多孔介质中天然气水合物注热水分解理论及实验研究
|
摘要
据估计,全球天然气水合物中甲烷碳含量达10~(16)kg或含有20×10~(15)m~3的甲烷气,相当于全世界已知煤炭、石油和天然气等常规化石燃料总碳储量的两倍。天然气水合物作为一种重要的后继能源,具有替代石油和天然气的广阔前景;在能源危机日益严峻的21世纪,被公认为是具有良好前景的后续清洁能源。地球上广泛的分布着天然气水合物资源,主要分布于海洋水深大于300～500m的海底沉积物之中和寒冷的高纬度区域。天然气水合物以固体形式存在,是不可移动和渗透的,必须将其分解才能释放出其中的天然气气体资源;但在目前的技术条件下,还难以开采。
天然气水合物是在一定条件下由气体或挥发性液体与水相互作用过程形成的白色固态结晶物质,外观像雪或松散的冰,其存在需要低温(0～10℃)和高压(>10MPa)条件的保障,这即是天然气水合物赖以稳定存在的相平衡条件。从多孔介质相平衡和受力情况出发,分析了多孔介质对天然气水合物形成过程的影响:相平衡曲线向左移动,相比自由液面需要更低的温度和更高的压力;毛细管半径越小,多孔介质对其影响越明显;实验证实了多孔介质缩短了水合物形成过程诱导区和成长区,冰成天然气水合物过程并没有诱导区直接进入成长阶段,且能形成均一稳定的水合物。
人们根据天然气水合物的相平衡曲线提出了以破坏相平衡为基础的常规分解方法:热激法、压力下降法和化学试剂法。在对比注热水分解方法的优势基础上,分析了注热水分解方法的可行性。论文从天然气水合物的分解三阶段(注热水阶段、水合物分解阶段和开采气体阶段)出发,建立了相应的数学模型。在此基础上建立了水合物一维分解前缘模型:质量传递、能量守恒、动量守恒偏微分方程;并利用有限差分格式,对其进行线性化求解,绘制了相应的程序迭代流程。利用作者自行编制的小型C语言算法程序对分解模型进行了参数拟合,粒径、温度和注入速率对参数都有不同程度的影响,温度对拟合参数的影响不及注入速率的影响大。
在实验室中,自行设计并搭建了多孔介质中天然气水合物形成/注热水分解一维实验平台。实验中将冰粉和石英砂等体积混合,在一定条件下完全形成天然气水合物,利用温度热电偶和电阻来监测反应的进程。
(1)通过实验数据分析和理论的拟合,结果仅相差1.14min,误差为8.21%。
(2)对于小流量25ml/min的注入速率,温度对天然气水合物的影响较小,实验值最大
It' s reported that natural gas hydrates over the world contain total methane carbon 10~16Kg or methane gas 20x 10~15 m3, this amount equal twice total carbon reserves of coals, oils and natural gases etc conventional fossi fuels around the earth. Natural gas hydrate, which will replace the status of oil fenatural gas in the future, has been voted an important cleanly energy sources in 21 century when energy sources present austere emergencies. Great amount natural gas hydrates that exit in solid distributing widely in sediments porous medium which locate under the seabed more depth 300~500m ocean and in permafrost deposit on high-latitude. It presents immobile and impenetrabile for natural gas hydrates exit in solid, thus must be decomposed to release naturl gases . It' s impossible to exploit these solid samples for the poor technology condition these days.Natural gas hydrates that look like ice crystal are formed from gases or volatile liquid and water under a certain condition. The lower temperature and higher pressure must be required for natural gas hydrates extence, namely the phase equilibrium of natural gas hydrate exits steady. The infection on formation process of natural gas hydrates in porous medium has been analyzed from the condition of phase equilibrium in sediments and function of force: the curves of phase equilibrium shift to left exhibits lower temperature and higher pressure than the free exterior; and the radius of capillary is less, the clearer for infection of porous medium is. The induction time of formation for natural gas hydrate is abridged by experimental results, there exits no induction time to the formation process of natural gas hydrates from ice-form, but can form the symmetrical steady natural gas hydrates.The routine methods that based on phase equilibrium for decomposition of natural gas hydrates have been provided through the breakage to the curve of phase equilibrium: thermal stimulation method, depressurization method and chem. inhibitor method. The feasibility of hot water injection for natural gas hydrates has been given based on the advantage of decomposition for hot water injection. The mathematic models for dissociation of natural gas hydrates have been built from the three stages for dissociation of natural gas hydrates (the stage of hot water injection, the stage of dissociation of natural gas hydrates and the stage of exploitation gases). One-dimensional models of dissociation frontal brim for
natural gas hydrates have been established through this information, partial differential equations of mass transport, energy conservation and momentum conservation have been proposed and been solved through the finite difference for linear solution, and the flow charts for program alternate been drew. Parameters on models of dissociation have been drafted through utilizing the little C programs that author own wrote. The different infection on grain radius, temperature and velocity of injection to parameters have been analyzed, including the infection of velocity of injection shows more larger than that of temperature.In lab a set one-dimensional experimental device has been designed and built for the formation/dissociation of injection hot water on natural gas hydrates in porous medium by oneself. Natural gas hydrates are formed through admixtures of parts of quartz and ice-power under a certain condition in lab, this process of reaction is being inspected by thermocouple and resistance.(1)Error between drafting models and experimental data is presented only 8.21%, and disparity 1. 14min through analyses of data and draft theory.(2)To the little injection velocity 25ml/min, little infection to dissociation of natural gas hydrates happens for temperature; maximal error of experimental values shows 13. 71% and nearly overlaps on the curve drafted. But that of injection velocity presents larger than temperature and maximal error exits 27.273%, higher 14% than temperature.(3)Consistencies are kept between temperature and resistance to measure of the dissociation frontal brim for natural gas hydrates through analysis of data in experiments.
天然气水合物是在一定条件下由气体或挥发性液体与水相互作用过程形成的白色固态结晶物质,外观像雪或松散的冰,其存在需要低温(0～10℃)和高压(>10MPa)条件的保障,这即是天然气水合物赖以稳定存在的相平衡条件。从多孔介质相平衡和受力情况出发,分析了多孔介质对天然气水合物形成过程的影响:相平衡曲线向左移动,相比自由液面需要更低的温度和更高的压力;毛细管半径越小,多孔介质对其影响越明显;实验证实了多孔介质缩短了水合物形成过程诱导区和成长区,冰成天然气水合物过程并没有诱导区直接进入成长阶段,且能形成均一稳定的水合物。
人们根据天然气水合物的相平衡曲线提出了以破坏相平衡为基础的常规分解方法:热激法、压力下降法和化学试剂法。在对比注热水分解方法的优势基础上,分析了注热水分解方法的可行性。论文从天然气水合物的分解三阶段(注热水阶段、水合物分解阶段和开采气体阶段)出发,建立了相应的数学模型。在此基础上建立了水合物一维分解前缘模型:质量传递、能量守恒、动量守恒偏微分方程;并利用有限差分格式,对其进行线性化求解,绘制了相应的程序迭代流程。利用作者自行编制的小型C语言算法程序对分解模型进行了参数拟合,粒径、温度和注入速率对参数都有不同程度的影响,温度对拟合参数的影响不及注入速率的影响大。
在实验室中,自行设计并搭建了多孔介质中天然气水合物形成/注热水分解一维实验平台。实验中将冰粉和石英砂等体积混合,在一定条件下完全形成天然气水合物,利用温度热电偶和电阻来监测反应的进程。
(1)通过实验数据分析和理论的拟合,结果仅相差1.14min,误差为8.21%。
(2)对于小流量25ml/min的注入速率,温度对天然气水合物的影响较小,实验值最大
It' s reported that natural gas hydrates over the world contain total methane carbon 10~16Kg or methane gas 20x 10~15 m3, this amount equal twice total carbon reserves of coals, oils and natural gases etc conventional fossi fuels around the earth. Natural gas hydrate, which will replace the status of oil fenatural gas in the future, has been voted an important cleanly energy sources in 21 century when energy sources present austere emergencies. Great amount natural gas hydrates that exit in solid distributing widely in sediments porous medium which locate under the seabed more depth 300~500m ocean and in permafrost deposit on high-latitude. It presents immobile and impenetrabile for natural gas hydrates exit in solid, thus must be decomposed to release naturl gases . It' s impossible to exploit these solid samples for the poor technology condition these days.Natural gas hydrates that look like ice crystal are formed from gases or volatile liquid and water under a certain condition. The lower temperature and higher pressure must be required for natural gas hydrates extence, namely the phase equilibrium of natural gas hydrate exits steady. The infection on formation process of natural gas hydrates in porous medium has been analyzed from the condition of phase equilibrium in sediments and function of force: the curves of phase equilibrium shift to left exhibits lower temperature and higher pressure than the free exterior; and the radius of capillary is less, the clearer for infection of porous medium is. The induction time of formation for natural gas hydrate is abridged by experimental results, there exits no induction time to the formation process of natural gas hydrates from ice-form, but can form the symmetrical steady natural gas hydrates.The routine methods that based on phase equilibrium for decomposition of natural gas hydrates have been provided through the breakage to the curve of phase equilibrium: thermal stimulation method, depressurization method and chem. inhibitor method. The feasibility of hot water injection for natural gas hydrates has been given based on the advantage of decomposition for hot water injection. The mathematic models for dissociation of natural gas hydrates have been built from the three stages for dissociation of natural gas hydrates (the stage of hot water injection, the stage of dissociation of natural gas hydrates and the stage of exploitation gases). One-dimensional models of dissociation frontal brim for
natural gas hydrates have been established through this information, partial differential equations of mass transport, energy conservation and momentum conservation have been proposed and been solved through the finite difference for linear solution, and the flow charts for program alternate been drew. Parameters on models of dissociation have been drafted through utilizing the little C programs that author own wrote. The different infection on grain radius, temperature and velocity of injection to parameters have been analyzed, including the infection of velocity of injection shows more larger than that of temperature.In lab a set one-dimensional experimental device has been designed and built for the formation/dissociation of injection hot water on natural gas hydrates in porous medium by oneself. Natural gas hydrates are formed through admixtures of parts of quartz and ice-power under a certain condition in lab, this process of reaction is being inspected by thermocouple and resistance.(1)Error between drafting models and experimental data is presented only 8.21%, and disparity 1. 14min through analyses of data and draft theory.(2)To the little injection velocity 25ml/min, little infection to dissociation of natural gas hydrates happens for temperature; maximal error of experimental values shows 13. 71% and nearly overlaps on the curve drafted. But that of injection velocity presents larger than temperature and maximal error exits 27.273%, higher 14% than temperature.(3)Consistencies are kept between temperature and resistance to measure of the dissociation frontal brim for natural gas hydrates through analysis of data in experiments.
