中国援助的非洲模式及其对非洲发展影响的研究
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摘要
中国对非洲的援助在数量上大幅增长的同时也逐渐建立起一种新的援助模式——安哥拉模式本研究将中国经济崛起的内部因素与对非洲的援助相联系，重新理解中国对外援助的内在逻辑，分析中国崛起过程中的内部因素是如何以及在多大程度上对中国的对非援助进而对非洲的发展产生影响
本研究认为对外援助并不是孤立的外交行为，而是与援助国国内的发展路径紧密相联的，受到其国内发展历程和发展现实的极大影响本研究从纵向与横向两个维度论证这一观点：结合中国对非洲援助的历史（纵向），分析不同历史时期国内发展路线和工作重点的变化与中国对非洲援助的政策调整从上世纪50年代末期到70年代初期意识形态占主导的发展导致对非洲超出国力的非理性援助行为，到中国模式中务实主义的发展思路与追求双赢的对非援助通过与传统援助国对非洲援助的对比（横向），探讨不同的国内发展模式下对非洲援助特点的差异西方国家主张制度建设优先，进而在对非洲的援助中强调民主建设；中国主张自主探索，所以对非洲的援助不附带政治条件本研究认为在战略思想层面上安哥拉模式的形成可以视为中国模式在对外援助领域的延伸和具体化
中国援助对非洲发展的影响与中国援助的特点是紧密相关的总体上而言，中国的援助对非洲的影响既有积极的，也有消极的本研究认为受到不附带政治条件的政策制约，中国援助对非洲发展的影响主要集中在经济增长方面，对非洲受援国的政治和社会发展方面的影响则相对有限由于对外援助的政策和特点是与援助国国内的发展模式相联系的，所以中国援助对非洲的影响也受到中国自身发展路径的制约中国援助对非洲经济增长有很大的促进作用，尤其是在基础设施建设和打包式援助的带动下而在人权和环境等方面的消极影响则需要在中国国内彻底解决这些问题后才能有所好转同时，非洲政府在这一过程中应该起到更加积极的作用此外，随着中国在非洲利益的不断延伸，中国援助在非洲政治和社会层面的影响也会慢慢扩大
中国对非洲援助的快速发展促使现有的国际援助体系正经历着一场无声的变革本研究认为，在中国的发展路径——中国模式逐渐被其他国家接受的同时，中国援助的非洲模式也会慢慢的被现有的国际援助体系所吸收虽然目前这种趋势刚刚出现，但长期而言二者之间会建立起一种合作关系，共同调整并丰富国际援助体系
China’s foreign assistance to Africa is growing rapidly during the past decade.Meanwhile, China is developing a new way to provide foreign assistance. In the presentresearch, the internal factors of China’s rise are given much consideration in the analysis ofChina’s foreign assistance to have a better understanding about how and to what extent thatChina’s rise has impacts on its foreign assistance, and on Africa’s development.
It has been concluded that foreign assistance is highly influenced by the donors’ ownway of development. Historically, China adopted different ways of development indifferent periods during the past60years or so, from ‘Soviet Model’ in the1950s to1960sto ‘Beijing Consensus’ in the21stcentury. Accordingly, the policy of China’s foreignassistance to Africa kept changing, from ideology dominated to pursuing ‘win-win’relationship. Comparisons are also made between China and Western states. Institutionalconstruction is highly valued by the Western states whose foreign assistance in Africastresses on democracy. In contrast, China advocates independent exploration indevelopment and adopts the ‘no-strings’ policy in foreign assistance. Thus, in the presentstudy, the ‘Angola Model’ is considered as an extension of ‘Beijing Consensus’ in the fieldof foreign assistance.
China’s foreign assistance has brought both positive and negative impacts on Africa.Being constrained by the ‘no-strings’ policy the impacts of China’s foreign assistance aremainly constrained into the perspective of economic growth, while the impacts on thepolitical and social perspectives are limited. China’s foreign assistance focuses oninfrastructure construction and combines with trade and investment, which play animportant role in promoting Africa’s economic growth. For the problems brought byChina’s foreign assistance in human rights and environment, they will only be solved afterChina has dealt with the similar problems in the domestic market. With the extension ofChina’s benefits in Africa, China’s foreign assistance will play a more vital role in Africa’spolitics and society.
The current foreign assistance system is undergoing ‘silent revolution’ stimulated byChina’s foreign assistance to Africa. In the present study, it is believed that China’s foreignassistance is going to be absorbed gradually by the current foreign assistance system as China’s way of development——‘Beijing Consensus’ is accepted by the rest of the worldsteadily.
本研究认为对外援助并不是孤立的外交行为，而是与援助国国内的发展路径紧密相联的，受到其国内发展历程和发展现实的极大影响本研究从纵向与横向两个维度论证这一观点：结合中国对非洲援助的历史（纵向），分析不同历史时期国内发展路线和工作重点的变化与中国对非洲援助的政策调整从上世纪50年代末期到70年代初期意识形态占主导的发展导致对非洲超出国力的非理性援助行为，到中国模式中务实主义的发展思路与追求双赢的对非援助通过与传统援助国对非洲援助的对比（横向），探讨不同的国内发展模式下对非洲援助特点的差异西方国家主张制度建设优先，进而在对非洲的援助中强调民主建设；中国主张自主探索，所以对非洲的援助不附带政治条件本研究认为在战略思想层面上安哥拉模式的形成可以视为中国模式在对外援助领域的延伸和具体化
中国援助对非洲发展的影响与中国援助的特点是紧密相关的总体上而言，中国的援助对非洲的影响既有积极的，也有消极的本研究认为受到不附带政治条件的政策制约，中国援助对非洲发展的影响主要集中在经济增长方面，对非洲受援国的政治和社会发展方面的影响则相对有限由于对外援助的政策和特点是与援助国国内的发展模式相联系的，所以中国援助对非洲的影响也受到中国自身发展路径的制约中国援助对非洲经济增长有很大的促进作用，尤其是在基础设施建设和打包式援助的带动下而在人权和环境等方面的消极影响则需要在中国国内彻底解决这些问题后才能有所好转同时，非洲政府在这一过程中应该起到更加积极的作用此外，随着中国在非洲利益的不断延伸，中国援助在非洲政治和社会层面的影响也会慢慢扩大
中国对非洲援助的快速发展促使现有的国际援助体系正经历着一场无声的变革本研究认为，在中国的发展路径——中国模式逐渐被其他国家接受的同时，中国援助的非洲模式也会慢慢的被现有的国际援助体系所吸收虽然目前这种趋势刚刚出现，但长期而言二者之间会建立起一种合作关系，共同调整并丰富国际援助体系
China’s foreign assistance to Africa is growing rapidly during the past decade.Meanwhile, China is developing a new way to provide foreign assistance. In the presentresearch, the internal factors of China’s rise are given much consideration in the analysis ofChina’s foreign assistance to have a better understanding about how and to what extent thatChina’s rise has impacts on its foreign assistance, and on Africa’s development.
It has been concluded that foreign assistance is highly influenced by the donors’ ownway of development. Historically, China adopted different ways of development indifferent periods during the past60years or so, from ‘Soviet Model’ in the1950s to1960sto ‘Beijing Consensus’ in the21stcentury. Accordingly, the policy of China’s foreignassistance to Africa kept changing, from ideology dominated to pursuing ‘win-win’relationship. Comparisons are also made between China and Western states. Institutionalconstruction is highly valued by the Western states whose foreign assistance in Africastresses on democracy. In contrast, China advocates independent exploration indevelopment and adopts the ‘no-strings’ policy in foreign assistance. Thus, in the presentstudy, the ‘Angola Model’ is considered as an extension of ‘Beijing Consensus’ in the fieldof foreign assistance.
