移情的调节因素及其时程特点
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摘要
移情是源自理解他人的情绪状态或情境而产生的与其相一致的情绪反应。移情是一种重要的社会情绪现象，就社会层面而言，移情与道德行为、利他行为息息相关，是构成亲社会行为的重要动力机制；就个体层面而言，移情是一种替代性的情绪体验，在个体健康人格和情感发展过程中起着重要的作用。因此，移情是教育中，尤其是学校教育中十分重要的情感现象，对移情进行研究也就成为以教育应用为导向的一个重要的基础性研究。
对移情的研究可以从不同的视角展开，本文拟从社会神经科学的角度加以研究。以往基于此角度对移情的研究主要存在以下两个方面的问题：第一，主要集中在疼痛移情领域。疼痛归根结底是一种感觉，而不是真正意义上的人类情绪；第二，相关因素对移情的调节发生的时间不明确，并且研究角度零乱，相互之间缺少逻辑性。本研究拟针对上述问题，将移情研究从具有较多感觉成分的疼痛转向纯粹情绪成分的悲伤，以悲伤移情为研究对象，借助事件相关电位技术，采用图片感知范式，较为系统的探讨移情的调节因素及其时程特点。研究结果如下：
（1）真实情境与电影情境的差异在早期和晚期阶段均存在；在晚期阶段，认知评价的影响进一化分化、具体化，基于诱导引起的认知评价而形成的不同程度的情境真实性对移情的调节发生在精细的受控加工的晚期阶段。
（2）真实情境与卡通情境的差异主要表现在300ms之前；基于客体引起的认知评价而形成的不同程度的情境真实性能够调节移情，在早期和晚期阶段均有所体现，且表现形式复杂，早期和晚期的具体情形完全相反。
（3）女性对他人悲伤情绪的移情发生时间(200-300ms之间)早于男性(350ms以后)，这表明女性善于感受他人的悲伤，而男性则善于在理性的基础上感受他人的悲伤。
（4）同外倾个体相比，内倾个体对刺激更为敏感，但不能持久。与预期不一致，内外倾并未表现出对悲伤移情的调节。
（5）从200ms开始，悲伤移情便开始发生，在晚期阶段移情反应更为明显；悲伤移情的发生包含一定程度的自动性，但又包含一定程度的可控性，表明了人类移情的灵活性。这一特点可能同样适用于其他负性情绪的移情。
（6）移情早期的情绪分享和晚期的认知评估阶段并非截然分离的，认知评估阶段同样有情绪反应的存在，并且认知可以影响早期阶段。
（7）提出了关于认知自动化程度对移情调节发生时间的新理论模型。
Empathy is an affective state stemming from apprehension of another's emotional state or condition and which is congruent with it. Empathy is a kind of important social emotional phenomenon. From the social perspective, it is generally believed that empathy, which is closely related with the moral behavior and altruism behavior, is an important dynamic mechanism of prosocial behaviors. From the individual perspective, empathy is an alternative emotional experience, which plays the important role in individuals'developing healthy personalities and emotions. So empathy is a very important emotional phenomenon in education, especially in the school education, and making a study on empathy also becomes basic research oriented by education application.
We can develop studies on empathy from different perspectives, this study is based on social neuroscience perspective. There are two major problems existed in the previous research on the same aspect. The first mainly centers in the empathy for pain. Pain, instead of the true meaning of human emotions, is a sense in essence. Second, The happening of the modulation of relevant factors on empathy is unclear and the points of view of study which were lack of logic is in a mess。This study is based on the above issues, turning empathy research from the sensitive component of pain to the purely emotional component of sadness. Taking empathy for sadness for example, with the event-related potential technologies and the picture perception paradigms, it argues the modulatory factors and its temporal dynamic features of empathy systematically. The results are as follows:
(1) There are differences in the early and late stages between real situation and film situation. At late stage, the influence of cognitive evaluation becomes more differential and concrete. The different levels of situational realities formed by the cognitive evaluation which is based on induction modulate the empathy and this happens in the fine controlled processing period of the late stage.
(2) The differences between the real situation and the cartoon situation lay in the stagebefore300ms. The vairous levels of situational realities formed by the cognitive evaluationwhich is based on object can modulate the empathy，and it embodies in both the early andlate stages with complex manifestations. The specific characters of the early and late stagesare exactly opposite.
(3) The empathy for sadness of woman happens earlier (200-300ms) than men (atfer350ms)，which indicates that women are adept to feel the sorrow of others, while menare good at feeling the same thing on a rational basis.
(4) Comparing with the extroversive individuals, the introversive ones are moresensitive to stimulation although it cannot be sustained. Inconsistent with the expectation,both individuals of extroversion and introversion does not show any modulation on empathyfor sadness.
(5) The empathy for sadness begins to occur from200ms and grows moreobviously in the late stage. It contains a certain degree of automaticity as well ascontrollability, which indicates the flexibility of human empathy. Moreover, this charactermay also apply to other negative emotions of empathy.