引文
[1] 方银霞,金翔龙,天然气水合物的研究与开发,中国海洋平台,第17卷,第2期,April,2002,P11～P15;
[2] 雷怀彦,王先彬,天然气水合物研究现状和未来挑战,面向21世纪的科技进步与社会经济发展,p188;
[3] 戴金星.我国天然气资源及其前景[J].天然气工业,1999,19(1):P3～P6;
[4] 周北驹.发展新能源和可再生能源对可持续发展战略具有重大现实意义[J].中国能源,1997,(3),P16～18;
[5] Sloan, E.D., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, 2nd, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1998, 1～628;
[6] Harrison, W.E.,J.A.,Curiale, Gas Hydrates in Sediments of Holes 497 and 498A, Deep Sea Dring Projrct Leg 67, Initial Reports, Deep Sea Drilling Project, 1982,67: P1～594;
[7] Kvenvolden K.A.,T.J.,MacDondla, Gas Hydrates of the Middle American Trench, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 84, Initial Reports, Deep Sea Drilling Project, 1985,84: P1～682;
[8] Kvenvolden K. A.,M.A.,McMenamin, Hydrates of Natural gas:A review of Their Geologoc Occurrence. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ.,1990,825, P11;
[9] Kvenvolden K.A.,A Review of the Geochemistry of Methane in Natural Hydrate. Org. Geochem.,1995,23(11/12),P997～1008;
[10] 樊栓狮,郭天民,笼型水合物研究进展,化工进展,1999(1),P5～P11;
[11] 徐学祖,程国栋,俞祁浩,青藏高原多年冻土区天然气水合物的研究前景和建议,地球科学进展,1999年4月,第14卷,第2期,P201～204;
[12] 胡奥林,天然气水合物资源勘探开发现状,石油与天然气化工,1995,第24卷,第2期,P101～106;
[13] Buffet B.A.,Clathrate Hydrates, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci.,2000,28, P447～P507;
[14] Lerche, I., E.,Bagirov, Guide to Gas Hydrates Stabilibity in Various Geological Seetings, Mar. Pet. Geol.,1998,15, P427～P437;
[15] Bouriak, S.,M.,Vanneste, A. Saoutkine, Inferred Gas Hydrate and Diapers near the Storegga Slide on the Southern Edge of the Voring Plateau, Offsfore Norway, Mar. Geol., 2000, 163, P125～148;
[16] Van der Walls, Platteuw J.C.,Clathrate Solutions[j], Adv Phys Chem, 1959,2, P1～57;
[17] Davidson D.W.,Gough S.,Ripmeester J.A.,Some Structural Studies of Clathrate Hydrates[J].Joural de Physic(Paris), Colloge, 1987,48(3),P537～P542;
[18] 史斗,孙成权,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,国外天然气水合物研究进展(综 述),兰州大学出版社,1992.10,P1～P10;
[19] Timonthy S. Collett(著),白振瑞(译),朱起煌(校),天然气水合物的能源潜力,石油地质科技动态,译自AAPG Bulletin, V. 86,NO.2002,P1971～1992;
[20] 陈作义,杨晓西,叶国兴等,天然气水合物概况及最新研究进展,海洋通报,vol.21,NO.3,Jun.2002,P78～85;
[21] 张光学,黄永祥,祝有海等,南海天然气水合物的成矿远景,海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(1),P75～P81;
[22] Holder, G.D. and Angert, P.F.:Stimulation of Gas Production from a reservoir Containing Both Gas Hydrate and Free Natural Gas." SPE Paper 11105 presented at the 57th SPE Annual Technical Conference in New Orleans, LA, Sept, 1982,26～29;
[23] Jeffery B.,Klauda, Stanley I. Sandier, Phase behavior of hydrates: a modle for single and multiple gas co, ponent hydrates, Chemical Engineering Science, 2003, (58),P27～41;
[24] Liviu Tomtusa, SPE, Barry Freifeld, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Laura A Stern, United States Geological Survery, X-ray Computed Tomography Observation of Methane Hydrate Dissociation, SPE 75533;
[25] D.J. Turner, P. Kumar, and E.D. Sloan, Center for Hydrate Research, Colorado School of Mines, A New Technique for Hydrate Thermal Diffusivity Measurements, Paper presented at the Fifteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June, 22-27,2003, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A;
[26] M.S. Selim and E.D. Sloan,Colorado School of Mines. Hydrate Dissociation in Sediment. Copying 1987, Socity of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 16859 P243～258;
[27] J.W. Ullerich, M.S. Selim, E.D. Sloan, Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Refining Colorado School of Mines, Theory and Measurement of Hydrate Dissociation, AIChE Journal, May 1987 vol. 33, NO. 5;
[28] Takeshi Komai, Seong-Pil Kang, Ji-Ho Yoon and Yoshitaka Yamamoto, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kinetics of Methane Gas Hydrate Dissociation below Melting Point of Ice, Paper #912;
[29] Masuda, Y., Fujinaga, Y.,naganawa, S.,Fujita, K., Hayashi, Y. Modeling and Experimental Studies on Dissociation of Methane Gas Hydrates in Berea Sandstone Cores, Presented at the 3rd International conference on gas hydrates, Salt Lake City, Utah, July, 1999, P18～22;
[30] E.D. Sloan, Jr., J. Happel and M.A. Hnatow, Hydrate Plug Dissociation by Pressure Reduction. In International Conference on Natural Gas Hydrates. Eds. Acad. Sci. 715, P714～717;
[31] Davy, H.,the Bakerian Lecture on Some of the Combinations of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygen and on the Chemical Relations of These Principles to Inflammable Bodies, Phil. Trans. Roy Sco, London, 1811,101(1),P1～35;
[32] 戚学贵,陈则韶,天然气水合物研究进展,自然杂志(科技进展),2000,23卷,第2期,P79 ～82;
[33] Liu Feng, Fan Shuanshi, Experimental Researches of Natural Gas Hydrate in Porous Sediments——a Review. Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China), Vol. 54 Suppl. December 2003, P113～120;
[34] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,麦索雅哈气田气水合物藏的地址和矿物地球物理学特征,兰州大学出版社出版,1992年10月,P125～130;
[35] 史斗,郑卫,世界天然气水合物研究开发现状和前景,地球科学进展,1999,14(4),P330～339;
[36] Shipley, T.H.,M.H.,Houston, R. Buffler, Seisimic Evidence for Widespread Possible Gas Hydrate Horizons on Continental Slopes and Reises, Marine Geology, 1979,31, P265～277;
[37] Makogon,Y.F.,Hydrate of Natural Gas, Pennwell, Tulsa, 1981;
[38] Crag, B.A.,R. J. Parkes, J. C. Fry, A. J., Weightman, Bacterial Populations and Processes in Sediments Containing Gas Hydrate(ODP Leg 146:Cascadia Margin),Earth and Planetary Letters, 1996,139(3-4),P497～507;
[39] Jin, Y.K.,M.W. Lee, T.S. Collett, Relationship of Gas Hydrate Concentration to Porosity and Reflection Amplitude in a Research Well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada, Marine and Petrolum Geology, 2002,19(4),P407～415;
[40] 曾繁彩,杨木壮,蔡秋蓉,黄旭,天然气水合物国内外研究现状,海洋地质,2003,2,P76～80;
[41] 吴必豪,张光学,祝有海等,中国近海天然气水合物的研究进展,地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),2003.3,第10卷,第1期,P177～188;
[42] 何拥军,文凤英,海洋天然气水合物的研究现状及意义,海洋地质动态,1998,第1期(总的182期),P4～7;
[43] 渡部芳夫(著),许东禹(译),海底天然气水合物资源概率的评价方法,海洋石油,2000,第3期刊(总第105期),P47～50;
[44] 姚佰初,南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探,海洋地质与第四纪,1998,18 (4) P11～18;
[45] 宋海斌,耿建华等,南海北部东沙群岛海域天然气水合物的初步研究,地球物理学报,2001,44(5),P687～695;
[46] 符浠,杨木壮,文鹏飞等,南海天然气水合物地震资料处理及其特征,地质科技情报,2001,20(4),P33～40;
[47] 张光学,黄永祥,祝有海等,南海天然气水合物的成矿远景,海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,20(4),P75～81;
[48] Vidyadhar A. Kamath, SPE U. of Alaska, Sanjay P. Godbole SPE, U. of Alaska. An Analytic Model for Analyzing the Effects of Dissociation of Hydrates on the Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oils. SPE Reservoir Engineering, May 1988, P449-456.