China’s foreign assistance has brought both positive and negative impacts on Africa.Being constrained by the ‘no-strings’ policy the impacts of China’s foreign assistance aremainly constrained into the perspective of economic growth, while the impacts on thepolitical and social perspectives are limited. China’s foreign assistance focuses oninfrastructure construction and combines with trade and investment, which play animportant role in promoting Africa’s economic growth. For the problems brought byChina’s foreign assistance in human rights and environment, they will only be solved afterChina has dealt with the similar problems in the domestic market. With the extension ofChina’s benefits in Africa, China’s foreign assistance will play a more vital role in Africa’spolitics and society.
The current foreign assistance system is undergoing ‘silent revolution’ stimulated byChina’s foreign assistance to Africa. In the present study, it is believed that China’s foreignassistance is going to be absorbed gradually by the current foreign assistance system as China’s way of development——‘Beijing Consensus’ is accepted by the rest of the worldsteadily.
引文
12012年下降到7.8%，见中华人民共和国国家统计局,2000至2012年《国民经济和社会发展统计公报》
1数据来源:中国社科院发布的2011年《人权蓝皮书ǐ,贫困标准为2008年确定的,农村(人均纯收入)贫困标准为1196元,这一标准在2011年提高至1500元
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4参见. Africa Rising: AHopeful Continent. The Economist, Mar2nd,2013)
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1按照2009年人民币兑美元的平均中间价6.83计算
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1Zhang, W.(2006-11-1). The Allure of the Chinese Model. The New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/01/opinion/01iht-edafrica.3357752.html?_r=0.访问时间2014-3-12.
2参见郑永年.(2010).中国模式的核心是什么?.《中国经贸》(011):46-48;秦宣.(2010).”中国模式”之概念辨析.《前线》(2):30.
3Williamson, J.(2012). Is the ‘Beijing Consensus’Now Dominant?. Asia Policy,(13):1-16.
4姚洋.(2008).中性政府:对转型期间中国经济成功的一个解释.教育部文科重点研究基地联谊会2008年年会暨青年经济学者论坛论文集;姚洋.(2010).威权政府还是中性政府.《二十一世纪双月刊》121(10):97-100.
5Breslin, S.(2011). The ‘China Model’and the Global Crisis: from Friedrich List to a Chinese Mode of Governance?.International Affairs,87(6):1323-1343;105.
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2011-12).《中国的对外贸易》.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
1孔寒冰.(2002).苏联模式在中国是如何被强化的.《俄罗斯研究》(4):78-85.
2陈亨安.(2013).中国大陆国有企业扮演角色之研究.经济研究(13):555-578.
1Shen, X.(2013). Private Chinese Investment in Africa: Myths and Realities. World Bank working paper (6311).
1Fligstein, N. and Zhang, J.(2011). A New Agenda for Research on the Trajectory of Chinese Capitalism, Managementand Organization Review (7):39–62.
2Stiglitz, J. E.2006-4-6. China’s Roadmap. Project Syndicate.http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-s-roadmap.
3根据OECD数据库中，”ODAby type of flow: Development aid”的数据计算得出，数据为2011年值
1中华人民共和国商务部.2011-4.中国的对外援助[白皮书].北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.按照2009年的汇率6.83计算，2526.9/6.83=369.97亿美元
2根据国家统计局公布的历年国内生产总值（GDP），计算公式：159878.3×（1+x）5=340902.8，对x求解结果为16.35%
3NYU Wagner School.2008-4-25. Understanding Chinese ForeignAid:ALook at China’s Development Assistance toAfrica, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Quote from Lum, Thomas; Fischer Hannah; Gomez-Granger, Julissa; andLeland Anne.2009. China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa Latin America, and Southeast Asia. CRS Report forCongress:(R40361).
4Lum, T., Fischer H., Gomez-Granger, J. and Leland, A.(2009). China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa Latin America,and Southeast Asia. CRS Report for Congress (R40361).
1本研究的写作由2012年后期开始准备材料，至2014年3月完成
2Strange, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A., and Ramachandran, V.(2013). China’s DevelopmentFinance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development Working Paper (323).
1刘鸿武.(2011).国际思想竞争与非洲研究的中国学派.《国际政治研究》(4):89-97.
2吴敬琏.(2012-11-16).十八大后的期盼.2012财新峰会发言.搜狐财经.http://business.sohu.com/20121116/n357790933.shtml访问时间2013-12-12.
12000年初，江泽民在向中央政治局通报“三讲”情况的讲话
2参见中非合作论坛官方网站http://www.focac.org/chn/
1Strange, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A., and Ramachandran, V.(2013). China’s DevelopmentFinance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development Working Paper (323).
1Provost, C. and Harris, R.2013-4-30. China commits billions in aid to Africa as part of charm offensive–interactive.The Guardian (2013).
2Richter, S.2012-9-3. How China’s approach beats the West’s inAfrica. Harvard Business Review.http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/09/how_chinas_approach_beats_the.html.访问时间2013-4-21.
3Shephard, R., Klaudy, S., and Kumar G.(2006). Financing Infrastructure in Africa. Gridlines,(13).
1另外两项分别为：房地产政策调整，取消福利分房，鼓励按揭贷款；和开放外贸，促进中国制造的商品向世界出口
2华强森(Woetzel, J.),陈有刚;莫林泽(Matzinger, S.)2013-6-21.中国基础设施建设：成就与未来蓝图.http://www.mckinseychina.com/zh/2013/06/21/china-infrastructure-achievements-and-future-roadmap/.访问时间2013-10-4.
1根据巴西政府的官方统计Fact Sheet,"BRAZILIAN TECHNICAL OOPERATION: Agriculture, Food Security andSocial Policies, June24,2011"，农业占巴西对外援助的21.86%
236. GHSi (Global Health Security Initiative).(2012). Shifting Paradigm: How the BRICS are reshaping global healthand development. GHSi report, p86.
4EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration).(2012-4-22). Analysis Report on China.http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/China/china.pdf.访问时间2013-12-20.
1根据EIA公布的2011年数据计算得出，数据来源：http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_epc0_im0_mbbl_a.htm.访问时间2012-12-30
2根据中国外交部公布的信息统计，http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/ziliao_611306/2193_611376/.访问时间2013-10-3
3Strange, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A., and Ramachandran, V.(2013). China’s DevelopmentFinance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development Working Paper (323).
4根据Strange等(2013)的统计，加纳在DAC的援助对象中排在第11位
1Broadman, H. G.(2007). Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s New Economic Frontier. World Bank Working Paper,(37895).
1余南平.(2013-7-1).中国对外援助不应再由商务部主导.《金融时报》中文网.http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001051164.访问时间2013-11-5.
2中华人民共和国商务部.(2011-4).中国的对外援助[白皮书].北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
1中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组.2012.2012中国可持续发展战略报告——全球视野下的中国可持续发展.北京:中国科学院.按照2011年提高后的贫困标准，农村居民家庭人均纯收入2300元人民币每年
1苏长和.(2011-4-25).“不干涉内政”不能动摇.ǎ解放日报》,(4).
1本研究的时间跨度集中在2000至2011年，2012年后新一届政府上台后在一些国际问题上的表现被认为是中国外交强硬的转变，如南海问题，以及防空识别区的划分等，但是整体上看，中国在外交方面仍然表现克制，避免冲突
2中华人民共和国国家统计局.(2014-2-24).2013年国民经济和社会发展统计公报.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201402/t20140224_514970.html.访问时间2014-3-12.
