生产性服务业发展、制造业竞争力与产业融合
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摘要
在我国经济发展取得举世瞩目成就的同时,我国制造业也取得了巨大的成就,规模位居世界第一,但在国内资源、能源和环境约束、欧美发达国家再工业化以及世界经济波动情况下,我国制造业面临着巨大的压力,制造业竞争力已经到了必须升级的“时点”,探索如何提升和增强我国制造业竞争力已迫在眉睫。而与制造业唇齿相联的生产性服务业迅速发展,为制造业竞争力的提升‘带来生机和正能量,鉴于此,对于制造业竞争力的研究不能仅局限于制造业本身,必须将其与生产性服务业的内在联系这一着力点来研究。基于此,本文尝试解答以下问题：我国服务业发展提升制造业竞争力的作用如何?我国生产性服务业发展的主要影响因素有哪些?如何更好地促进生产性服务业的发展?生产性服务业增强制造业竞争力的有效途径是什么?我国生产性服务业与制造业的融合水平如何?
本文首先在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,根据我国生产性服务业和制造业的发展现状和特点,合理界定生产性服务业外延和制造业竞争力内涵,确定我国制造业竞争力衡量指标并定量计算,从地区和行业层面实证分析我国生产性服务业提升制造业竞争力的作用；其次,从影响生产性服务业需求和供给的角度,分析产业融合对生产性服务业发展的作用,实证分析我国生产性服务业发展的影响因素；然后,从产业融合的视角,理论分析生产性服务业增强制造业竞争力过程,以价值链理论为基础,探索生产性服务业与制造业融合过程模型和融合效应,分析生产性服务业与制造业融合动力和融合模式；最后,根据我国投入产出表,从行业和地区层面测算我国生产性服务业与制造业融合水平。研究结果发现：
1、我国生产性服务业发展对制造竞争力提升已呈现显著的促进作用。在细分行业中,交通运输、仓储和邮政业对制造业竞争力的促进作用最大,科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业促进作用不显著,这与我国目前制造业粗放式发展以及生产性服务业内部结构相关。从区域层面看,东部地区生产性服务业发展是制造业竞争力提升最为重要的因素,中西部地区则具有一定的促进作用。从生产性服务业发展对不同类型制造业竞争力的作用看,生产性服务业发展对劳动密集型、资本密集型以及技术密集型制造业竞争力均有程度不同的促进作用,对资本密集型制造业作用最为显著,对技术密集型制造业作用最弱。
2、在我国目前发展阶段,工业化程度对我国整体生产性服务业发展影响最大。专业化分工深化和生产性服务业服务效率的提升将促进我国生产性服务业发展。产业融合对我国生产性服务业发展具有促进作用。政府规模与生产性服务业发展呈正相关。制造业集聚在全国层面和东部地区促进生产性服务业发展,而在中西部地区则阻碍了生产性服务业发展。对外开放程度对东部地区生产性服务业发展作用显著,而对全国层面和中西部地区生产性服务业发展作用不明显。这些因素对生产性服务业细分行业的影响存在一定差异。
3、产业融合是生产性服务业增强制造业竞争力的有效途径。生产性服务业与制造业价值链环节上活动的相互渗透、延伸和重组,是生产性服务业与制造业融合发展的反映。生产性服务业与制造业融合过程实质是价值链分解和重构整合的过程。生产性服务业与制造业价值链基本活动的融合,将超越市场交换关系中价格体系所起的作用实现潜在的规模经济效应,在创造出更高顾客价值的基础上获得企业经济绩效的增长,提高基本生产运营效率。生产性服务业与制造业价值链辅助活动的融合,将提高专业化水平,充分发挥分工带来的专业化经济效应,同时进一步提高规模递增的经济效果,改善资源配置效率。因此,生产性服务业与制造业融合将通过提高制造业的生产运营效率和优化资源配置效率,从而增强制造业竞争力。
4、我国生产性服务业与制造业融合水平较低,没能有效发挥产业融合促进生产性服务业发展和增强制造业竞争力的作用。生产性服务业与制造业各细分行业之间的融合度很低且行业间相差非常大,石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业与生产性服务业融合水平最高,有色金属冶炼及压延加工业与生产性服务业融合水平最低。从生产性服务业细分行业与制造业各行业平均融合水平来看,高端生产性服务业与制造业融合水平很低,传统生产性服务业融合水平相对较高,且行业间相差很大。生产性服务业整体与资本密集型制造业融合水平最高,与劳动密集型制造业融合水平最低。从地区来看,北京生产性服务业与制造业融合水平最高,远高于其它省市(自治区)和全国平均融合水平,各省市(自治区)间的融合水平差异较大,也呈现出各自的特点。从区域层面来看,东部地区生产性服务业与制造业融合水平最高,西部地区的融合水平其次,中部地区的融合水平最低。
本文根据以上研究结论,提出以下政策建议：一是制定合理的促进产业融合和产业发展政策。二是构建良好的生产性服务业与制造业融合发展机制与环境。三是建立科学合理的准入制度,形成有效的市场运行机制。四是完善人力资本培养机制,提升生产性服务业人力资本。
本文的创新主要有以下四点：一是从制造业全要素生产率的角度衡量制造业竞争力。二是从影响生产性服务业发展的需求和供给角度提出相应的理论假设,且考虑了在以往研究中较少关注的一个重要的因素——产业融合。三是以价值链为视角,分析生产性服务业与制造业的融合过程模型、融合效应以及融合模式。四是从行业和地区层面测算我国生产性服务业与制造业的融合水平。
本文还存在一定的不足需进一步努力：一是理论分析生产性服务业与制造业融合促进制造业竞争力的提升,但这需要在实践中去检验。二是需要在以后的研究中不断探索新方法完善产业融合的测算,以期进行微观层面的分析。
The transformation of China's economy during the last thirty years has been remarkable. Manufacturing industries have been at the forefront of the changes that have made China the workshop of the world. However, against a background of non-renewable resource, energy and environmental constraints, the reindustrialization of developed countries in Europe and North America, and a more fragile global economy, manufacturing industries in China are under pressure. There is an urgent need to upgrade and to improve their competitiveness. A group of activities that are key in this respect are producer services that have a "divide but not leave" relationship with manufacturing industry. The even more recent development of producer services has brought vitality and positive energy to enhancing the competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Thus, we cannot analyze the manufacturing