[49] Barry M. Freifeld, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Liniu Tomusta, Laura A, Stern and Stephen H. Kirby. Use of Computed X-Ray Tomographic Data for Analyzing the Thermodynamics of a Dissociation Porous Sand/Hydrate Mixture;
[50] M.S. Selim and E.D. Sloan, Colorado School of Mines, Modeling of the Dissociation of an In-Situ Hydrate, SPE 13597, P75～79;
[51] Bayles, G.A.,Sawyer, W.K.,and Malone, R.D.: "A Steam Cycling Model for Gas Production from a Hydrate Reservorir," Paper prented at the American Institute for Chemical Engineers Winter National Meeting, March 11-13,1984, Atlanta Georgia;
[52] Holder G.D.,Angert, P.F.,John, V. T. and Yan, S., A Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thermal Recovery of Gas from Hydrates in Earth, J. Petroleum Technology, 34,1982, P1127～1132;
[53] McGuire, P.L. : " Methane Hydrate Gas Production by Thermal Stimulation." Paper presented at the Fourth Canadian Permafrost Conference, March 2-6, 1981, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
[54] M.H. Yousif, H.H. Abass, M.S. Selim, and E.D. Sloan, Colorado School of Mines, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Methane Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Porous Media. SPE18320 P571～583;
[55] Chuang Ji, Goodarz Ahmadi, Duane H. Smit, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY. Constant Rate Gas Production from a Well in a Hydrate Reservoir, Energy Conversion and Management 44(2003) P2403～2423;
[56] ShuqLang GAO, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, X 77251, The Decomposition of Gas Hydrates, P1～24.;
[57] Chuang Ji, Goodarz Ahmadi, Wu Zhang and Duane H. Smith, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Natural Gas Production from Hydrate Dissociation: A Comparison of Axisymmetric Models. P1～6;
[58] Burshears, M.,O' Brien, T.J.,and Malone, R.D.: A Multi-Phase Multi-Dimensional, variable Composition Stimulation of Gas Productionfrom from a Conventional Gas Reservoir in Contact with Hydrate, SPE paper 15246 presented at the SPE Unconventional Gas Technology Symposium Louisville, KY, May 18-21, 1986;
[59] Kamath, V.A., and Godbole, S.P.:" Evaluation of Hot Brain Stimulation Technique for Gas production from Natural Gas Hydrate." 55th SPE Annual Calif. Reg. Mtg. (Bakersfield, Ca. 3/27-29/85),59(1985);
[60] 石森,白冶,气体水合物的基本特征、形成条件及成因初探,矿物岩石,1999年9月,第19卷,第3期,P100～104;
[61] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,天然气水合物将为21世纪提供能源,兰州大学出版社出版发行,1992年10月,P26～31;
[62] 吴保祥,雷怀彦,沉积物中甲烷水合物资源评价的理论模型分析及地质意义,天然气工业,2003年5月,P24～28;
[63] 付晓泰,王振平,夏国朝,天然气组分的水合常数、水合热及理论溶解度,石油学报,1998年1月,第19卷,第1期,P79～84;
[64] 吴祥树,闵家华(译),蒋云箭(校),天然气水合物沉积岩的岩石物理特征,测井与射孔,2003,第3期,P53～57;
[65] 朱岳年,史卜庆,天然气水合物对油气藏聚集与保存的控制作用,天然气工业(地质勘探),2000年5月,第20卷第3期,P38～40;
[66] 黄犊子,水合物及其在多孔介质中导热性能的研究,中国科技大学博士学位论文,2005年1月,P13～14;
[67] 胡春,裘俊红,天然气水合物的结构性质及应用,天然气化工,2000年第25卷,P48～52;
[68] Makogon, Y.F., F.A. Trebin, A.A. Trofifimuk, V.P. Tsarev, N.V. Chersky, Detection of a Pool of Natural Gas in a solid(Hydrate Gas)State. Dokl. Acad. Sci. USSR-Earth Sci. Sect.,1972,196, P197～200;
[69] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,天然气水合物的热物理学性质,兰州大学出版社出版,1992年10月,P51～53;
[70] Davidson, D.W.,Clathrate Hydrate, in Water A Comprehensive Treatise Ed.F. Franks, Vol. Ⅱ, Plenum Press, New York, 1973, P115～148;
[71] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,含水合物天然气藏的特征,兰州大学出版社出版,1992年10月,P157～163;
[72] 张光学,祝有海,徐华宁,非活动大陆边缘的天然气水合物及其成藏过程述评,地质评价,2003年月,第49卷,第2期,P181～186;
[73] Selim, M.S. and E.D. Sloan," Hydrate Dissociation in Sediment," SPE paper 16859 presented at the 62th SPE annual Technical Conference in Dallas, Tx, Sept 27-30,1987;
[74] Verigin, N.N.,Khabibullin, I.L.,and Khalikov, G.A.:" Linear Problem of the Dissociation of the Hydrate of a Gas in a Porous Medium," Izvest. Akad. nauk. SSSR, Mekhanika Gaza No 1., (Jan-Feb 1980)174～177;
[75] Tsutomu Uchida, Takao Ebinuma, and Takeshi IshiZaki, Dissociation Condition Measurements of Methane Hydrate in Confined Small Pores of Porous Glass, J. Phys. Chem. B 1999,103, P3659～3662;
[76] T. Uchida et al., Decomposition condition measurements of methane hydrate in confined small pores of porous glass, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 103,1999, P3659～3662;
[77] 李明川,樊栓狮,赵金洲,多孔介质中天然气水合物形成实验研究,天然气工业,2006年第06期;
[78] 李明川,樊栓狮,赵金洲,多孔介质中天然气水合物形成影响研究,天然气工业,2006年第 03期;
[79] 喻西崇,赵金洲,邬亚玲,地层多孔介质中水合物生成条件的预测,天然气工业(工程建设),2002年11月,P102～105;
[80] 刘昌龄,业渝光,张剑,刁少波等,天然气水合物相平衡研究的实验技术与方法,中国海洋大学学报,2004年1月,第1期,P153～158;
[81] 刘芙蓉,王胜杰,张文玲等,冰—水—气生成天然气水合物的实验研究,西安交通大学学报,Vol.34,No.2,Dec,2000,P66～69;
[82] Wang ShengJie, Shen Jiandong, HaD Miaoli and Liu Furong, Study for Natural Gas Hydrate Conversed from Ice, Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China), Vol. 54 Suppl. December 2003, P23～28;
[83] E.D. Sloan, Jr., and F. Fleyfel, A Mechanism for Gas Hydrate Nucleation from Ice, AIChE Journal, September 1991, Vol. 37, No. 9, P1281～1292;
[84] Takeshi Komai, Seong-Pil Kang, Ji-Ho Yoon and Yoshitaka Yamamoto, Kinetics of Methane Gas Hydrate dissociation below Melting Point of Ice, Paper#912, P1～11;
[85] Chen, T.S., A Molecular Dynamics Study of the Stability of Small Pre-nucleation Water Clusters, PAD Diss., U. Missouri-Rolla, Univ. Microfilms No. 8108116, Ann Arbor, Mi, 1980
[86] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,甲烷水合物——地球壳层浅部碳的重要储载物,兰州大学出版社出版,1992年10月,P144～152;
[87] 廖健,梅东海,杨继涛,郭天民,天然气水合物相平衡研究的进展,天然气工业(储运与地面工程),1998年5月,第18卷,第3期,P75～82;
[88] Verigin, N.V., Khabibullin, I.L., Khalikov, G.A.,One-Dimensional Problem of Gas hydrate Dissociation in a Porous Medium, J. Fluid Gas Mechanics, (1),1980, P174～177;
[89] E.A., Bondarev, A. M. Maksimov, G. Tsypkin, Mathematical Modeling of the Dissociation of Gas Hydrates, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 308,1989, P575～578;
[90] Bayles, G.A., W.K. Sawyer, H.R. Anada, S. Reddy and R.D. Malone, A Steam Cycling Model for Gas Production from a Hydrate Reservoir. AIChE 1984 Spring National Meeting, Atlanta, Paper 26E, 1984;
[91] Kamath, V.A., Holder, G.D. and Angert P. F., Three Phase Interfacial Heat Transfer During the Dissociation of Propane Hydrates, Chem. Eng. Sci, Vol. 39, No. 10, 1984, P1435～1442;
[92] McGuire, P.L., Methane Hydrate Gas Production by Thermal Stimulation, Paper presented at the 14th Canadian Permafrost Conference Sponsored by Natl. Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Geotechnical Soc., Calgary, March, 1981, P2～6;
[93] Kamath, V.A.,amautalik, P.N., Sira, J.H. and Patil, S.L. Experimental Study of Brine Injection and Depressurization Methods for Dissociation of Gas Hydrates, SPE 19810, Presented at the 64th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the SPE San Antonio, TX(OCT, 8-11,1989);
[94] J. H. Sira, S.L. Patil, and V.A. Kamatn, U. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Study of Hydrate Dissociation by Mehtanol and Glycol Injection, SPE 20770,1990, P977～984;
[95] P.R. Bishnoi, V. Natarajan, Formation and Decomposition of Gas Hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilibria 117,1996, P168～177;
[96] John S. Tse and Dennis D. Klug, Formation and Decomposition Mechanisms for Clathrate Hydrates, Journal of Supramolecular Chemistry 2,2002, P467～472;