1武芳.(2013-9-2).中非经贸往来存在较大互补性.人民网.http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/0902/c1004-22774180.html.访问时间2013-10-12.
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2013-8).中国与非洲的经贸合作(2013)白皮书:加强农业与粮食安全合作.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
2数据来源：中国国家统计局数据库
3根据1991年制定的标准，截至2012年，全世界经联合国批准的最不发达国家统计数量
4中华人民共和国商务部.(2010-12).《中国与非洲的经贸合作》.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
5中华人民共和国商务部.(2012-1-4).中国进出口银行10年向非洲贷款672亿超世行.http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/k/201201/20120107913576.html.访问时间2013-10-12.
1Ernst&Young.2013[2013-10-20]. Ernst&Young’s Attractiveness Survey: Africa2013Getting Down to Business.http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Africa_Attract_2013_-_Getting_down_to_business/$FILE/Africa_attractiveness_2013_web.pdf
2Wolf, C; Wang, X. and Warner, E.(2013). China’s Foreign Aid and Government-Sponsored Investment Activities: Scale,Content, Destinations, and Implications. Rand Corporation Report.
1参见Easterly, W.(2006). The While Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much and SoLittle Good. New York: Penguin.
2Kj llesdal, K.,&Welle-Strand, A.(2010). Foreign aid strategies: China taking over?. Asian Social Science,6(10):3-13.
1Powers, M., Mohan, G., and Tan-Mullins, M.(2012). China’s Resource Diplomacy in Africa: Powering Development?.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
2Campos, I. and Vines, A.(2008). Angola and China: A Pragmatic Partnership. CSIS (Center for Strategic&International Studies) Working Paper, presented at a CSIS conference,“Prospects for Improving U.S.-China-AfricaCooperation”, December5,2007.
3刘竞.(2006).非洲烽火中的中国身影——以安哥拉内战为镜.《南风窗》(22):42-43.
4随着苏联的解体，安哥拉放弃了社会主义路线，1991年安人运与安盟签订和平协定，但1992年内战再次爆发；1994年经联合国协调双方恢复和平，但1998年再次爆发内战
5国务院副总理朱镕基外交部副部长李肇星外交部部长助理吉佩定分别于19951996和1997年访问安哥拉
6世界银行数据库中没有录入1985年以前的数据
1Campos, I. and Vines, A.(2008). Angola and China: A Pragmatic Partnership. CSIS (Center for Strategic&International Studies) Working Paper, presented at a CSIS conference,“Prospects for Improving U.S.-China-Africa
1Vine, A. and Campos, I.(2010). China and India in Angola. In: Cheru, F. and Cyril, O.(Eds).2010. The Rise of Chinaand India in Africa. London: Zed Books, p195.
2唐晓阳.(2010).评析中国与安哥拉经济合作的新模式.《西亚非洲》(7):55-60.
1Vincet, M. and Sorensen, B. R.(Eds).(2001). Caught Between Borders: Response Strategies of the InternallyDisplaced. Pluto Press, p17.
2卢进勇李秀娥和李锋.(2011).投资安哥拉.《中国对外投资国别/地区报告》.北京：商务部投资促进事务局.
1数据来源：”Africa accounts for30percent of China’s oil imports: official”, People ‘s Daily Online,人民日报海外版,2006年10月19日. http://english.people.com.cn/200610/19/eng20061019_313219.html.2013年12月30日访问
2中华人民共和国驻安哥拉共和国大使馆经济商务参赞处.(2012-3-12).2011年中国成为安哥拉第一大贸易伙伴.http://ao.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/hzjj/201203/20120308010071.shtml.访问时间2013-12-15.
3卢进勇李秀娥和李锋.(2011).投资安哥拉.《中国对外投资国别/地区报告》.北京：商务部投资促进事务局.
1Easterly, W.(2006). The While Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much and So LittleGood. New York: Penguin.
2Sullivan, A. and Sheffrin, S. M.(2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: PearsonPrentice Hall.
3Sen, A.(1983). Development: Which Way Now?. The Economic Journal.93(372):745-762.
1Mbi, E. E., Mizrahi, S. and Chisala, V.(2013). Annual Development Effectiveness Review2013: Towards SustainableGrowth for Africa. African Development Bank Group Annual Review.
2Khan, R.(2013-9). TakingAfrica’s Growth Seriously. Tanzania Reports. http://tanzaniareports.com/?p=2889.访问时间2014-2-10.
3The Economist.(2011-1-6).Africa’s Impressive Growth. The Economist Online.http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/01/daily_chart.访问时间2014-2-10.
1Leke, A., Lund, S., Roxburgh, C. and van Wamelen, A.(2010-6). What’s DrivingAfrica’s Growth. McKinsey&Company Insights&Publications. http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/whats_driving_africas_growth.访问时间2012-12-27.
2参见Stern, N.(1991). The Determinants of Growth. Economic Journal.101(4):122-133;Canning, D. and Pedroni P.(2008). Infrastructure, Long-Run Economic Growth and Causality Tests for CointegratedPanels. The Manchester School.76(5):504-527.égert, B., Kozluk, T. and Sutherland, D.(2009). Infrastructure and growth: empirical evidence. No.2700. CESIFOworking paper.
3Foster, V. and Cecilia, B.(Eds).(2010). Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation. World Bank Publications.
1Mbi, E. E., Mizrahi, S. and Chisala, V.(2013). Annual Development Effectiveness Review2013: Towards SustainableGrowth for Africa. African Development Bank Group Annual Review.
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2010-12).中国与非洲的经贸合作.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
2Foster, V.(2009). Building Bridges: China’s Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa (No.5).World Bank Publications.
3贺文萍.(2013).中国对非洲：授其以鱼，更授其以渔.《金融博览》(009):15-16.
4Foster, V. and Cecilia, B.(Eds).(2010). Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation. World Bank Publications.
5Schiere, R. and Rugamba, A.(2011). Chinese Infrastructure Investments and African Integration. African DevelopmentBank Group Working Paper.
1Deloitte.(2013). Deloitte on Africa: African Construction Trends Report2013.
1Ernst&Young.(2013). Ernst&Young’s Attractiveness Survey: Africa2013Getting Down to Business.http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Africa_Attract_2013_-_Getting_down_to_business/$FILE/Africa_attractiveness_2013_web.pdf.访问时间2013-10-20.
1Meyersson, E., i Miquel, G. P. and Qian, N.(2008). The Rise of China and the Natural Resource Curse in Africa. EOPP
(Economic Organisation and Public Policy Programme) Working Paper.
2Moyo, D.(2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa. Suffolk: Penguin,p111.
3中华人民共和国商务部.(2013-8).《中国与非洲的经贸合作(2013)白皮书:加强农业与粮食安全合作》.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
1Shen, X.(2013). Private Chinese Investment in Africa: Myths and Realities. World Bank working paper (6311).
2中华人民共和国商务部.2013-8.《中国与非洲的经贸合作(2013)白皮书:加强农业与粮食安全合作》.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
2IMF (International Monetary Fund).(2006). World Economic Outlook: Financial Systems and Economic Cycles.Washington, D.C.
3Zafar, A.(2007). The Growing Relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade,Investment, and Aid Links, The World Bank Research Observer,22(1):103-130.
4Jakob, M.(2010), Dutch Disease or Botswana’s Blessing? Natural Resources and Economic Growth–AChannelApproach, Monte VeritàConference on Sustainable Resource Use and Economic Dynamics, Ascona,7-10June.