competitiveness without a discussion of producer services. This thesis attempts to answer four questions:First, what is the current role of producer services in upgrading manufacturing competitiveness in China? Second, what are the determinants of producer services development in China? Third, what are the best ways to promote producer services with a view to the enhancement of manufacturing competitiveness? Fourth, how can the convergence coefficient between producer services and manufacturing be calculated?
A combination of domestic and international research findings are used to construct a classification of producer services and define the essence of manufacturing competitiveness in China. We calculate the efficiency of manufacturing industry using DEA method. Then we analyze the impact of producer services on manufacturing efficiency in China using dynamic panel data analysis methods for20provinces and Zhixiashi from2004to2010. The same dataset is then used to identify some of the determinants of producer services in China by analyzing the demand and supply of producer services, including industry convergence. Then, the paper theoretically analysis the mechanism of producer services to enhance manufacturing competitiveness from the perspective of industry convergence. Based on value chain theory, the convergent driving forces, routes, and model are analyzed. Finally, the foundation of industrial convergence between producer services and manufacturing is analyzed and further calculations made on the coefficient between producer services and manufacturing using the input-output table for China.
The results of these analyses are summarized as follows:
First, the development of producer services plays a significant role in promoting manufacturing competitiveness in China. The Industrial, Transportation, Storage and Post sub-sectors have the maximum significant influence while Scientific Research, Technical Service and Geologic Prospecting perform a limited role. The development of producer services also plays a significant role in promoting manufacturing competitiveness at the regional level. The development of producer services is the most important determinant of manufacturing efficiency in the east region. It is performs a less prominent role in the central and western regions. It is clear that the development of producer services has promoted labor-intensive, capital-intensive and technology-intensive manufacturing competitiveness, although the greatest impact is on capital-intensive manufacturing and the least impact is on technology-intensive manufacturing.
Second, the degree of industrialization has the greatest impact on the development of producer services in China. The degree of specialization and efficiency of producer services promotes their development. Industry convergence contributes to the development of producer services in eastern, central and western regions but the effect is weak. On the other hand, the level of government intervention has a strong relationship with the overall development of producer services. Although manufacturing agglomeration encourages the development of producer services in all the provinces of the eastern region, it has not had this effect in the central and western regions. The degree of economic openness only has significant influence in the eastern region.