[97] Englezos, P., Kalogerakis, N., and Bishnoi, P.R., Formation and Decomposition of Gas Hydrates of Natural Gas Components, J. Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition in Chemistry 8,1990, P89～101;
[98] J.M.M. Regtien, G.J.A. Pro, M.T. van Stiphout and F.F. van der Vlugt, Interactive Reservoir Simulation, Presented at the 13~(TH) APE Symposium Simulation in San Antonio, SPE 29146, P545～552;
[99] Tsypkin, G.G., On Regimes of Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Highly Permeable Formations, Eng. Phys. J., 63(6),1992, P717～721;
[100] Tsypkin, G.G., Mathematical Model of Dissociation of Gas Hydrates in Gas Saturates Natural Reservoirs, Eng. Phys. J.,60(5),1991, P736～742;
[101] Tsypkin, G.G., Effect of Liquid Phase Mobility on Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Reservoirs, J. of Fluid and Gas Mechanics, (4),1991, P105～114;
[102] D. J. Turner, P. Kumar and E.D. Sloan, A New Technique for Hydrate Thermal Diffusivity Measurements, Paper Presented at the 15th Symposium on Thermo-physical Properties, June 22-27, 2003, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., P1～25;
[103] Ugur Karaaslan, Mahmut Parlaktuna, On the Dissociation of Natural Gas Hydrates from Surfactant Solutions, Energy & Fuels 2001,15, P241～246;
[104] David Riestenberg, Olivia West, Sangyong Lee, Scott McCallum, Tommy J. Phelps, Sediment Surface Effects on Methane Hydrate Formation and Disssociation. D. Riestenberg et el./ Marine Geology 198,2003, P181～190;
[105] Hisashi o. Kono, Sridhar Narasimhan, Feng Song, Duane a. Smith, Synthesis of Methane Gas Hydrate in porous Sediments and its Dissociation by Depressurizing. H.O. Kono et al./Powder Technology 122,2002, P239～246;
[106] Kamath, V.A., Holder, G.D.,Dissociation Heat Transfer Characteristics of Methane Hydrate, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. Journal, Vol. 33, No2,1987, P347～356;
[107] Bondarev, E.A., Kapitonova, T.A., Maksimov, A.M., Tsypkin, G.G., Mathematical Simulation of Hydrate Formation and Dissociation in the Systems of Natural Gas Production and Transportation, AMSE Periodical. Modeling, Simulation and Control, C.,21(1),1990, P53～63;
[108] D. D. Erickson and M. C. Mal, Conoco Inc, A Transient Multiphase Temperature Prediction Program. Copyright 1992, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. SPE 24790, P251～264;
[109] Ullerich J.W. Selim, M.S.,and Sloan E.D.:" Theory and Measurements of Hydrate Dissociation." AIChE Journal, (1987)747;
[110] P.D. Dholabhai, N. Kalogerakis, and P.R. Bishnoi, U. of Calary, Evaluation of Gas Hydrate Formation and Deposition in Condensate Pipelines: Pilot Plant Studies, Copyright 1991, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. SPE 22829, P115～126;
[111] Gerald D. Holder and Patrick F. Angert, U. of Pittsburgh, Simulation of Gas Production from a Reservoir Containing Both Gas Hydrates and Free Natural Gas, Copyright 1982, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 11105;
[112] R.D. Roadifer, S.P. Godbole, and V.A. Kamath, U. of Alaska, Thermal Model for Establishing Guidelines for Drilling in the Artic in the Presence of Hydrates, Copyright 1987, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 16361, P367～378;
[113] G. Mandl, C.W. Volek, Member Aime, Heat and Mass Transport in Steam-Drive Processes, Socity of Petroleum Engineers Journal, March, 1969, P59～79;
[114] G. Paul Willhite, Junior Member Aime, Over-all Heat Transfer Coefficients in Steam and Hot Water Injection Wells, Journal of Petroleum Technology, May, 1967, P607～615;
[115] H.J. Ramey, JR., Member Aime, Wellbore Heat Transmission, Journal of Petroleum Technology, April, 1962, P427～435;
[116] Bondarev, E.A., Maksimov, A.M.,Tsypkin, G.G., On Mathematical Simulation of Gas Hydrate Dissociation, Proc. Of the USSR Ac. Sci. 308(3),1989, P575～577;
[117] J.E. Chappelear, C.W. Colek, Member Aime, The Injection og Hot Liquid into a Porous Medium, Socity of Petroleum Engineers Journal, March, 1969, P100～114;
[118] V.A. Kamath, G.D. Holder, Dissociation Heat Transfer Characteristics of Methane Hydrates, AIChE Journal February 1987, Vol. 33. No. 2, P347～350;
[119] Tsutomu Uchida, Takao Ebinuma, Satoshi Takeya, Jiro Nagao, and Hideo Narita, Effects of Pore Size on Dissociation Temperatures and Pressures of Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Propane Hydrates in Porous Media, J. Phys. Chem. B 2002,106, P820～826;
[120] Tian-min Guo, Bi-Hao Wu, You-Hai Zhu, Shuan-Shi Fan, Guang-Jin then, A Review on the Gas Hydrate Research in China, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 41, 2004, P11～20;
[121] J. W. Mark, R. H. Langenheim, Reservoir Heating by Hot Fluid Injection, Petroleum Transactions, Aime, Vol. 216, 1959, P312～315;
[122] A.Siu, B. Rozon, Y.-K, Li, and L.X. Nghiem, A Fully implicit Thermal Well-bore Model for Muti-Component Fluid Flows, Copyright 1989, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 18777, P317～327;
[123] E.A. Bondarev and T.A. Kapitonova, Stimulation of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media Accompanied By Gas Hydrate Formation and Dissociation, Russ. J. Eng. Thermophys, 1999, Vol. 9, No.1-2, P1～8;
[124] Maksimov, A.M., Mathematical Model of Extended Zone Dissociation of Gas Hydrates in a Porous Medium: Water-Phase Mobility Consideration, Eng. Phys. J., 62(1), 1992, P76～81;
[125] Dirk D. Link, Edward P, Ladner, Heather A. Elsen, Charles E. Taylor, Formation and Dissociation Studies for Optimizing the Uptake of Methane by Methane Hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 211,2003, P1～10
[126] V.A. Kamath and S.P. Godbole, Evaluation of Hot Brine Stimulation Technique for Gas Production from Natural Gas Hydrates. Copyright 1986, SPE 13596, P59～74;
[127] G.D. Holder, P.F. Angert, V.T. John, S. Yen, A Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thermal Recovery of Gas from Hydrates in the Earth, Journal of petroleum Technology, May, 1982, P1127～1132;
[128] Kurt Leutwyler, Casing Temperature Studies in Steam Injection Wells, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Sep, 1966, P1157～1162;
[129] E.C. Batesole and J.O. Wilkes, Thermal Effects in Cyclic Operation Storage Reservoirs, Copyright 1987, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 16864, P299～306;
[130] V.A. Kamath, S.P. Godbole and C.J. Buena, Effect of Dissociation of Hydrates During Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oils on the North Slope, Alaska, Copyright 1985, SPE 14224;
[131] M. Burshears T. J. O' Brien and R.D. Malone, A Multi-Dimensional, Variable Composition Simulation of Gas Production From a Conventional Gas Reservoir in Contact With Hydrates, May 18-21, 1986, SPE 15246, p449～456;
[132] Wim J.A.M. Swinkels etc. Thermal Reservoir Simulation Model of Production from Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrate Accumulations, Copyright 1999, SPE 56550, P465～478;
[133] George J Moridis, Timothy S. Collett etc, Numerical Simulation Studies of Gas Production Scenarios From Hydrate Accumulation at the Mallik Site, Mackenzie Delta, Canada, 2004;