1Zafar, A.(2007). The Growing Relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade,
2Investment, and Aid Links, The World Bank Research Observer,22(1):103-130.Leite, C., and J. Weidmann.(1999). Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources, corruption, and EconomicGrowth. IMF Working Paper WP/99/85. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
3Kaplinsky, R., McCormick, D. and Morris, M.(2007). The impact of China on sub-Saharan Africa. IDS (Institute ofDevelopment Studies) Working Paper (291).
4数据来源:美国海关数据(U.S. Customs and Border Protection),见http://www.cbp.gov/.
1Mariani, B., and Wheeler, T.(2011). China’s Growing Role in African Pease and Security. Safeworld Report.
2Holslag, J.(2009),‘China’s New Security Strategy forAfrica’, Parameters,39(2):23-37.
1Cody, E.(2007). China Given Credit for Darfur Role. Washington Post Foreign Service,13Jan, p. A13.
2参见余建华王震.(2008).继往开来的中非战略伙伴关系《.第六届全球治理上海会议论文集》.(中欧非合作:机遇与挑战国际学术研讨会,上海,2008年3月14-15日), p88;姜恒昆.2010.中国与达尔富尔危机——中国的视角.中非民间和平与发展论坛研讨会论文.北京,2010年6月2-4日.
3Collier, P., Elliott, V. L., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A., Reynal-Querol, M., and Sambanis, N.(2003). Breaking the ConflictTrap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
4参见Li, A.(2007). China andAfrica: Policy and Challenges. China Security.3(3):69-93.
1UN (United Nations).(2009). Economic Development in Africa Report2009: Strengthening Regional EconomicIntegration for Africa’s Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
2舒运国.(2013).非洲经济一体化五十年.《西亚非洲》(1):85-101.
3Kühnhardt, L.(2009). African Regional Integration and the Role of the European Union. A Global Security Triangle,77.
4梁尚刚于大波.(2012-7-15).东南非共同市场秘书长：非洲期待和中国加强合作.新华网.http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-07/15/c_112441103.htm.访问时间2014-2-1.
1李鹏涛.(2010).中非关系的发展与非洲中国新移民.《华侨华人历史研究》4:24-30.
2Moyo, D.(2012-6-27).‘Beijing, a Boon forAfrica’, The New York Times,27June,http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/opinion/beijing-a-boon-for-africa.html?_r=0.访问时间2013-5-11.
1李凉.(2013-6-1).中国公司承建非洲九成水电站.《人民日报(国际板)》,(11).
3Human Rights Watch.(2011).“You’ll Be Fired if You Refuse”: Labor Abuses in Zambia’s Chinese State-owned CopperMines. New York.
4张哲.(2010-4-8).超越争议的非洲开发,中国在赞比亚的真实存在.《南方周末》.http://www.infzm.com/content/43550.访问时间2013-9-15.
5Crouigneau, F. and Hiault, R.(2006-10-24). Wolfowitz slams China banks on Africa lending. Financial Times,24.
1Smith, D.(2012-1-2). Workers Claim Abuse as China Adds Zimbabwe to Its Scramble for Africa. The Guardian.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/02/china-zimbabwe-workers-abuse.访问时间2013-8-15.
2Boyd, O.(2012-10-7). China Brings Dams Back to Africa. Chinadialogue.https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5032-China-brings-dams-back-to-Africa.访问时间2014-1-22.
1张哲.(2010-4-8).超越争议的非洲开发,中国在赞比亚的真实存在.《南方周末》.http://www.infzm.com/content/43550.访问时间2013-9-15.
2参见Hvistendahl, M.(2008-3-25). China’s Three Gorges Dam:An Environmental Catastrophe?. Scientific American.http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chinas-three-gorges-dam-disaster/.访问时间2014-1-2.赵惠君,张乐.(2002).关注大坝对流域环境的影响.《山西水利科技》1(143):92-96.
1Woods, N.(2008). Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in developmentassistance. International Affairs,(6):1205-1221.
2Reisen, H.(2007). Is China Actually Helping Improve Debt Sustainability in Africa, G-24Policy Brief No.9.Washington: OECD Development Centre.
1刘国柱.(2010).当代美国“民主援助”解析.《美国研究》(3):24-38.
4Chang, H. J.(2003). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem.Chang, H. J.(2008). Bad Samaritans: The Guilty Secrets of Rich Nations and the Threat to Global Prosperity. London:Random House.
1根据世界银行数据库（World DataBank）的统计
2Moyo, D.(2011). How the West was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly-and the Stark Choices Ahead. Macmillan.
3姚洋.(2008).中性政府:对转型期间中国经济成功的一个解释.教育部文科重点研究基地联谊会2008年年会暨青年经济学者论坛论文集.
4姚洋.(2010).威权政府还是中性政府.《二十一世纪双月刊》121(10):97-100.
5Breslin, S.(2011). The ‘China Model’and the Global Crisis: from Friedrich List to a Chinese Mode of Governance?.International Affairs,87(6):1323-1343.
6Heilmann, S.(2009). Maximum Tinkering under Uncertainty: Unorthodox Lessons from China. Modern China,35(4):450-462.原文：the unusual combination of extensive policy experimentation with long-term policy prioritization.
1参见Easterly, W.(2006). The While Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much and SoLittle Good. New York: Penguin;Moyo, D.(2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa. Suffolk: Penguin.
1张建波.(2013-6-19).美国加大“拥抱非洲”力度.《人民日报》,(21).
2包括贝宁布基纳法索布隆迪吉布提科摩罗加纳几内亚马达加斯加马里毛里塔尼亚尼日尔中非共和国刚果(金)乍得多哥和塞内加尔
3见英国国际发展部（DFID）官方网站，https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-international-development
4MOFA(Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan).(2013). Japan’s Official Development Assistance White Paper2012.Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
5夏莉.(2013-11-27).印度与非洲关系评述.中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所.http://iwaas.cass.cn/dtxw/fzdt/2013-11-27/2968.shtml.访问时间2014-1-12.
1Romero, S.2012-8-7. Brazil Gains Business and Influence as It Offers Aid and Loans in Africa. The New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/08/world/americas/brazil-gains-in-reaching-out-to-africa.html?_r=0.访问时间2013-9-15.
2张宏明.(2012).《非洲发展报告No.14(2011-2012):新世纪中非合作关系的回顾与展望[黄皮书]》.北京:社会科学文献出版社.
1World Bank.(2013). World Development Indicators2013. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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3数据来源：World DataBank.
4见中国国家统计局统计数据
5Shinn, D. H.2013-3-25. China and Africa in the Xi Jinping Era. The Diplomat.http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/china-and-africa-in-the-xi-jinping-era/1/.访问时间2014-2-15.
1Woods, N.(2008). Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in developmentassistance. International Affairs,(6):1205-1221.
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2Moyo, D.(2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa. Suffolk: Penguin.
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2见余南平.(2013-7-1).中国对外援助不应再由商务部主导.《金融时报》中文网.http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001051164.访问时间2013年11月24日.胡建梅,黄梅波.(2012).法国对外援助管理体系及对中国的启示.《国际展望》(5):72-81.
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1见加拿大外交贸易和发展部(Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada)官方网站http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/eng/FRA-825105226-KFT.
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105. OECD,2012-4-4[2013-4-27]. Development: Aid to Developing Countries Falls Because ofGlobal Recession.http://www.oecd.org/document/3/0,3746,en_21571361_44315115_50058883_1_1_1_1,00.html.
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1数据来源:中国社科院发布的2011年《人权蓝皮书ǐ,贫困标准为2008年确定的,农村(人均纯收入)贫困标准为1196元,这一标准在2011年提高至1500元
2参见HopelessAfrica. The Economist, May11th,2000.