Third, industry convergence is the effective way to enhance manufacturing competitiveness. Interpenetration, extension and restructuring of the value chains of producer services and manufacturing reflect the convergence of producer services and manufacturing. This convergence is essentially the process of decomposition and reconstruction of the value chains. Producer services relationally converge with primary activities in the manufacturing value chain. This goes beyond the role of the price system in the market and raises operational efficiency by realizing scale economies. The structural converge with supporting activities in manufacturing value chain allocate resources more efficiently by raising the level of specialization. Therefore, producer services can enhance manufacturing competitiveness by improving operational and resources allocation efficiencies.
Fourth, the convergence level between producer services and manufacturing is very low. It is not a way of effectively promoting the development of producer services. The degree of convergence between producer services and sub-sectors of manufacturing varies considerably. The maximum convergence coefficient occurs for Oil Processing, Coking and Nuclear Fuel Processing and producer services; the minimum convergence coefficient is found for Smelting and Pressing of Nonferrous Metals. The convergence level between higher order producer services (such as Information Transmission, Computer Services and Software, Scientific Research, Technical Service and Geologic Prospecting) and manufacturing is very low but it is relatively high between traditional producer services and manufacturing. The highest convergence level between producer services and manufacturing is found in Beijing, which is much higher than for the other provinces and Zhixiashi. While there are wide variations in the convergence levels in the30provinces and Zhixiashi, in general the eastern regions show the highest values and the central region the lowest.
Finally, on the basis of the preceding conclusions some recommendations for the development of policies designed to enhance the role of producer services in China's economic development are suggested.
This thesis has four innovation points:First, based on the premise that manufacturing competitiveness is derived from manufacturing efficiency; the total factor productivity of manufacturing by using DEA method has been calculated. Second, the convergent driving forces, routes, and model of the producer services and manufacturing relationship are analyzed based on value chain theory. Third, the determinants of the development of producer services are analyzed from the demand and supply of producer services based on corresponding theoretical assumptions. Some important factors i.e. industry convergence which have been overlooked in previous studies are considered. Fourth, the convergence coefficient between producer services and manufacturing industry has been calculated.
The thesis identifies two shortages themes that merit further research. First, there is a need to test, measure and better understand the ways in which producer services promote and upgrade the competiveness of manufacturing industries. Second, there is scope for devising new methods for calculating industry convergence levels using micro-level data.
本文首先在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,根据我国生产性服务业和制造业的发展现状和特点,合理界定生产性服务业外延和制造业竞争力内涵,确定我国制造业竞争力衡量指标并定量计算,从地区和行业层面实证分析我国生产性服务业提升制造业竞争力的作用；其次,从影响生产性服务业需求和供给的角度,分析产业融合对生产性服务业发展的作用,实证分析我国生产性服务业发展的影响因素；然后,从产业融合的视角,理论分析生产性服务业增强制造业竞争力过程,以价值链理论为基础,探索生产性服务业与制造业融合过程模型和融合效应,分析生产性服务业与制造业融合动力和融合模式；最后,根据我国投入产出表,从行业和地区层面测算我国生产性服务业与制造业融合水平。研究结果发现：
1、我国生产性服务业发展对制造竞争力提升已呈现显著的促进作用。在细分行业中,交通运输、仓储和邮政业对制造业竞争力的促进作用最大,科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业促进作用不显著,这与我国目前制造业粗放式发展以及生产性服务业内部结构相关。从区域层面看,东部地区生产性服务业发展是制造业竞争力提升最为重要的因素,中西部地区则具有一定的促进作用。从生产性服务业发展对不同类型制造业竞争力的作用看,生产性服务业发展对劳动密集型、资本密集型以及技术密集型制造业竞争力均有程度不同的促进作用,对资本密集型制造业作用最为显著,对技术密集型制造业作用最弱。