[134] Namit J. Jaiswal, B.E., Resource Characterization and Quantification of Natural Gas Hydrate and Associated Free Gas Accumulation in the Prudhle Bay-Kuparuk River Area on the North Slope of Alaska, Quarterly Research Report, 07\5,2004;
[135] E.A. Bondarev, T.A. Kapitonova, Simulation of MuitiPhase Flow in Porous Media Accompanied by Gas Hydrate Formation and Dissociation, Russ. J. Eng. Thermophys, Vol. 9, No. 1-2, 1999;
[136] Fontanilla, J.P. and Aziz, K., Prediction of Bottom-Hole Conditions for Wet Steam Injection Wells, J. Can. Pet. Tech., March-April 1982, P82～88;
[137] R.D. malone, T.H. Mrcz, and K. L. Dominic, U.S. DOE/METC, Geologic Analysis of Gas Hydrate Deposits, SPE 15224, P193～202;
[138] A.K.M. Jamaluddin, N. alogerakis and P.R. Bishnoi, Hydrate Piugging Problem in Undersea Natural Gas Pipelines under Shutdown Conditions, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 5,1991, P323～335;
[139] S.P. Godble, U. of Alaska, and C. Ehlig Economides, Flopetrol Johnston, Natural Gas Hydrates in Alaska: Quantilication and Economic Evaluation, Copyright 1985, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 13593, P31～44;
[140] J-C. Iseux, de Physique du Globe, Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Production,and Economics, Copyright 1991, Society Petroleum Engineers, SPE 21682, P467～485;
[141] Vidyadhar A. Kamath etc. Evaiuation of Hot Brine Stimulation Technique for Gas Production From Natural Gas Hydrates, Journal of Petroleum Techqnology, Novemben 1987, P1379～1388;
[142] Gregor Rehder, Stephen H. Kirby etc. Dissolution Rates of Pure Methane Hydrate and Carbon-Dioxide Hydrate in Under-saturates Seawater at 1000-m depth, Geochimical et Cosmochimical Acta, Vol. 68 No. 2,2004, P285～292;
[143] J.W. Ullerich, M.S. Selim, E.D. Sloan, Theory and Measurement of Hydrate Dissociation, AIChE Journal, May 1987, Vol. 33, No. 5 P747～752;
[144] George J. Moridis and Timothy S. Collett, Strategies for Production from Hydrate Accumulations Under Various Geological and Reservoir Conditions, Proceedings, Tough Symposium, May 12-14, May 2003, P1～8;
[145] Vidyadhar A. Kamath, Sanjay P. Godbole, An Analytic Model for Analyzing the Effects of Dissociation of Hydrates on the Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oils, SPE Reservoir Engineering, May 1988, P449～456;
[146] K.A. Kvenvolden, USGS, Gas Hydrates at Two Sites of an Active Continental Margin, Copyright 1985, Society Petroleum Engineers, SPE 13592, P23～29;
[147] M.R. Islam, A New Recovery Technique for Gas Production from Alaskan Gas Hydrates, Copyright 1991, SPE 22924, P387～398;
[148] 许红,吴琳,胡敬东等,着底式深海天然气水合物钻采工具的科学问题与开发战略,中国科学基金,2003,第2期,P86～89;
[149] 樊栓狮,郭天民,天然气水合物资源利用和环境危害与保护,石油与天然气化工,1999,第28卷,第2期,P144～147;
[150] 张俊霞,任建业,天然气水合物研究中的几个重要问题,地质科技情报,2001年3月,第20 卷,第1期,P44～48;
[151] 王先彬,开发能源的思考与选择,科学通报,1999年3月,第44卷,第5期,P550～560;
[152] Chuang Ji, Goodarz Ahmadi, Duane H. Smith, Constant Rate Natural Gas Production from a Well in a Hydrate Reservoir, Engergy Conversion and Nanagement 44,2003 P2403～2423;
[153] M.H. Yousif, H.H. Abass, M.S. Selim and E.D. Sloan, Experimantal and Theoretical Investigation of Nethane Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Porous Media, Copyright 1988, SPE 18320, P571～583;
[154] Kurt Leutwyler, H.L. Bigelow, Temperature Effects on Subsurface Equipment in Steam Injection Systems, Journal of Petroleum Technology, January 1965, P93～101;
[155] Walter Rose, H.O. Pfankuch, Production Scheme for Deep Water Hydrate Deposits, Copyright 1982, SPE 11106;
[156] Barry M. Freifed, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Liviu Tomutsa and Jacob Pruess, Development of a Portable X-Ray Computed Tomographic Imaging System for Drill-Site Investigation of Recovered Core, To be Presented at the 2003 International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts, Sep, 21-24, 2003;
[157] Liviu Tomutsa, Barry Freifeld, Timothy J. Kneafsey, X-Ray Computed Tomography Observation of Methane Hydrate Dissociation, 2 May, 2002, SPE 75533;
[158] Wonmo Sung, Hoseob Lee, Sunjoon Kim, Experimental Investigation of Production Behaviors of Methane Hydrate Saturated in Porous Rock, Engergy Source 25(?)8)# 5923, P845～856;
[159] Joseph W. Wilder, and Duane H. Smith, Upper Limits on the Rates of Dissociation of Clathrate Hydrates to Ice and Free Gas, April 11, 2002;
[160] M.s. Selim and E.D. Sloan, Colorado School of Mines, Modeling of the Dissociation of an In-Situ Hydrate, Copyright 1985, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 13597, P75～80;
[161] Wen J. A. M. Swinkels, Rik J. J. Drenth,王艳丽(译),周润才(校),开采天然气水合物的有藏模拟,国外油田工程,Vol.17,No.10,2001.10,P35～36;
[162] Win J. A. M. Swinkels, Rik J. J. Drenth,潭忠兵(译),洛扬(校),开采天然气水合物储层的热能油藏模拟模型,国外油田工程,Vol.17 No.9,2001.9,P49～52;
[163] 吴江华(编),郑军卫(校),一种新的气体水合物分解技术,天然气地球科学(天然气水合物专辑),9(3～4),1998,P80～86;
[2] 雷怀彦,王先彬,天然气水合物研究现状和未来挑战,面向21世纪的科技进步与社会经济发展,p188;
[3] 戴金星.我国天然气资源及其前景[J].天然气工业,1999,19(1):P3～P6;
[4] 周北驹.发展新能源和可再生能源对可持续发展战略具有重大现实意义[J].中国能源,1997,(3),P16～18;
[5] Sloan, E.D., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, 2nd, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1998, 1～628;
[6] Harrison, W.E.,J.A.,Curiale, Gas Hydrates in Sediments of Holes 497 and 498A, Deep Sea Dring Projrct Leg 67, Initial Reports, Deep Sea Drilling Project, 1982,67: P1～594;
[7] Kvenvolden K.A.,T.J.,MacDondla, Gas Hydrates of the Middle American Trench, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 84, Initial Reports, Deep Sea Drilling Project, 1985,84: P1～682;
[8] Kvenvolden K. A.,M.A.,McMenamin, Hydrates of Natural gas:A review of Their Geologoc Occurrence. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ.,1990,825, P11;
[9] Kvenvolden K.A.,A Review of the Geochemistry of Methane in Natural Hydrate. Org. Geochem.,1995,23(11/12),P997～1008;
[10] 樊栓狮,郭天民,笼型水合物研究进展,化工进展,1999(1),P5～P11;
[11] 徐学祖,程国栋,俞祁浩,青藏高原多年冻土区天然气水合物的研究前景和建议,地球科学进展,1999年4月,第14卷,第2期,P201～204;
[12] 胡奥林,天然气水合物资源勘探开发现状,石油与天然气化工,1995,第24卷,第2期,P101～106;
[13] Buffet B.A.,Clathrate Hydrates, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet Sci.,2000,28, P447～P507;
[14] Lerche, I., E.,Bagirov, Guide to Gas Hydrates Stabilibity in Various Geological Seetings, Mar. Pet. Geol.,1998,15, P427～P437;
[15] Bouriak, S.,M.,Vanneste, A. Saoutkine, Inferred Gas Hydrate and Diapers near the Storegga Slide on the Southern Edge of the Voring Plateau, Offsfore Norway, Mar. Geol., 2000, 163, P125～148;
[16] Van der Walls, Platteuw J.C.,Clathrate Solutions[j], Adv Phys Chem, 1959,2, P1～57;
[17] Davidson D.W.,Gough S.,Ripmeester J.A.,Some Structural Studies of Clathrate Hydrates[J].Joural de Physic(Paris), Colloge, 1987,48(3),P537～P542;
[18] 史斗,孙成权,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,国外天然气水合物研究进展(综 述),兰州大学出版社,1992.10,P1～P10;
[19] Timonthy S. Collett(著),白振瑞(译),朱起煌(校),天然气水合物的能源潜力,石油地质科技动态,译自AAPG Bulletin, V. 86,NO.2002,P1971～1992;
[20] 陈作义,杨晓西,叶国兴等,天然气水合物概况及最新研究进展,海洋通报,vol.21,NO.3,Jun.2002,P78～85;
[21] 张光学,黄永祥,祝有海等,南海天然气水合物的成矿远景,海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,22(1),P75～P81;