3参见The Hopeful Content:Africa Rising. The Economist, Dec3rd,2011.
4参见. Africa Rising: AHopeful Continent. The Economist, Mar2nd,2013)
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2011-4).中国的对外援助[白皮书].北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
2EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration).(2013-8-9). China Poised to Become the World’s Largest Net OilImporter Later This Year. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=12471.访问日期2013年8月20日
1Lancaster, C.(2007). Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2Global Humanitarian Assistance (GHA). Defining Humanitarian Aid.http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/data-guides/defining-humanitarian-aid.访问时间2013年8月20日
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3苏长和.(2011-4-25).“不干涉内政”不能动摇.《解放日报》(4).
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1参见Lancaster, C.(2007-6). The Chinese Aid System. Working Paper.http://www.cgdev.org/files/13953_file_Chinese_aid.pdf.访问时间2012-12-12; Jacques, M.(2009). When China Rulesthe World: the Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World. London: Penguin Group. p327.
2OECD,(2012-4-4). Development: Aid to Developing Countries Falls Because of Global Recession.http://www.oecd.org/document/3/0,3746,en_21571361_44315115_50058883_1_1_1_1,00.html.访问时间2013-4-27
3Broadman, H. G.(2007). Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s New Economic Frontier. World Bank Working Paper,4(37895).
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7Strange, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A.,&Ramachandran, V.(2013). China’s Development Financeto Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development Working Paper,(321).
1Brookes, P.(2007). IntoAfrica: China’s Grab for Influence and Oil. Heritage Foundation Backgrounder,(1006).
2Brookes, P. and Shin, J. H.(2006). China’s Influence inAfrica: Implications for the United States. Heritage FoundationBackgrounder,(1916).
3Naím, M.(2007). Rogue Aid. Foreign Policy,(96):95.
4Sanusi, L.(2013-3-11). Africa Must Get Real about Chinese Ties. Financial Times,(2013).
5Brautigam, D.(2009). The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1按照2009年人民币兑美元的平均中间价6.83计算
2Strange, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A.,&Ramachandran, V.(2013). China’s Development Financeto Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development Working Paper,(321).
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3周弘.(2002).《对外援助与国际关系》.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
4张浚.(2010).不附加条件的援助：中国对非援助政策的形成.《外交评论》(5):20-34.
1参见Rostow, W. W.(1962). The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
2参见Harrod, R. F.(1939).An Essay in Dynamic Theory. The Economic Journal (193):14–33; Domar, E. D.(1946).Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment. Econometrica, Journal of the Economic Society (2):137–47.
385. Rosenstein-Rodan, P. N.(1943). Problems of Industrialisation of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. The EconomicJournal.53(210/211):202-211.
4G是经济增长率，S是资本积累率（储蓄率或投资率），V是资本/产出比
5人类社会的发展分为5个阶段：（1）传统社会阶段；（2）为起飞创造前提阶段；（3）起飞阶段；(4)成熟推进阶段；（5）高额群众消费阶段其中，起飞阶段是最重要的阶段，直接决定一国经济发展的成功与否
6Chenery, H. B.,&Strout, A. M.(1966). Foreign Assistance and Economic Development. The American EconomicReview,679-733.
1Chenery, H., Ahluwalia, M.S., Duloy, J.H., Bell, C.L.G., and Jolly, R.(1974). Redistribution with Growth: Polities toImprove Income Distribution in Developing Countries in the Context of Economic Growth. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.
2International Labour Office (ILO).(1977). Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem: theInternational ‘Basic Needs Strategy’Against Chronic Poverty. New York: Praeger.
1Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A.(2012). Why Nations Fail: the Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. London:Profile Books.
2Chang, H. J.(2003). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem.
3Chang, H. J.(2008). Bad Samaritans: The Guilty Secrets of Rich Nations and the Threat to Global Prosperity. London:Random House.
4Moyo, D.(2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa. Suffolk: Penguin.
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2011-4).中国的对外援助[白皮书].北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
1Lewis, G. J.(1990). Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States: An Interpretative History.2nd Edition, Boston:McGraw-Hill, p186.
2Milward, A. S.(1984). The Reconstruction of Western Europe:1945-51. California: University of California Press, p46.
3Eichengreen, B.(2008). The European Economy since1945: Coordinated Capitalism and Beyond. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, p57.
4Grogin, R. C.(2001). Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War:1917-1991. Plymouth:Lexington Books, p118.
1Wall, D.(1973). The Charity of Nations: The Political Economy of Foreign Aid. New York: Basic Books, p9-10.
1数据来源：中国社会科学院中央档案馆编.(1990).《1949-1952年中华人民共和国经济档案资料选编(综合卷)》.北京：中国城市经济社会出版社, p63-64.相比之下，当时匈牙利和罗马尼亚的工业产值占工农业总产值的比重分别为38%和30%
3中央财经领导小组办公室编.(1999).《中国经济发展五十年大事记》.北京:人民出版社中共中央党校出版社.
4钟巍.(2008).战后初期苏联对中国的经济援助.《法制与社会》(33):126-127.
5沈志华.(2001).新中国建立初期苏联对华经济援助的基本情况(上).《俄罗斯研究》(1):53-66..
1中共中央文献研究室编.(1998).《周恩来年谱》.北京:中央文献出版社.
2关锦炜.(2009).新中国成立初期“一边倒”政策研究综述.《北京党史》(5):30-34.
3沈志华.(2012).结构失衡:中苏同盟破裂的深层原因.《探索与争鸣》(10):3-11.
2谢益显.(1997).《中国当代外交史》.北京:中国青年出版社, p172-173.
1舒云.(2009).纠正与国力不符的对外援助——中国外援往事.《同舟共进》(1):40-44.
2石林.(1989).《当代中国的对外经济合作》.北京:中国社会科学出版社, p16-17.
3江翔.(2007).《我在非洲十七年》.上海:上海辞书出版社, pp51-55.
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2011-4).中国的对外援助[白皮书].北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
2舒云.(2009).纠正与国力不符的对外援助——中国外援往事.《同舟共进》(1):40-44.
3Weinstein, W. and Henriksen, T. H.(1980). Soviet and Chinese Aid to African Nations. Praeger, p121.
4Richter, S.(2012-9-3). How China’s approach beats the West’s inAfrica. Harvard Business Review.http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/09/how_chinas_approach_beats_the.html.访问时间:2013-4-21.
5Shephard, R., Klaudy, S., and Kumar G.(2006). Financing Infrastructure in Africa. Gridlines,(13).
1李少军主编.(2005)《.国际战略报告:理论体系现实挑战与中国的选择》.北京:中国社会科学出版社,pp584-585.
1冷溶汪作玲.(2004).《邓小平年谱:一九七五--一九九七》.北京:中共中央文献研究室, p1346.
2吴晓波.(2013).《历代经济变革得失》.杭州:浙江大学出版社.
1王逸舟.(2008).《中国对外关系转型30年:1978-2008》.北京:社会科学文献出版社, p144.
2舒云.(2009).纠正与国力不符的对外援助——中国外援往事.《同舟共进》(1):40-44.
3邓小平.(1978).《邓小平文选(第二卷)》.北京:人民出版社.(邓小平同志会见马达加斯加民主共和国政府经济贸易代表团时的讲话.)
4刘中民.(2009).从单方面援助到互利共赢:中国与发展中国家经济关系六十年.《宁夏社会科学》(6):49-54.
1张永蓬.(2013-4-1).互利共赢中发展的中国对非洲援助.新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/comments/2013-04/01/c_115233745.htm.访问时间:2013-9-15.