(6) The early emotional shairng and late cognitive evaluation of empathy are notentirely separated. The cognitive evaluation stage also has emotional responses, andcognition may influence the early stage.
(7) This study proposes a new theory model about happening time of the modulation ofthe extent of cognitive automation on empathy.
对移情的研究可以从不同的视角展开，本文拟从社会神经科学的角度加以研究。以往基于此角度对移情的研究主要存在以下两个方面的问题：第一，主要集中在疼痛移情领域。疼痛归根结底是一种感觉，而不是真正意义上的人类情绪；第二，相关因素对移情的调节发生的时间不明确，并且研究角度零乱，相互之间缺少逻辑性。本研究拟针对上述问题，将移情研究从具有较多感觉成分的疼痛转向纯粹情绪成分的悲伤，以悲伤移情为研究对象，借助事件相关电位技术，采用图片感知范式，较为系统的探讨移情的调节因素及其时程特点。研究结果如下：
（1）真实情境与电影情境的差异在早期和晚期阶段均存在；在晚期阶段，认知评价的影响进一化分化、具体化，基于诱导引起的认知评价而形成的不同程度的情境真实性对移情的调节发生在精细的受控加工的晚期阶段。
（2）真实情境与卡通情境的差异主要表现在300ms之前；基于客体引起的认知评价而形成的不同程度的情境真实性能够调节移情，在早期和晚期阶段均有所体现，且表现形式复杂，早期和晚期的具体情形完全相反。
（3）女性对他人悲伤情绪的移情发生时间(200-300ms之间)早于男性(350ms以后)，这表明女性善于感受他人的悲伤，而男性则善于在理性的基础上感受他人的悲伤。
（4）同外倾个体相比，内倾个体对刺激更为敏感，但不能持久。与预期不一致，内外倾并未表现出对悲伤移情的调节。
（5）从200ms开始，悲伤移情便开始发生，在晚期阶段移情反应更为明显；悲伤移情的发生包含一定程度的自动性，但又包含一定程度的可控性，表明了人类移情的灵活性。这一特点可能同样适用于其他负性情绪的移情。
（6）移情早期的情绪分享和晚期的认知评估阶段并非截然分离的，认知评估阶段同样有情绪反应的存在，并且认知可以影响早期阶段。
（7）提出了关于认知自动化程度对移情调节发生时间的新理论模型。
Empathy is an affective state stemming from apprehension of another's emotional state or condition and which is congruent with it. Empathy is a kind of important social emotional phenomenon. From the social perspective, it is generally believed that empathy, which is closely related with the moral behavior and altruism behavior, is an important dynamic mechanism of prosocial behaviors. From the individual perspective, empathy is an alternative emotional experience, which plays the important role in individuals'developing healthy personalities and emotions. So empathy is a very important emotional phenomenon in education, especially in the school education, and making a study on empathy also becomes basic research oriented by education application.
We can develop studies on empathy from different perspectives, this study is based on social neuroscience perspective. There are two major problems existed in the previous research on the same aspect. The first mainly centers in the empathy for pain. Pain, instead of the true meaning of human emotions, is a sense in essence. Second, The happening of the modulation of relevant factors on empathy is unclear and the points of view of study which were lack of logic is in a mess。This study is based on the above issues, turning empathy research from the sensitive component of pain to the purely emotional component of sadness. Taking empathy for sadness for example, with the event-related potential technologies and the picture perception paradigms, it argues the modulatory factors and its temporal dynamic features of empathy systematically. The results are as follows:
(1) There are differences in the early and late stages between real situation and film situation. At late stage, the influence of cognitive evaluation becomes more differential and concrete. The different levels of situational realities formed by the cognitive evaluation which is based on induction modulate the empathy and this happens in the fine controlled processing period of the late stage.
(2) The differences between the real situation and the cartoon situation lay in the stagebefore300ms. The vairous levels of situational realities formed by the cognitive evaluationwhich is based on object can modulate the empathy，and it embodies in both the early andlate stages with complex manifestations. The specific characters of the early and late stagesare exactly opposite.
(3) The empathy for sadness of woman happens earlier (200-300ms) than men (atfer350ms)，which indicates that women are adept to feel the sorrow of others, while menare good at feeling the same thing on a rational basis.
(4) Comparing with the extroversive individuals, the introversive ones are moresensitive to stimulation although it cannot be sustained. Inconsistent with the expectation,both individuals of extroversion and introversion does not show any modulation on empathyfor sadness.
(5) The empathy for sadness begins to occur from200ms and grows moreobviously in the late stage. It contains a certain degree of automaticity as well ascontrollability, which indicates the flexibility of human empathy. Moreover, this charactermay also apply to other negative emotions of empathy.
(6) The early emotional shairng and late cognitive evaluation of empathy are notentirely separated. The cognitive evaluation stage also has emotional responses, andcognition may influence the early stage.
(7) This study proposes a new theory model about happening time of the modulation ofthe extent of cognitive automation on empathy.
引文
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