[22] Holder, G.D. and Angert, P.F.:Stimulation of Gas Production from a reservoir Containing Both Gas Hydrate and Free Natural Gas." SPE Paper 11105 presented at the 57th SPE Annual Technical Conference in New Orleans, LA, Sept, 1982,26～29;
[23] Jeffery B.,Klauda, Stanley I. Sandier, Phase behavior of hydrates: a modle for single and multiple gas co, ponent hydrates, Chemical Engineering Science, 2003, (58),P27～41;
[24] Liviu Tomtusa, SPE, Barry Freifeld, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Laura A Stern, United States Geological Survery, X-ray Computed Tomography Observation of Methane Hydrate Dissociation, SPE 75533;
[25] D.J. Turner, P. Kumar, and E.D. Sloan, Center for Hydrate Research, Colorado School of Mines, A New Technique for Hydrate Thermal Diffusivity Measurements, Paper presented at the Fifteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June, 22-27,2003, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A;
[26] M.S. Selim and E.D. Sloan,Colorado School of Mines. Hydrate Dissociation in Sediment. Copying 1987, Socity of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 16859 P243～258;
[27] J.W. Ullerich, M.S. Selim, E.D. Sloan, Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Refining Colorado School of Mines, Theory and Measurement of Hydrate Dissociation, AIChE Journal, May 1987 vol. 33, NO. 5;
[28] Takeshi Komai, Seong-Pil Kang, Ji-Ho Yoon and Yoshitaka Yamamoto, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kinetics of Methane Gas Hydrate Dissociation below Melting Point of Ice, Paper #912;
[29] Masuda, Y., Fujinaga, Y.,naganawa, S.,Fujita, K., Hayashi, Y. Modeling and Experimental Studies on Dissociation of Methane Gas Hydrates in Berea Sandstone Cores, Presented at the 3rd International conference on gas hydrates, Salt Lake City, Utah, July, 1999, P18～22;
[30] E.D. Sloan, Jr., J. Happel and M.A. Hnatow, Hydrate Plug Dissociation by Pressure Reduction. In International Conference on Natural Gas Hydrates. Eds. Acad. Sci. 715, P714～717;
[31] Davy, H.,the Bakerian Lecture on Some of the Combinations of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygen and on the Chemical Relations of These Principles to Inflammable Bodies, Phil. Trans. Roy Sco, London, 1811,101(1),P1～35;
[32] 戚学贵,陈则韶,天然气水合物研究进展,自然杂志(科技进展),2000,23卷,第2期,P79 ～82;
[33] Liu Feng, Fan Shuanshi, Experimental Researches of Natural Gas Hydrate in Porous Sediments——a Review. Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China), Vol. 54 Suppl. December 2003, P113～120;
[34] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,麦索雅哈气田气水合物藏的地址和矿物地球物理学特征,兰州大学出版社出版,1992年10月,P125～130;
[35] 史斗,郑卫,世界天然气水合物研究开发现状和前景,地球科学进展,1999,14(4),P330～339;
[36] Shipley, T.H.,M.H.,Houston, R. Buffler, Seisimic Evidence for Widespread Possible Gas Hydrate Horizons on Continental Slopes and Reises, Marine Geology, 1979,31, P265～277;
[37] Makogon,Y.F.,Hydrate of Natural Gas, Pennwell, Tulsa, 1981;
[38] Crag, B.A.,R. J. Parkes, J. C. Fry, A. J., Weightman, Bacterial Populations and Processes in Sediments Containing Gas Hydrate(ODP Leg 146:Cascadia Margin),Earth and Planetary Letters, 1996,139(3-4),P497～507;
[39] Jin, Y.K.,M.W. Lee, T.S. Collett, Relationship of Gas Hydrate Concentration to Porosity and Reflection Amplitude in a Research Well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada, Marine and Petrolum Geology, 2002,19(4),P407～415;
[40] 曾繁彩,杨木壮,蔡秋蓉,黄旭,天然气水合物国内外研究现状,海洋地质,2003,2,P76～80;
[41] 吴必豪,张光学,祝有海等,中国近海天然气水合物的研究进展,地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),2003.3,第10卷,第1期,P177～188;
[42] 何拥军,文凤英,海洋天然气水合物的研究现状及意义,海洋地质动态,1998,第1期(总的182期),P4～7;
[43] 渡部芳夫(著),许东禹(译),海底天然气水合物资源概率的评价方法,海洋石油,2000,第3期刊(总第105期),P47～50;
[44] 姚佰初,南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探,海洋地质与第四纪,1998,18 (4) P11～18;
[45] 宋海斌,耿建华等,南海北部东沙群岛海域天然气水合物的初步研究,地球物理学报,2001,44(5),P687～695;
[46] 符浠,杨木壮,文鹏飞等,南海天然气水合物地震资料处理及其特征,地质科技情报,2001,20(4),P33～40;
[47] 张光学,黄永祥,祝有海等,南海天然气水合物的成矿远景,海洋地质与第四纪地质,2002,20(4),P75～81;
[48] Vidyadhar A. Kamath, SPE U. of Alaska, Sanjay P. Godbole SPE, U. of Alaska. An Analytic Model for Analyzing the Effects of Dissociation of Hydrates on the Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oils. SPE Reservoir Engineering, May 1988, P449-456.
[49] Barry M. Freifeld, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Liniu Tomusta, Laura A, Stern and Stephen H. Kirby. Use of Computed X-Ray Tomographic Data for Analyzing the Thermodynamics of a Dissociation Porous Sand/Hydrate Mixture;
[50] M.S. Selim and E.D. Sloan, Colorado School of Mines, Modeling of the Dissociation of an In-Situ Hydrate, SPE 13597, P75～79;
[51] Bayles, G.A.,Sawyer, W.K.,and Malone, R.D.: "A Steam Cycling Model for Gas Production from a Hydrate Reservorir," Paper prented at the American Institute for Chemical Engineers Winter National Meeting, March 11-13,1984, Atlanta Georgia;
[52] Holder G.D.,Angert, P.F.,John, V. T. and Yan, S., A Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thermal Recovery of Gas from Hydrates in Earth, J. Petroleum Technology, 34,1982, P1127～1132;
[53] McGuire, P.L. : " Methane Hydrate Gas Production by Thermal Stimulation." Paper presented at the Fourth Canadian Permafrost Conference, March 2-6, 1981, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
[54] M.H. Yousif, H.H. Abass, M.S. Selim, and E.D. Sloan, Colorado School of Mines, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Methane Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Porous Media. SPE18320 P571～583;
[55] Chuang Ji, Goodarz Ahmadi, Duane H. Smit, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY. Constant Rate Gas Production from a Well in a Hydrate Reservoir, Energy Conversion and Management 44(2003) P2403～2423;
[56] ShuqLang GAO, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, X 77251, The Decomposition of Gas Hydrates, P1～24.;
[57] Chuang Ji, Goodarz Ahmadi, Wu Zhang and Duane H. Smith, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Natural Gas Production from Hydrate Dissociation: A Comparison of Axisymmetric Models. P1～6;
[58] Burshears, M.,O' Brien, T.J.,and Malone, R.D.: A Multi-Phase Multi-Dimensional, variable Composition Stimulation of Gas Productionfrom from a Conventional Gas Reservoir in Contact with Hydrate, SPE paper 15246 presented at the SPE Unconventional Gas Technology Symposium Louisville, KY, May 18-21, 1986;
[59] Kamath, V.A., and Godbole, S.P.:" Evaluation of Hot Brain Stimulation Technique for Gas production from Natural Gas Hydrate." 55th SPE Annual Calif. Reg. Mtg. (Bakersfield, Ca. 3/27-29/85),59(1985);
[60] 石森,白冶,气体水合物的基本特征、形成条件及成因初探,矿物岩石,1999年9月,第19卷,第3期,P100～104;
[61] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,天然气水合物将为21世纪提供能源,兰州大学出版社出版发行,1992年10月,P26～31;
[62] 吴保祥,雷怀彦,沉积物中甲烷水合物资源评价的理论模型分析及地质意义,天然气工业,2003年5月,P24～28;
[63] 付晓泰,王振平,夏国朝,天然气组分的水合常数、水合热及理论溶解度,石油学报,1998年1月,第19卷,第1期,P79～84;
[64] 吴祥树,闵家华(译),蒋云箭(校),天然气水合物沉积岩的岩石物理特征,测井与射孔,2003,第3期,P53～57;
[65] 朱岳年,史卜庆,天然气水合物对油气藏聚集与保存的控制作用,天然气工业(地质勘探),2000年5月,第20卷第3期,P38～40;
[66] 黄犊子,水合物及其在多孔介质中导热性能的研究,中国科技大学博士学位论文,2005年1月,P13～14;
[67] 胡春,裘俊红,天然气水合物的结构性质及应用,天然气化工,2000年第25卷,P48～52;
[68] Makogon, Y.F., F.A. Trebin, A.A. Trofifimuk, V.P. Tsarev, N.V. Chersky, Detection of a Pool of Natural Gas in a solid(Hydrate Gas)State. Dokl. Acad. Sci. USSR-Earth Sci. Sect.,1972,196, P197～200;