2邹春义.(1995-10-17).我国将进一步改革援外工作.《人民日报》.
1数据来源：中国统计局2012年统计年鉴
2Ramo, J. C.(2004). The Beijing Consensus. London: Foreign Policy Centre.
3Westmore, P.(2009-4-18). G20summit: end of the ‘Washington consensus’?. NewsWeekly.http://newsweekly.com.au/article.php?id=3702.访问时间2014-3-12.
1Zhang, W.(2006-11-1). The Allure of the Chinese Model. The New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/01/opinion/01iht-edafrica.3357752.html?_r=0.访问时间2014-3-12.
2参见郑永年.(2010).中国模式的核心是什么?.《中国经贸》(011):46-48;秦宣.(2010).”中国模式”之概念辨析.《前线》(2):30.
3Williamson, J.(2012). Is the ‘Beijing Consensus’Now Dominant?. Asia Policy,(13):1-16.
4姚洋.(2008).中性政府:对转型期间中国经济成功的一个解释.教育部文科重点研究基地联谊会2008年年会暨青年经济学者论坛论文集;姚洋.(2010).威权政府还是中性政府.《二十一世纪双月刊》121(10):97-100.
5Breslin, S.(2011). The ‘China Model’and the Global Crisis: from Friedrich List to a Chinese Mode of Governance?.International Affairs,87(6):1323-1343;105.
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2011-12).《中国的对外贸易》.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
1孔寒冰.(2002).苏联模式在中国是如何被强化的.《俄罗斯研究》(4):78-85.
2陈亨安.(2013).中国大陆国有企业扮演角色之研究.经济研究(13):555-578.
1Shen, X.(2013). Private Chinese Investment in Africa: Myths and Realities. World Bank working paper (6311).
1Fligstein, N. and Zhang, J.(2011). A New Agenda for Research on the Trajectory of Chinese Capitalism, Managementand Organization Review (7):39–62.
2Stiglitz, J. E.2006-4-6. China’s Roadmap. Project Syndicate.http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-s-roadmap.
3根据OECD数据库中，”ODAby type of flow: Development aid”的数据计算得出，数据为2011年值
1中华人民共和国商务部.2011-4.中国的对外援助[白皮书].北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.按照2009年的汇率6.83计算，2526.9/6.83=369.97亿美元
2根据国家统计局公布的历年国内生产总值（GDP），计算公式：159878.3×（1+x）5=340902.8，对x求解结果为16.35%
3NYU Wagner School.2008-4-25. Understanding Chinese ForeignAid:ALook at China’s Development Assistance toAfrica, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Quote from Lum, Thomas; Fischer Hannah; Gomez-Granger, Julissa; andLeland Anne.2009. China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa Latin America, and Southeast Asia. CRS Report forCongress:(R40361).
4Lum, T., Fischer H., Gomez-Granger, J. and Leland, A.(2009). China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa Latin America,and Southeast Asia. CRS Report for Congress (R40361).
1本研究的写作由2012年后期开始准备材料，至2014年3月完成
2Strange, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A., and Ramachandran, V.(2013). China’s DevelopmentFinance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development Working Paper (323).
1刘鸿武.(2011).国际思想竞争与非洲研究的中国学派.《国际政治研究》(4):89-97.
2吴敬琏.(2012-11-16).十八大后的期盼.2012财新峰会发言.搜狐财经.http://business.sohu.com/20121116/n357790933.shtml访问时间2013-12-12.
12000年初，江泽民在向中央政治局通报“三讲”情况的讲话
2参见中非合作论坛官方网站http://www.focac.org/chn/
1Strange, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A., and Ramachandran, V.(2013). China’s DevelopmentFinance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development Working Paper (323).
1Provost, C. and Harris, R.2013-4-30. China commits billions in aid to Africa as part of charm offensive–interactive.The Guardian (2013).
2Richter, S.2012-9-3. How China’s approach beats the West’s inAfrica. Harvard Business Review.http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/09/how_chinas_approach_beats_the.html.访问时间2013-4-21.
3Shephard, R., Klaudy, S., and Kumar G.(2006). Financing Infrastructure in Africa. Gridlines,(13).
1另外两项分别为：房地产政策调整，取消福利分房，鼓励按揭贷款；和开放外贸，促进中国制造的商品向世界出口
2华强森(Woetzel, J.),陈有刚;莫林泽(Matzinger, S.)2013-6-21.中国基础设施建设：成就与未来蓝图.http://www.mckinseychina.com/zh/2013/06/21/china-infrastructure-achievements-and-future-roadmap/.访问时间2013-10-4.
1根据巴西政府的官方统计Fact Sheet,"BRAZILIAN TECHNICAL OOPERATION: Agriculture, Food Security andSocial Policies, June24,2011"，农业占巴西对外援助的21.86%
236. GHSi (Global Health Security Initiative).(2012). Shifting Paradigm: How the BRICS are reshaping global healthand development. GHSi report, p86.
4EIA (U.S. Energy Information Administration).(2012-4-22). Analysis Report on China.http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/China/china.pdf.访问时间2013-12-20.
1根据EIA公布的2011年数据计算得出，数据来源：http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_epc0_im0_mbbl_a.htm.访问时间2012-12-30
2根据中国外交部公布的信息统计，http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/ziliao_611306/2193_611376/.访问时间2013-10-3
3Strange, A., Parks, B., Tierney, M. J., Fuchs, A., Dreher, A., and Ramachandran, V.(2013). China’s DevelopmentFinance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. Center for Global Development Working Paper (323).
4根据Strange等(2013)的统计，加纳在DAC的援助对象中排在第11位
1Broadman, H. G.(2007). Africa’s Silk Road: China and India’s New Economic Frontier. World Bank Working Paper,(37895).
1余南平.(2013-7-1).中国对外援助不应再由商务部主导.《金融时报》中文网.http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001051164.访问时间2013-11-5.
2中华人民共和国商务部.(2011-4).中国的对外援助[白皮书].北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
1中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组.2012.2012中国可持续发展战略报告——全球视野下的中国可持续发展.北京:中国科学院.按照2011年提高后的贫困标准，农村居民家庭人均纯收入2300元人民币每年
1苏长和.(2011-4-25).“不干涉内政”不能动摇.ǎ解放日报》,(4).
1本研究的时间跨度集中在2000至2011年，2012年后新一届政府上台后在一些国际问题上的表现被认为是中国外交强硬的转变，如南海问题，以及防空识别区的划分等，但是整体上看，中国在外交方面仍然表现克制，避免冲突
2中华人民共和国国家统计局.(2014-2-24).2013年国民经济和社会发展统计公报.http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201402/t20140224_514970.html.访问时间2014-3-12.
1武芳.(2013-9-2).中非经贸往来存在较大互补性.人民网.http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2013/0902/c1004-22774180.html.访问时间2013-10-12.
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2013-8).中国与非洲的经贸合作(2013)白皮书:加强农业与粮食安全合作.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
2数据来源：中国国家统计局数据库
3根据1991年制定的标准，截至2012年，全世界经联合国批准的最不发达国家统计数量
4中华人民共和国商务部.(2010-12).《中国与非洲的经贸合作》.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
5中华人民共和国商务部.(2012-1-4).中国进出口银行10年向非洲贷款672亿超世行.http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/k/201201/20120107913576.html.访问时间2013-10-12.
1Ernst&Young.2013[2013-10-20]. Ernst&Young’s Attractiveness Survey: Africa2013Getting Down to Business.http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Africa_Attract_2013_-_Getting_down_to_business/$FILE/Africa_attractiveness_2013_web.pdf
2Wolf, C; Wang, X. and Warner, E.(2013). China’s Foreign Aid and Government-Sponsored Investment Activities: Scale,Content, Destinations, and Implications. Rand Corporation Report.
