基于燃烧和爆炸效应的温压药剂相关技术研究
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摘要
本文从理论和实验两方面研究了温压药剂的作用原理、设计方法、爆炸场性能及其在野外和有限空间内的毁伤效应。
在现有文献资料和研究成果的基础上,提出了温压药剂的配方设计原则、性能参数预报方法和固体化技术。研制的固体温压药剂以高能炸药、金属粉和固体活化剂为主体组成,综合性能良好。
对瞬态高温测试方法进行分析和比较,结合温压药剂特点,提出原子发射光谱双谱线法和红外热成像仪两种方法进行温压药剂温度场的研究,并根据实验结果对药剂的反应过程进行分析。结果表明:温压药剂在爆炸后1ms内出现2个温度峰值(2300K和2050K),分别对应其爆炸反应的第一、第二阶段;第三阶段为药剂的后续燃烧反应,具有较高的爆炸火球温度,不同高温段持续时间是TNT的2～5倍,高温云团体积可达TNT的2～10倍。由于后续燃烧对冲击波的增强作用,使药剂具有较高的爆炸威力。能量分析表明:参试药剂的能量利用率约为42%,具备进一步提高的潜力。
对含化学活性材料温压药剂M-TBE的实验表明:其冲击波曲线有两个规律的正压作用区;二次冲击波在火球区外形成,火球区内是后续燃烧反应对爆炸波增强而引起的压缩波积累压力平台;二次冲击波峰值压力不小于第一个冲击波的40%,二次冲量占总冲量的12.5%～43.7%,其对爆炸/冲击波威力的贡献不可忽略;化学活性材料对温压药剂的后续燃烧反应有增强作用,有利于二次冲击波的形成和传播。
由空旷静爆实验得到温压药剂爆炸冲击波超压、正压作用时间和冲量的特征方程,分析认为:超压—冲量准则(ΔP-I准则)和失去战斗力比率伤亡准则(CI准则)是两种适于温压药剂冲击波毁伤评判的准则,根据实验结果得到30kg温压装药造成人员50%伤亡的毁伤半径约为6.38m。
以火球热辐射动态模型为基础,根据红外热成像测试数据,建立了具有时间属性的温压药剂热辐射效应动态计算方法,计算得到30kg温压装药的热辐射效应,其辐射热剂量可达TNT的3.6～5.2倍。
有限空间内的爆炸效应实验结果表明:爆炸反应的完全和约束效应使得温压药剂在室内的毁伤作用明显增强,室内总正冲量可达室外的5～10倍;墙面测点由于冲击波的正规反射而使压力和冲量大幅增加,反射波超压是入射波的3.5倍,反射波冲量是入射波的1.9倍;在具有泄压作用的半密闭空间内,室内负压的毁伤作用不可忽略。
In this dissertation, the action principle and design method of thermobaric explosive(TBE), as well as the blast field performance and the damage effect in free air and restricted space were studied both theoretically and experimentally.
The design principle, the prediction methods of performance parameter and the solidification technique of TBE were proposed based on previous research results in literature. A solid thermobairc explosive was investigated whose main components were high explosive, metal powder and solid active agent. The solid thermobairc explosive had superior properties.
Several transient high temperature measurement techniques were analyzed. A new method with double lines of atomic emission spectroscopy and infrared thermography was used to study the explosion temperature of TBE. According to the experimental results, the reaction process of TBE was analyzed. There were two temperature peaks of 2300K and 2050K in lms after the explosive acted, which were attributed to the first and second phase of the explosive reaction of TBE, respectively. The third phase of the explosive reaction was TBE's afterburning with higher explosion fireball temperature. The duration of differenet high temperature and the volume of the high temperature cloud were 2～5 and 2～10 times as much as those of TNT with the same weight. The blast power of TBE was higher due to the enhancement of afterburning to shock wave. The percentage of total energy released in explosive reaction of TBE was about 42% as analysis, which indicated that it had potential to be improved.
A modified thermobaric explosive(M-TBE) containing chemically active material was studied by experiment. There were two regular positive pressure zones on the overpressure curves. The second one was formed outside fireball and the pressure flat roof accumulated by compressed waves was inside fireball. The peak value of the second shock wave was no less than 40% of the first one's and the second impulse was 12.5%～43.7% of overall impulse. Thus the effect of second shock wave to blast/shock wave power could not be neglected. The chemically active material could enhance the afterburing reaction of TBE and provide assistance to the formation and propagation of the second shock wave.
The characteristic equation of shock wave overpressure, positive effect time and impulse of TBE was obtained by explosion experiment in free air. Two damage criterion of △P-I and CI were suitable for TBE as analysis. The damage diameter of human 50% casualty caused by 30kg TBE was 6.38m based on the experimental results.
The dynamic calculation method with time property of TBE's thermal radiation was proposed based on the dynamic model of fireball radiation and the experimental results of infrared thermography. The thermal radiation dosage of thermobaric bomb with 30kg TBE was calculated, which was 3.6～5.2 times of TNT with same quatity.
The blast effect of TBE in restricted space was studied. The damage effect was enhanced obviously due to the restricted space and the complete explosion reaction of TBE. The overall positive impulse in restricted space was 5～10 times of that in free air. The overpressure and impulse measured by sensors on the wall were increased by the normal reflection of shock wave. The overpressure and impulse of reflected wave was 3.5 and 1.9 times of that of incident wave, respectively. The damage action of underpressure in half obturation space with venting effect could not be neglected in the experimental condition of this paper.