[69] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,天然气水合物的热物理学性质,兰州大学出版社出版,1992年10月,P51～53;
[70] Davidson, D.W.,Clathrate Hydrate, in Water A Comprehensive Treatise Ed.F. Franks, Vol. Ⅱ, Plenum Press, New York, 1973, P115～148;
[71] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,含水合物天然气藏的特征,兰州大学出版社出版,1992年10月,P157～163;
[72] 张光学,祝有海,徐华宁,非活动大陆边缘的天然气水合物及其成藏过程述评,地质评价,2003年月,第49卷,第2期,P181～186;
[73] Selim, M.S. and E.D. Sloan," Hydrate Dissociation in Sediment," SPE paper 16859 presented at the 62th SPE annual Technical Conference in Dallas, Tx, Sept 27-30,1987;
[74] Verigin, N.N.,Khabibullin, I.L.,and Khalikov, G.A.:" Linear Problem of the Dissociation of the Hydrate of a Gas in a Porous Medium," Izvest. Akad. nauk. SSSR, Mekhanika Gaza No 1., (Jan-Feb 1980)174～177;
[75] Tsutomu Uchida, Takao Ebinuma, and Takeshi IshiZaki, Dissociation Condition Measurements of Methane Hydrate in Confined Small Pores of Porous Glass, J. Phys. Chem. B 1999,103, P3659～3662;
[76] T. Uchida et al., Decomposition condition measurements of methane hydrate in confined small pores of porous glass, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 103,1999, P3659～3662;
[77] 李明川,樊栓狮,赵金洲,多孔介质中天然气水合物形成实验研究,天然气工业,2006年第06期;
[78] 李明川,樊栓狮,赵金洲,多孔介质中天然气水合物形成影响研究,天然气工业,2006年第 03期;
[79] 喻西崇,赵金洲,邬亚玲,地层多孔介质中水合物生成条件的预测,天然气工业(工程建设),2002年11月,P102～105;
[80] 刘昌龄,业渝光,张剑,刁少波等,天然气水合物相平衡研究的实验技术与方法,中国海洋大学学报,2004年1月,第1期,P153～158;
[81] 刘芙蓉,王胜杰,张文玲等,冰—水—气生成天然气水合物的实验研究,西安交通大学学报,Vol.34,No.2,Dec,2000,P66～69;
[82] Wang ShengJie, Shen Jiandong, HaD Miaoli and Liu Furong, Study for Natural Gas Hydrate Conversed from Ice, Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China), Vol. 54 Suppl. December 2003, P23～28;
[83] E.D. Sloan, Jr., and F. Fleyfel, A Mechanism for Gas Hydrate Nucleation from Ice, AIChE Journal, September 1991, Vol. 37, No. 9, P1281～1292;
[84] Takeshi Komai, Seong-Pil Kang, Ji-Ho Yoon and Yoshitaka Yamamoto, Kinetics of Methane Gas Hydrate dissociation below Melting Point of Ice, Paper#912, P1～11;
[85] Chen, T.S., A Molecular Dynamics Study of the Stability of Small Pre-nucleation Water Clusters, PAD Diss., U. Missouri-Rolla, Univ. Microfilms No. 8108116, Ann Arbor, Mi, 1980
[86] 史斗,孙成均,朱岳年等编,国外天然气水合物研究进展,甲烷水合物——地球壳层浅部碳的重要储载物,兰州大学出版社出版,1992年10月,P144～152;
[87] 廖健,梅东海,杨继涛,郭天民,天然气水合物相平衡研究的进展,天然气工业(储运与地面工程),1998年5月,第18卷,第3期,P75～82;
[88] Verigin, N.V., Khabibullin, I.L., Khalikov, G.A.,One-Dimensional Problem of Gas hydrate Dissociation in a Porous Medium, J. Fluid Gas Mechanics, (1),1980, P174～177;
[89] E.A., Bondarev, A. M. Maksimov, G. Tsypkin, Mathematical Modeling of the Dissociation of Gas Hydrates, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol. 308,1989, P575～578;
[90] Bayles, G.A., W.K. Sawyer, H.R. Anada, S. Reddy and R.D. Malone, A Steam Cycling Model for Gas Production from a Hydrate Reservoir. AIChE 1984 Spring National Meeting, Atlanta, Paper 26E, 1984;
[91] Kamath, V.A., Holder, G.D. and Angert P. F., Three Phase Interfacial Heat Transfer During the Dissociation of Propane Hydrates, Chem. Eng. Sci, Vol. 39, No. 10, 1984, P1435～1442;
[92] McGuire, P.L., Methane Hydrate Gas Production by Thermal Stimulation, Paper presented at the 14th Canadian Permafrost Conference Sponsored by Natl. Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Geotechnical Soc., Calgary, March, 1981, P2～6;
[93] Kamath, V.A.,amautalik, P.N., Sira, J.H. and Patil, S.L. Experimental Study of Brine Injection and Depressurization Methods for Dissociation of Gas Hydrates, SPE 19810, Presented at the 64th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the SPE San Antonio, TX(OCT, 8-11,1989);
[94] J. H. Sira, S.L. Patil, and V.A. Kamatn, U. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Study of Hydrate Dissociation by Mehtanol and Glycol Injection, SPE 20770,1990, P977～984;
[95] P.R. Bishnoi, V. Natarajan, Formation and Decomposition of Gas Hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilibria 117,1996, P168～177;
[96] John S. Tse and Dennis D. Klug, Formation and Decomposition Mechanisms for Clathrate Hydrates, Journal of Supramolecular Chemistry 2,2002, P467～472;
[97] Englezos, P., Kalogerakis, N., and Bishnoi, P.R., Formation and Decomposition of Gas Hydrates of Natural Gas Components, J. Inclusion Phenomena and Molecular Recognition in Chemistry 8,1990, P89～101;
[98] J.M.M. Regtien, G.J.A. Pro, M.T. van Stiphout and F.F. van der Vlugt, Interactive Reservoir Simulation, Presented at the 13~(TH) APE Symposium Simulation in San Antonio, SPE 29146, P545～552;
[99] Tsypkin, G.G., On Regimes of Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Highly Permeable Formations, Eng. Phys. J., 63(6),1992, P717～721;
[100] Tsypkin, G.G., Mathematical Model of Dissociation of Gas Hydrates in Gas Saturates Natural Reservoirs, Eng. Phys. J.,60(5),1991, P736～742;
[101] Tsypkin, G.G., Effect of Liquid Phase Mobility on Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Reservoirs, J. of Fluid and Gas Mechanics, (4),1991, P105～114;
[102] D. J. Turner, P. Kumar and E.D. Sloan, A New Technique for Hydrate Thermal Diffusivity Measurements, Paper Presented at the 15th Symposium on Thermo-physical Properties, June 22-27, 2003, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., P1～25;
[103] Ugur Karaaslan, Mahmut Parlaktuna, On the Dissociation of Natural Gas Hydrates from Surfactant Solutions, Energy & Fuels 2001,15, P241～246;
[104] David Riestenberg, Olivia West, Sangyong Lee, Scott McCallum, Tommy J. Phelps, Sediment Surface Effects on Methane Hydrate Formation and Disssociation. D. Riestenberg et el./ Marine Geology 198,2003, P181～190;
[105] Hisashi o. Kono, Sridhar Narasimhan, Feng Song, Duane a. Smith, Synthesis of Methane Gas Hydrate in porous Sediments and its Dissociation by Depressurizing. H.O. Kono et al./Powder Technology 122,2002, P239～246;
[106] Kamath, V.A., Holder, G.D.,Dissociation Heat Transfer Characteristics of Methane Hydrate, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. Journal, Vol. 33, No2,1987, P347～356;
[107] Bondarev, E.A., Kapitonova, T.A., Maksimov, A.M., Tsypkin, G.G., Mathematical Simulation of Hydrate Formation and Dissociation in the Systems of Natural Gas Production and Transportation, AMSE Periodical. Modeling, Simulation and Control, C.,21(1),1990, P53～63;
[108] D. D. Erickson and M. C. Mal, Conoco Inc, A Transient Multiphase Temperature Prediction Program. Copyright 1992, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. SPE 24790, P251～264;
[109] Ullerich J.W. Selim, M.S.,and Sloan E.D.:" Theory and Measurements of Hydrate Dissociation." AIChE Journal, (1987)747;
[110] P.D. Dholabhai, N. Kalogerakis, and P.R. Bishnoi, U. of Calary, Evaluation of Gas Hydrate Formation and Deposition in Condensate Pipelines: Pilot Plant Studies, Copyright 1991, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc. SPE 22829, P115～126;
[111] Gerald D. Holder and Patrick F. Angert, U. of Pittsburgh, Simulation of Gas Production from a Reservoir Containing Both Gas Hydrates and Free Natural Gas, Copyright 1982, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 11105;