1参见Easterly, W.(2006). The While Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much and SoLittle Good. New York: Penguin.
2Kj llesdal, K.,&Welle-Strand, A.(2010). Foreign aid strategies: China taking over?. Asian Social Science,6(10):3-13.
1Powers, M., Mohan, G., and Tan-Mullins, M.(2012). China’s Resource Diplomacy in Africa: Powering Development?.Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
2Campos, I. and Vines, A.(2008). Angola and China: A Pragmatic Partnership. CSIS (Center for Strategic&International Studies) Working Paper, presented at a CSIS conference,“Prospects for Improving U.S.-China-AfricaCooperation”, December5,2007.
3刘竞.(2006).非洲烽火中的中国身影——以安哥拉内战为镜.《南风窗》(22):42-43.
4随着苏联的解体，安哥拉放弃了社会主义路线，1991年安人运与安盟签订和平协定，但1992年内战再次爆发；1994年经联合国协调双方恢复和平，但1998年再次爆发内战
5国务院副总理朱镕基外交部副部长李肇星外交部部长助理吉佩定分别于19951996和1997年访问安哥拉
6世界银行数据库中没有录入1985年以前的数据
1Campos, I. and Vines, A.(2008). Angola and China: A Pragmatic Partnership. CSIS (Center for Strategic&International Studies) Working Paper, presented at a CSIS conference,“Prospects for Improving U.S.-China-Africa
1Vine, A. and Campos, I.(2010). China and India in Angola. In: Cheru, F. and Cyril, O.(Eds).2010. The Rise of Chinaand India in Africa. London: Zed Books, p195.
2唐晓阳.(2010).评析中国与安哥拉经济合作的新模式.《西亚非洲》(7):55-60.
1Vincet, M. and Sorensen, B. R.(Eds).(2001). Caught Between Borders: Response Strategies of the InternallyDisplaced. Pluto Press, p17.
2卢进勇李秀娥和李锋.(2011).投资安哥拉.《中国对外投资国别/地区报告》.北京：商务部投资促进事务局.
1数据来源：”Africa accounts for30percent of China’s oil imports: official”, People ‘s Daily Online,人民日报海外版,2006年10月19日. http://english.people.com.cn/200610/19/eng20061019_313219.html.2013年12月30日访问
2中华人民共和国驻安哥拉共和国大使馆经济商务参赞处.(2012-3-12).2011年中国成为安哥拉第一大贸易伙伴.http://ao.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zxhz/hzjj/201203/20120308010071.shtml.访问时间2013-12-15.
3卢进勇李秀娥和李锋.(2011).投资安哥拉.《中国对外投资国别/地区报告》.北京：商务部投资促进事务局.
1Easterly, W.(2006). The While Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much and So LittleGood. New York: Penguin.
2Sullivan, A. and Sheffrin, S. M.(2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: PearsonPrentice Hall.
3Sen, A.(1983). Development: Which Way Now?. The Economic Journal.93(372):745-762.
1Mbi, E. E., Mizrahi, S. and Chisala, V.(2013). Annual Development Effectiveness Review2013: Towards SustainableGrowth for Africa. African Development Bank Group Annual Review.
2Khan, R.(2013-9). TakingAfrica’s Growth Seriously. Tanzania Reports. http://tanzaniareports.com/?p=2889.访问时间2014-2-10.
3The Economist.(2011-1-6).Africa’s Impressive Growth. The Economist Online.http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/01/daily_chart.访问时间2014-2-10.
1Leke, A., Lund, S., Roxburgh, C. and van Wamelen, A.(2010-6). What’s DrivingAfrica’s Growth. McKinsey&Company Insights&Publications. http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/economic_studies/whats_driving_africas_growth.访问时间2012-12-27.
2参见Stern, N.(1991). The Determinants of Growth. Economic Journal.101(4):122-133;Canning, D. and Pedroni P.(2008). Infrastructure, Long-Run Economic Growth and Causality Tests for CointegratedPanels. The Manchester School.76(5):504-527.égert, B., Kozluk, T. and Sutherland, D.(2009). Infrastructure and growth: empirical evidence. No.2700. CESIFOworking paper.
3Foster, V. and Cecilia, B.(Eds).(2010). Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation. World Bank Publications.
1Mbi, E. E., Mizrahi, S. and Chisala, V.(2013). Annual Development Effectiveness Review2013: Towards SustainableGrowth for Africa. African Development Bank Group Annual Review.
1中华人民共和国商务部.(2010-12).中国与非洲的经贸合作.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
2Foster, V.(2009). Building Bridges: China’s Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa (No.5).World Bank Publications.
3贺文萍.(2013).中国对非洲：授其以鱼，更授其以渔.《金融博览》(009):15-16.
4Foster, V. and Cecilia, B.(Eds).(2010). Africa's Infrastructure: A Time for Transformation. World Bank Publications.
5Schiere, R. and Rugamba, A.(2011). Chinese Infrastructure Investments and African Integration. African DevelopmentBank Group Working Paper.
1Deloitte.(2013). Deloitte on Africa: African Construction Trends Report2013.
1Ernst&Young.(2013). Ernst&Young’s Attractiveness Survey: Africa2013Getting Down to Business.http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Africa_Attract_2013_-_Getting_down_to_business/$FILE/Africa_attractiveness_2013_web.pdf.访问时间2013-10-20.
1Meyersson, E., i Miquel, G. P. and Qian, N.(2008). The Rise of China and the Natural Resource Curse in Africa. EOPP
(Economic Organisation and Public Policy Programme) Working Paper.
2Moyo, D.(2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa. Suffolk: Penguin,p111.
3中华人民共和国商务部.(2013-8).《中国与非洲的经贸合作(2013)白皮书:加强农业与粮食安全合作》.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
1Shen, X.(2013). Private Chinese Investment in Africa: Myths and Realities. World Bank working paper (6311).
2中华人民共和国商务部.2013-8.《中国与非洲的经贸合作(2013)白皮书:加强农业与粮食安全合作》.北京：中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.
2IMF (International Monetary Fund).(2006). World Economic Outlook: Financial Systems and Economic Cycles.Washington, D.C.
3Zafar, A.(2007). The Growing Relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade,Investment, and Aid Links, The World Bank Research Observer,22(1):103-130.
4Jakob, M.(2010), Dutch Disease or Botswana’s Blessing? Natural Resources and Economic Growth–AChannelApproach, Monte VeritàConference on Sustainable Resource Use and Economic Dynamics, Ascona,7-10June.
1Zafar, A.(2007). The Growing Relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade,
2Investment, and Aid Links, The World Bank Research Observer,22(1):103-130.Leite, C., and J. Weidmann.(1999). Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources, corruption, and EconomicGrowth. IMF Working Paper WP/99/85. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
3Kaplinsky, R., McCormick, D. and Morris, M.(2007). The impact of China on sub-Saharan Africa. IDS (Institute ofDevelopment Studies) Working Paper (291).
4数据来源:美国海关数据(U.S. Customs and Border Protection),见http://www.cbp.gov/.
1Mariani, B., and Wheeler, T.(2011). China’s Growing Role in African Pease and Security. Safeworld Report.
2Holslag, J.(2009),‘China’s New Security Strategy forAfrica’, Parameters,39(2):23-37.
1Cody, E.(2007). China Given Credit for Darfur Role. Washington Post Foreign Service,13Jan, p. A13.