2、在我国目前发展阶段,工业化程度对我国整体生产性服务业发展影响最大。专业化分工深化和生产性服务业服务效率的提升将促进我国生产性服务业发展。产业融合对我国生产性服务业发展具有促进作用。政府规模与生产性服务业发展呈正相关。制造业集聚在全国层面和东部地区促进生产性服务业发展,而在中西部地区则阻碍了生产性服务业发展。对外开放程度对东部地区生产性服务业发展作用显著,而对全国层面和中西部地区生产性服务业发展作用不明显。这些因素对生产性服务业细分行业的影响存在一定差异。
3、产业融合是生产性服务业增强制造业竞争力的有效途径。生产性服务业与制造业价值链环节上活动的相互渗透、延伸和重组,是生产性服务业与制造业融合发展的反映。生产性服务业与制造业融合过程实质是价值链分解和重构整合的过程。生产性服务业与制造业价值链基本活动的融合,将超越市场交换关系中价格体系所起的作用实现潜在的规模经济效应,在创造出更高顾客价值的基础上获得企业经济绩效的增长,提高基本生产运营效率。生产性服务业与制造业价值链辅助活动的融合,将提高专业化水平,充分发挥分工带来的专业化经济效应,同时进一步提高规模递增的经济效果,改善资源配置效率。因此,生产性服务业与制造业融合将通过提高制造业的生产运营效率和优化资源配置效率,从而增强制造业竞争力。
4、我国生产性服务业与制造业融合水平较低,没能有效发挥产业融合促进生产性服务业发展和增强制造业竞争力的作用。生产性服务业与制造业各细分行业之间的融合度很低且行业间相差非常大,石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业与生产性服务业融合水平最高,有色金属冶炼及压延加工业与生产性服务业融合水平最低。从生产性服务业细分行业与制造业各行业平均融合水平来看,高端生产性服务业与制造业融合水平很低,传统生产性服务业融合水平相对较高,且行业间相差很大。生产性服务业整体与资本密集型制造业融合水平最高,与劳动密集型制造业融合水平最低。从地区来看,北京生产性服务业与制造业融合水平最高,远高于其它省市(自治区)和全国平均融合水平,各省市(自治区)间的融合水平差异较大,也呈现出各自的特点。从区域层面来看,东部地区生产性服务业与制造业融合水平最高,西部地区的融合水平其次,中部地区的融合水平最低。
本文根据以上研究结论,提出以下政策建议：一是制定合理的促进产业融合和产业发展政策。二是构建良好的生产性服务业与制造业融合发展机制与环境。三是建立科学合理的准入制度,形成有效的市场运行机制。四是完善人力资本培养机制,提升生产性服务业人力资本。
本文的创新主要有以下四点：一是从制造业全要素生产率的角度衡量制造业竞争力。二是从影响生产性服务业发展的需求和供给角度提出相应的理论假设,且考虑了在以往研究中较少关注的一个重要的因素——产业融合。三是以价值链为视角,分析生产性服务业与制造业的融合过程模型、融合效应以及融合模式。四是从行业和地区层面测算我国生产性服务业与制造业的融合水平。
本文还存在一定的不足需进一步努力：一是理论分析生产性服务业与制造业融合促进制造业竞争力的提升,但这需要在实践中去检验。二是需要在以后的研究中不断探索新方法完善产业融合的测算,以期进行微观层面的分析。
The transformation of China's economy during the last thirty years has been remarkable. Manufacturing industries have been at the forefront of the changes that have made China the workshop of the world. However, against a background of non-renewable resource, energy and environmental constraints, the reindustrialization of developed countries in Europe and North America, and a more fragile global economy, manufacturing industries in China are under pressure. There is an urgent need to upgrade and to improve their competitiveness. A group of activities that are key in this respect are producer services that have a "divide but not leave" relationship with manufacturing industry. The even more recent development of producer services has brought vitality and positive energy to enhancing the competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Thus, we cannot analyze the manufacturing competitiveness without a discussion of producer services. This thesis attempts to answer four questions:First, what is the current role of producer services in upgrading manufacturing competitiveness in China? Second, what are the determinants of producer services development in China? Third, what are the best ways to promote producer services with a view to the enhancement of manufacturing competitiveness? Fourth, how can the convergence coefficient between producer services and manufacturing be calculated?
A combination of domestic and international research findings are used to construct a classification of producer services and define the essence of manufacturing competitiveness in China. We calculate the efficiency of manufacturing industry using DEA method. Then we analyze the impact of producer services on manufacturing efficiency in China using dynamic panel data analysis methods for20provinces and Zhixiashi from2004to2010. The same dataset is then used to identify some of the determinants of producer services in China by analyzing the demand and supply of producer services, including industry convergence. Then, the paper theoretically analysis the mechanism of producer services to enhance manufacturing competitiveness from the perspective of industry convergence. Based on value chain theory, the convergent driving forces, routes, and model are analyzed. Finally, the foundation of industrial convergence between producer services and manufacturing is analyzed and further calculations made on the coefficient between producer services and manufacturing using the input-output table for China.
