119-143
10 D.L.Goeckel. Adaptive coding for time-varying channels using outdated fadingestimates. IEEE Transactions on Communications,1999,47(6):844-855
11 A.J.Goldsmith, S.G.Chua. Adaptive coded modulation for fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications,1998,46(5):595-602
12 A.J.Goldsmith, S.G.Chua. Variable-rate variable-power MQAM for fading channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications,1997,45(10):1218-1230
13 K.J.Hole, H.Holm, G.E.Oien. Adaptive multidimensional coded modulation over flat fading channels. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18 (7):1153–1158
14 M.B.Pursley, J.M.Shea. Adaptive nonuniform phase-shift-key modulation for multimedia traffic in wireless networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2000,18(8):1394-1407
15 T.Ue, S.Sampei, N.Morinaga. Symbol rate and modulation level-controlled adaptive modulation/TDMA/TDD system for high-bit-rate wireless data transmission. IEEE Trans,on Vehicular Tech,1998,47(4):1134–1147
16杨大成. CDMA2000 1x移动通信系统[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2003:263-285
17 B. Bougard, S. Pullin, A. Dejonghe, et al. Cross-Layer Power Managementin Witless Networksand Consequences on System-Level Architecture. Signal Processing, 2005,86(8):1792-1803
18 Rex Min, Anantha Chandrakasan. A Framework for Energy-Scalable Communication in High-Density Wireless Networks. in ISLPED '02: Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium on Low power electronics and design,Monterey,California, USA,2002:36-41
19 A.Randall Bery, G.RoberGallager. Communication Over Fading Channels With Delay Constraints. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,2002,48(5):1135-1149
20 A.Goldsmith. Adaptive modulation and coding for fading channels. Proceedings of the Information Theory and Communications Workshop,1999:24-26
21 L.Hanzo, W.T.Webb, T.Keller. Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation. in Principles and Applications for Personal Communications, Piscataway, New York,2000,5:271-279
22 J.M.Torrance, L.Hanzo. Latency and networking aspects of adaptive modems over slow indoors Rayleigh fading channels. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol, 1999,48:1237- 1251
23 A.J.Goldsmith, S.G.Chua. Variable-rate variable-power MQAM for fading channels. IEEE Trans.Commun.,1997,45:1218-1230
24 M.K.Simon, S.M.Hinedi, W. C. Lindsey. Digital Communication Techniques. Englewood Cliffs, NJ,Prentice-Hall,1995:128-144
25 M.P.Fitz, J.P.Seymour. On the bit error probability of QAM modulation. Int. J. Wireless Inform. Networks,1994,1(2):131-139
26 J.Lu, K.B.Letaief, J.C.I.Chuang. M-PSK and M-QAM BER computation using signal-space concepts. IEEE Trans.Commun, 1999,47:181–184
27 L.Yang, L.Hanzo. A recursive algorithm for the error probabilityevaluation of M-QAM. IEEE Commun. Lett,2000,4:304-306
28王乃博,马军. HSDPA终端侧HARQ合并技术的研究.电信快报,2006,(4):42-44
29 S.Lin, D.J.Costelo, M.Miler. Automatic-Repeat-reQuest Error-Control Schemes. IEEE Commun.,Mag.,Dec.,1984,22(12):5-17
30 S.Kallel. Generalized Type II Hybrid ARQ Scheme Using Punctured Convolutional Coding.IEEE Transaction on Communications,1990,38:1938- 1946
31 N.Douglas, B.L.Milstein. on the performance of hybrid FEC-ARQ systems using rate compatible punctured turbo(RCPT) codes. IEEE Trans. On Communications, 2000,48(6):948-959
32 D.Garg, R.Kimura, F.Adachi. RCPT hybrid ARQ with limited number of retransmissions in DS-CDMA. Electronics Letters,2003,39(2):241-242
33 L.Qingwen, Z.Shengli, G.B.Giannakis. Cross-layer Combining of A daptive Modulation and Coding With Truncated ARQ Over Wireless Links. IEEE Transactionson Wireless Communications,2004,3:1746-1755
34 W.Dalei, C.Song. Cross-Layer Design for Combining Adaptive Modulation and Coding with Hybrid ARQ. IWCMC'06, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,2006:147-152
35 W.Dalei, Ci.Song. Cross-Layer Combination of Hybrid ARQ and Adaptive Modulation and Coding for QoS provisioning in Wireless Data Networks. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series,2006,191:07-09
36 J.Gross. Cross-Layer Optimization of OFDM Transmission Systems for MPEG4 Video Streaming. Comp.Common,2004,27:1044-55
37 R.S.Tupelly, J.Zhang, E.K.P.Chong. Opportunistic Scheduling for Streaming Video in Wireless Networks. 37th Annual Conf.Info.Sci.and Sys.,Baltimore,MD,Mar,2003: 12-14
38 Q.Liu, S.Zhou, G.Giannakis. Cross-layer Scheduling with Prescribed QoS Guarantees in Adaptive Wireless Networks. IEEE JSAC,2005,23(5):1056-66
39 Y.Shan, A.Zakhor. Cross Layer Techniques for Adaptive Video Streaming over Wireless Networks. IEEE Int'l.Conf.Multi media and Expo,Lausanne,Switzerland, Aug,2002:26-29
40 M.V.Schaar. Adaptive Cross-Layer Protection Strategies for Robust Scalable Video Transmissi on over 802.11WLANs.IEEE JSAC,2003,21(10):1752-1763
41 Y.Peng. Adaptive Resource Alocation and Frame Scheduling for Wireless multi-user Video Streaming. IEEEI nt'l.Conf.Image Proc.Geneva,Italy,2005:11-14
42 T.Shi, L.Can. Combining Techniques and Segment Selective Repeaton Turbo Coded Hybrid ARQ. IEEE Commun,Society WCNC,2004:2115-2119
43 K.Stuhlmuller, N.Farber, M.Link. Analysis of video transmission over lossy channels.IEEE JSAC,2000,18:1012-1032
44 J.Yang, X.Z.Fang, X.Hongkai. A Joint Rate Control Scheme for H.264 Encoding of Multiple Video Sequences. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 2005, 51(4): 617-623
45 C.Lan, T.Chu, K.R.Narayanan. Scalable image and video transmission using irregular repeat-accumulate codes with fast algorithm for optimal unequal error protection. IEEE Trans.Comm.,2004,52(5):1092-1101
46 M.Conti, G.Maselli, G.Turi. Cross-layering in mobile ad hoc network design. IEEE Computer Society,2004,37(2):48-51
47 L.Tong, Q.Zhao. Multipacket Receptionin Random Access Wireless Networks: From Signal Processing to Optimal Medium Access Control. IEEE Communications Magazine,2001,39(11):108-122
48 V.Kawadia, P.R.Kumar. A Cautionary Perspective on Cross-layer Desigh.IEEE wireless communication,2005:3-13
49 G.Holland, N.Vaidya, P.Bahl. A Rate-Adaptive MAC Protocol for Multihop Wireless Networks. Proc.7th Annual Int'1.Conf.Mobile Comp.and Net.,ACM Press,2001,23: 6-51
50 P.R.Kumar.A Survey of Some Results in Stochastic Adaptive Control.SIAMJ. Control and optimization,1985,23(3):329-380
51 D.Yoon, K.Cho. On the general BER expression of one and two-dimensional amplitude modulations. IEEE Transactions on Communications,2002,50(7):1074- 1080
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