2参见余建华王震.(2008).继往开来的中非战略伙伴关系《.第六届全球治理上海会议论文集》.(中欧非合作:机遇与挑战国际学术研讨会,上海,2008年3月14-15日), p88;姜恒昆.2010.中国与达尔富尔危机——中国的视角.中非民间和平与发展论坛研讨会论文.北京,2010年6月2-4日.
3Collier, P., Elliott, V. L., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A., Reynal-Querol, M., and Sambanis, N.(2003). Breaking the ConflictTrap: Civil War and Development Policy. Washington: World Bank and Oxford University Press.
4参见Li, A.(2007). China andAfrica: Policy and Challenges. China Security.3(3):69-93.
1UN (United Nations).(2009). Economic Development in Africa Report2009: Strengthening Regional EconomicIntegration for Africa’s Development. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
2舒运国.(2013).非洲经济一体化五十年.《西亚非洲》(1):85-101.
3Kühnhardt, L.(2009). African Regional Integration and the Role of the European Union. A Global Security Triangle,77.
4梁尚刚于大波.(2012-7-15).东南非共同市场秘书长：非洲期待和中国加强合作.新华网.http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-07/15/c_112441103.htm.访问时间2014-2-1.
1李鹏涛.(2010).中非关系的发展与非洲中国新移民.《华侨华人历史研究》4:24-30.
2Moyo, D.(2012-6-27).‘Beijing, a Boon forAfrica’, The New York Times,27June,http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/opinion/beijing-a-boon-for-africa.html?_r=0.访问时间2013-5-11.
1李凉.(2013-6-1).中国公司承建非洲九成水电站.《人民日报(国际板)》,(11).
3Human Rights Watch.(2011).“You’ll Be Fired if You Refuse”: Labor Abuses in Zambia’s Chinese State-owned CopperMines. New York.
4张哲.(2010-4-8).超越争议的非洲开发,中国在赞比亚的真实存在.《南方周末》.http://www.infzm.com/content/43550.访问时间2013-9-15.
5Crouigneau, F. and Hiault, R.(2006-10-24). Wolfowitz slams China banks on Africa lending. Financial Times,24.
1Smith, D.(2012-1-2). Workers Claim Abuse as China Adds Zimbabwe to Its Scramble for Africa. The Guardian.http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/02/china-zimbabwe-workers-abuse.访问时间2013-8-15.
2Boyd, O.(2012-10-7). China Brings Dams Back to Africa. Chinadialogue.https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/5032-China-brings-dams-back-to-Africa.访问时间2014-1-22.
1张哲.(2010-4-8).超越争议的非洲开发,中国在赞比亚的真实存在.《南方周末》.http://www.infzm.com/content/43550.访问时间2013-9-15.
2参见Hvistendahl, M.(2008-3-25). China’s Three Gorges Dam:An Environmental Catastrophe?. Scientific American.http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chinas-three-gorges-dam-disaster/.访问时间2014-1-2.赵惠君,张乐.(2002).关注大坝对流域环境的影响.《山西水利科技》1(143):92-96.
1Woods, N.(2008). Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in developmentassistance. International Affairs,(6):1205-1221.
2Reisen, H.(2007). Is China Actually Helping Improve Debt Sustainability in Africa, G-24Policy Brief No.9.Washington: OECD Development Centre.
1刘国柱.(2010).当代美国“民主援助”解析.《美国研究》(3):24-38.
4Chang, H. J.(2003). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem.Chang, H. J.(2008). Bad Samaritans: The Guilty Secrets of Rich Nations and the Threat to Global Prosperity. London:Random House.
1根据世界银行数据库（World DataBank）的统计
2Moyo, D.(2011). How the West was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly-and the Stark Choices Ahead. Macmillan.
3姚洋.(2008).中性政府:对转型期间中国经济成功的一个解释.教育部文科重点研究基地联谊会2008年年会暨青年经济学者论坛论文集.
4姚洋.(2010).威权政府还是中性政府.《二十一世纪双月刊》121(10):97-100.
5Breslin, S.(2011). The ‘China Model’and the Global Crisis: from Friedrich List to a Chinese Mode of Governance?.International Affairs,87(6):1323-1343.
6Heilmann, S.(2009). Maximum Tinkering under Uncertainty: Unorthodox Lessons from China. Modern China,35(4):450-462.原文：the unusual combination of extensive policy experimentation with long-term policy prioritization.
1参见Easterly, W.(2006). The While Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much and SoLittle Good. New York: Penguin;Moyo, D.(2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa. Suffolk: Penguin.
1张建波.(2013-6-19).美国加大“拥抱非洲”力度.《人民日报》,(21).
2包括贝宁布基纳法索布隆迪吉布提科摩罗加纳几内亚马达加斯加马里毛里塔尼亚尼日尔中非共和国刚果(金)乍得多哥和塞内加尔
3见英国国际发展部（DFID）官方网站，https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-international-development
4MOFA(Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan).(2013). Japan’s Official Development Assistance White Paper2012.Tokyo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
5夏莉.(2013-11-27).印度与非洲关系评述.中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所.http://iwaas.cass.cn/dtxw/fzdt/2013-11-27/2968.shtml.访问时间2014-1-12.
1Romero, S.2012-8-7. Brazil Gains Business and Influence as It Offers Aid and Loans in Africa. The New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/08/world/americas/brazil-gains-in-reaching-out-to-africa.html?_r=0.访问时间2013-9-15.
2张宏明.(2012).《非洲发展报告No.14(2011-2012):新世纪中非合作关系的回顾与展望[黄皮书]》.北京:社会科学文献出版社.
1World Bank.(2013). World Development Indicators2013. Washington, DC: World Bank.
2中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组.(2012)《.2012中国可持续发展战略报告——全球视野下的中国可持续发展》.北京:中国科学院.
3数据来源：World DataBank.
4见中国国家统计局统计数据
5Shinn, D. H.2013-3-25. China and Africa in the Xi Jinping Era. The Diplomat.http://thediplomat.com/2013/03/china-and-africa-in-the-xi-jinping-era/1/.访问时间2014-2-15.
1Woods, N.(2008). Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in developmentassistance. International Affairs,(6):1205-1221.
2De Haan, A.(2011). Will Emerging Powers Change International Cooperation? Implications of China’s ForeignAid forDutch and Other Donors. In Paul Hoebink (ed.). The Netherlands Yearbook on International Cooperation2009. Assen:Van Gorcum. pp.209-222.
1Kj llesdal, K.,&Welle-Strand, A.(2010). Foreign aid strategies: China taking over?. Asian Social Science,6(10):3-13.
2Moyo, D.(2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa. Suffolk: Penguin.
1中国商务部对外援助司官方网站：http://yws.mofcom.gov.cn/.
2见余南平.(2013-7-1).中国对外援助不应再由商务部主导.《金融时报》中文网.http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001051164.访问时间2013年11月24日.胡建梅,黄梅波.(2012).法国对外援助管理体系及对中国的启示.《国际展望》(5):72-81.
1Davis, P.(2008). Aid Effectiveness and Non-DAC Providers of Development Assistance. Consultative FindingsDocument, Informal Working Group on non-DAC providers of Development Assistance, Background document to RoundTable,9.
1BMZ (Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development).(2013). Triangular Cooperation in GermanDevelopment Cooperation. BMZ Strategy Paper5,2013e.
2He, W.(2013-7-17). An Important Step Forward: China-US Cooperation in Africa. China-US Focus.http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/an-important-step-forward-china-us-cooperation-in-africa/.访问时间2013-9-6.
1见加拿大外交贸易和发展部(Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada)官方网站http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/eng/FRA-825105226-KFT.
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