The results of these analyses are summarized as follows:
First, the development of producer services plays a significant role in promoting manufacturing competitiveness in China. The Industrial, Transportation, Storage and Post sub-sectors have the maximum significant influence while Scientific Research, Technical Service and Geologic Prospecting perform a limited role. The development of producer services also plays a significant role in promoting manufacturing competitiveness at the regional level. The development of producer services is the most important determinant of manufacturing efficiency in the east region. It is performs a less prominent role in the central and western regions. It is clear that the development of producer services has promoted labor-intensive, capital-intensive and technology-intensive manufacturing competitiveness, although the greatest impact is on capital-intensive manufacturing and the least impact is on technology-intensive manufacturing.
Second, the degree of industrialization has the greatest impact on the development of producer services in China. The degree of specialization and efficiency of producer services promotes their development. Industry convergence contributes to the development of producer services in eastern, central and western regions but the effect is weak. On the other hand, the level of government intervention has a strong relationship with the overall development of producer services. Although manufacturing agglomeration encourages the development of producer services in all the provinces of the eastern region, it has not had this effect in the central and western regions. The degree of economic openness only has significant influence in the eastern region.
Third, industry convergence is the effective way to enhance manufacturing competitiveness. Interpenetration, extension and restructuring of the value chains of producer services and manufacturing reflect the convergence of producer services and manufacturing. This convergence is essentially the process of decomposition and reconstruction of the value chains. Producer services relationally converge with primary activities in the manufacturing value chain. This goes beyond the role of the price system in the market and raises operational efficiency by realizing scale economies. The structural converge with supporting activities in manufacturing value chain allocate resources more efficiently by raising the level of specialization. Therefore, producer services can enhance manufacturing competitiveness by improving operational and resources allocation efficiencies.
Fourth, the convergence level between producer services and manufacturing is very low. It is not a way of effectively promoting the development of producer services. The degree of convergence between producer services and sub-sectors of manufacturing varies considerably. The maximum convergence coefficient occurs for Oil Processing, Coking and Nuclear Fuel Processing and producer services; the minimum convergence coefficient is found for Smelting and Pressing of Nonferrous Metals. The convergence level between higher order producer services (such as Information Transmission, Computer Services and Software, Scientific Research, Technical Service and Geologic Prospecting) and manufacturing is very low but it is relatively high between traditional producer services and manufacturing. The highest convergence level between producer services and manufacturing is found in Beijing, which is much higher than for the other provinces and Zhixiashi. While there are wide variations in the convergence levels in the30provinces and Zhixiashi, in general the eastern regions show the highest values and the central region the lowest.
Finally, on the basis of the preceding conclusions some recommendations for the development of policies designed to enhance the role of producer services in China's economic development are suggested.
This thesis has four innovation points:First, based on the premise that manufacturing competitiveness is derived from manufacturing efficiency; the total factor productivity of manufacturing by using DEA method has been calculated. Second, the convergent driving forces, routes, and model of the producer services and manufacturing relationship are analyzed based on value chain theory. Third, the determinants of the development of producer services are analyzed from the demand and supply of producer services based on corresponding theoretical assumptions. Some important factors i.e. industry convergence which have been overlooked in previous studies are considered. Fourth, the convergence coefficient between producer services and manufacturing industry has been calculated.
The thesis identifies two shortages themes that merit further research. First, there is a need to test, measure and better understand the ways in which producer services promote and upgrade the competiveness of manufacturing industries. Second, there is scope for devising new methods for calculating industry convergence levels using micro-level data.
引文
① 资料来源：http://www.askci.com/news/201211/27/151137_03.shtml.
① 国内部分学者已采用这一观点进行制造业竞争力的研究,例如顾乃华(2006)、王亚男(2011)。
① [美]迈克尔E.波特,陈小悦译.竞争优势.华夏出版社,2005。
① 2010年北京生产性服务业占GDP比重为40.27%,远高于全国水平的15.55%,且从内部结构看,北京高端生产性服务业所占比例为70.70%。
② 根据张诚、赵奇伟(2011)、杨仁发、刘纯彬(2012)等使用政府消费占最终消费比例来衡量政府干预程度,2010年江苏省这一比例高达36.52%。
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① 国内部分学者已采用这一观点进行制造业竞争力的研究,例如顾乃华(2006)、王亚男(2011)。
① [美]迈克尔E.波特,陈小悦译.竞争优势.华夏出版社,2005。
① 2010年北京生产性服务业占GDP比重为40.27%,远高于全国水平的15.55%,且从内部结构看,北京高端生产性服务业所占比例为70.70%。
② 根据张诚、赵奇伟(2011)、杨仁发、刘纯彬(2012)等使用政府消费占最终消费比例来衡量政府干预程度,2010年江苏省这一比例高达36.52%。
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