在现有文献资料和研究成果的基础上,提出了温压药剂的配方设计原则、性能参数预报方法和固体化技术。研制的固体温压药剂以高能炸药、金属粉和固体活化剂为主体组成,综合性能良好。
对瞬态高温测试方法进行分析和比较,结合温压药剂特点,提出原子发射光谱双谱线法和红外热成像仪两种方法进行温压药剂温度场的研究,并根据实验结果对药剂的反应过程进行分析。结果表明:温压药剂在爆炸后1ms内出现2个温度峰值(2300K和2050K),分别对应其爆炸反应的第一、第二阶段;第三阶段为药剂的后续燃烧反应,具有较高的爆炸火球温度,不同高温段持续时间是TNT的2～5倍,高温云团体积可达TNT的2～10倍。由于后续燃烧对冲击波的增强作用,使药剂具有较高的爆炸威力。能量分析表明:参试药剂的能量利用率约为42%,具备进一步提高的潜力。
对含化学活性材料温压药剂M-TBE的实验表明:其冲击波曲线有两个规律的正压作用区;二次冲击波在火球区外形成,火球区内是后续燃烧反应对爆炸波增强而引起的压缩波积累压力平台;二次冲击波峰值压力不小于第一个冲击波的40%,二次冲量占总冲量的12.5%～43.7%,其对爆炸/冲击波威力的贡献不可忽略;化学活性材料对温压药剂的后续燃烧反应有增强作用,有利于二次冲击波的形成和传播。
由空旷静爆实验得到温压药剂爆炸冲击波超压、正压作用时间和冲量的特征方程,分析认为:超压—冲量准则(ΔP-I准则)和失去战斗力比率伤亡准则(CI准则)是两种适于温压药剂冲击波毁伤评判的准则,根据实验结果得到30kg温压装药造成人员50%伤亡的毁伤半径约为6.38m。
以火球热辐射动态模型为基础,根据红外热成像测试数据,建立了具有时间属性的温压药剂热辐射效应动态计算方法,计算得到30kg温压装药的热辐射效应,其辐射热剂量可达TNT的3.6～5.2倍。
有限空间内的爆炸效应实验结果表明:爆炸反应的完全和约束效应使得温压药剂在室内的毁伤作用明显增强,室内总正冲量可达室外的5～10倍;墙面测点由于冲击波的正规反射而使压力和冲量大幅增加,反射波超压是入射波的3.5倍,反射波冲量是入射波的1.9倍;在具有泄压作用的半密闭空间内,室内负压的毁伤作用不可忽略。
In this dissertation, the action principle and design method of thermobaric explosive(TBE), as well as the blast field performance and the damage effect in free air and restricted space were studied both theoretically and experimentally.
The design principle, the prediction methods of performance parameter and the solidification technique of TBE were proposed based on previous research results in literature. A solid thermobairc explosive was investigated whose main components were high explosive, metal powder and solid active agent. The solid thermobairc explosive had superior properties.
Several transient high temperature measurement techniques were analyzed. A new method with double lines of atomic emission spectroscopy and infrared thermography was used to study the explosion temperature of TBE. According to the experimental results, the reaction process of TBE was analyzed. There were two temperature peaks of 2300K and 2050K in lms after the explosive acted, which were attributed to the first and second phase of the explosive reaction of TBE, respectively. The third phase of the explosive reaction was TBE's afterburning with higher explosion fireball temperature. The duration of differenet high temperature and the volume of the high temperature cloud were 2～5 and 2～10 times as much as those of TNT with the same weight. The blast power of TBE was higher due to the enhancement of afterburning to shock wave. The percentage of total energy released in explosive reaction of TBE was about 42% as analysis, which indicated that it had potential to be improved.
A modified thermobaric explosive(M-TBE) containing chemically active material was studied by experiment. There were two regular positive pressure zones on the overpressure curves. The second one was formed outside fireball and the pressure flat roof accumulated by compressed waves was inside fireball. The peak value of the second shock wave was no less than 40% of the first one's and the second impulse was 12.5%～43.7% of overall impulse. Thus the effect of second shock wave to blast/shock wave power could not be neglected. The chemically active material could enhance the afterburing reaction of TBE and provide assistance to the formation and propagation of the second shock wave.
The characteristic equation of shock wave overpressure, positive effect time and impulse of TBE was obtained by explosion experiment in free air. Two damage criterion of △P-I and CI were suitable for TBE as analysis. The damage diameter of human 50% casualty caused by 30kg TBE was 6.38m based on the experimental results.
The dynamic calculation method with time property of TBE's thermal radiation was proposed based on the dynamic model of fireball radiation and the experimental results of infrared thermography. The thermal radiation dosage of thermobaric bomb with 30kg TBE was calculated, which was 3.6～5.2 times of TNT with same quatity.
The blast effect of TBE in restricted space was studied. The damage effect was enhanced obviously due to the restricted space and the complete explosion reaction of TBE. The overall positive impulse in restricted space was 5～10 times of that in free air. The overpressure and impulse measured by sensors on the wall were increased by the normal reflection of shock wave. The overpressure and impulse of reflected wave was 3.5 and 1.9 times of that of incident wave, respectively. The damage action of underpressure in half obturation space with venting effect could not be neglected in the experimental condition of this paper.
引文
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