[112] R.D. Roadifer, S.P. Godbole, and V.A. Kamath, U. of Alaska, Thermal Model for Establishing Guidelines for Drilling in the Artic in the Presence of Hydrates, Copyright 1987, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 16361, P367～378;
[113] G. Mandl, C.W. Volek, Member Aime, Heat and Mass Transport in Steam-Drive Processes, Socity of Petroleum Engineers Journal, March, 1969, P59～79;
[114] G. Paul Willhite, Junior Member Aime, Over-all Heat Transfer Coefficients in Steam and Hot Water Injection Wells, Journal of Petroleum Technology, May, 1967, P607～615;
[115] H.J. Ramey, JR., Member Aime, Wellbore Heat Transmission, Journal of Petroleum Technology, April, 1962, P427～435;
[116] Bondarev, E.A., Maksimov, A.M.,Tsypkin, G.G., On Mathematical Simulation of Gas Hydrate Dissociation, Proc. Of the USSR Ac. Sci. 308(3),1989, P575～577;
[117] J.E. Chappelear, C.W. Colek, Member Aime, The Injection og Hot Liquid into a Porous Medium, Socity of Petroleum Engineers Journal, March, 1969, P100～114;
[118] V.A. Kamath, G.D. Holder, Dissociation Heat Transfer Characteristics of Methane Hydrates, AIChE Journal February 1987, Vol. 33. No. 2, P347～350;
[119] Tsutomu Uchida, Takao Ebinuma, Satoshi Takeya, Jiro Nagao, and Hideo Narita, Effects of Pore Size on Dissociation Temperatures and Pressures of Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Propane Hydrates in Porous Media, J. Phys. Chem. B 2002,106, P820～826;
[120] Tian-min Guo, Bi-Hao Wu, You-Hai Zhu, Shuan-Shi Fan, Guang-Jin then, A Review on the Gas Hydrate Research in China, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 41, 2004, P11～20;
[121] J. W. Mark, R. H. Langenheim, Reservoir Heating by Hot Fluid Injection, Petroleum Transactions, Aime, Vol. 216, 1959, P312～315;
[122] A.Siu, B. Rozon, Y.-K, Li, and L.X. Nghiem, A Fully implicit Thermal Well-bore Model for Muti-Component Fluid Flows, Copyright 1989, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 18777, P317～327;
[123] E.A. Bondarev and T.A. Kapitonova, Stimulation of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media Accompanied By Gas Hydrate Formation and Dissociation, Russ. J. Eng. Thermophys, 1999, Vol. 9, No.1-2, P1～8;
[124] Maksimov, A.M., Mathematical Model of Extended Zone Dissociation of Gas Hydrates in a Porous Medium: Water-Phase Mobility Consideration, Eng. Phys. J., 62(1), 1992, P76～81;
[125] Dirk D. Link, Edward P, Ladner, Heather A. Elsen, Charles E. Taylor, Formation and Dissociation Studies for Optimizing the Uptake of Methane by Methane Hydrates, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 211,2003, P1～10
[126] V.A. Kamath and S.P. Godbole, Evaluation of Hot Brine Stimulation Technique for Gas Production from Natural Gas Hydrates. Copyright 1986, SPE 13596, P59～74;
[127] G.D. Holder, P.F. Angert, V.T. John, S. Yen, A Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thermal Recovery of Gas from Hydrates in the Earth, Journal of petroleum Technology, May, 1982, P1127～1132;
[128] Kurt Leutwyler, Casing Temperature Studies in Steam Injection Wells, Journal of Petroleum Technology, Sep, 1966, P1157～1162;
[129] E.C. Batesole and J.O. Wilkes, Thermal Effects in Cyclic Operation Storage Reservoirs, Copyright 1987, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 16864, P299～306;
[130] V.A. Kamath, S.P. Godbole and C.J. Buena, Effect of Dissociation of Hydrates During Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oils on the North Slope, Alaska, Copyright 1985, SPE 14224;
[131] M. Burshears T. J. O' Brien and R.D. Malone, A Multi-Dimensional, Variable Composition Simulation of Gas Production From a Conventional Gas Reservoir in Contact With Hydrates, May 18-21, 1986, SPE 15246, p449～456;
[132] Wim J.A.M. Swinkels etc. Thermal Reservoir Simulation Model of Production from Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrate Accumulations, Copyright 1999, SPE 56550, P465～478;
[133] George J Moridis, Timothy S. Collett etc, Numerical Simulation Studies of Gas Production Scenarios From Hydrate Accumulation at the Mallik Site, Mackenzie Delta, Canada, 2004;
[134] Namit J. Jaiswal, B.E., Resource Characterization and Quantification of Natural Gas Hydrate and Associated Free Gas Accumulation in the Prudhle Bay-Kuparuk River Area on the North Slope of Alaska, Quarterly Research Report, 07\5,2004;
[135] E.A. Bondarev, T.A. Kapitonova, Simulation of MuitiPhase Flow in Porous Media Accompanied by Gas Hydrate Formation and Dissociation, Russ. J. Eng. Thermophys, Vol. 9, No. 1-2, 1999;
[136] Fontanilla, J.P. and Aziz, K., Prediction of Bottom-Hole Conditions for Wet Steam Injection Wells, J. Can. Pet. Tech., March-April 1982, P82～88;
[137] R.D. malone, T.H. Mrcz, and K. L. Dominic, U.S. DOE/METC, Geologic Analysis of Gas Hydrate Deposits, SPE 15224, P193～202;
[138] A.K.M. Jamaluddin, N. alogerakis and P.R. Bishnoi, Hydrate Piugging Problem in Undersea Natural Gas Pipelines under Shutdown Conditions, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 5,1991, P323～335;
[139] S.P. Godble, U. of Alaska, and C. Ehlig Economides, Flopetrol Johnston, Natural Gas Hydrates in Alaska: Quantilication and Economic Evaluation, Copyright 1985, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 13593, P31～44;
[140] J-C. Iseux, de Physique du Globe, Gas Hydrates: Occurrence, Production,and Economics, Copyright 1991, Society Petroleum Engineers, SPE 21682, P467～485;
[141] Vidyadhar A. Kamath etc. Evaiuation of Hot Brine Stimulation Technique for Gas Production From Natural Gas Hydrates, Journal of Petroleum Techqnology, Novemben 1987, P1379～1388;
[142] Gregor Rehder, Stephen H. Kirby etc. Dissolution Rates of Pure Methane Hydrate and Carbon-Dioxide Hydrate in Under-saturates Seawater at 1000-m depth, Geochimical et Cosmochimical Acta, Vol. 68 No. 2,2004, P285～292;
[143] J.W. Ullerich, M.S. Selim, E.D. Sloan, Theory and Measurement of Hydrate Dissociation, AIChE Journal, May 1987, Vol. 33, No. 5 P747～752;
[144] George J. Moridis and Timothy S. Collett, Strategies for Production from Hydrate Accumulations Under Various Geological and Reservoir Conditions, Proceedings, Tough Symposium, May 12-14, May 2003, P1～8;
[145] Vidyadhar A. Kamath, Sanjay P. Godbole, An Analytic Model for Analyzing the Effects of Dissociation of Hydrates on the Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oils, SPE Reservoir Engineering, May 1988, P449～456;
[146] K.A. Kvenvolden, USGS, Gas Hydrates at Two Sites of an Active Continental Margin, Copyright 1985, Society Petroleum Engineers, SPE 13592, P23～29;
[147] M.R. Islam, A New Recovery Technique for Gas Production from Alaskan Gas Hydrates, Copyright 1991, SPE 22924, P387～398;
[148] 许红,吴琳,胡敬东等,着底式深海天然气水合物钻采工具的科学问题与开发战略,中国科学基金,2003,第2期,P86～89;
[149] 樊栓狮,郭天民,天然气水合物资源利用和环境危害与保护,石油与天然气化工,1999,第28卷,第2期,P144～147;
[150] 张俊霞,任建业,天然气水合物研究中的几个重要问题,地质科技情报,2001年3月,第20 卷,第1期,P44～48;
[151] 王先彬,开发能源的思考与选择,科学通报,1999年3月,第44卷,第5期,P550～560;
[152] Chuang Ji, Goodarz Ahmadi, Duane H. Smith, Constant Rate Natural Gas Production from a Well in a Hydrate Reservoir, Engergy Conversion and Nanagement 44,2003 P2403～2423;
[153] M.H. Yousif, H.H. Abass, M.S. Selim and E.D. Sloan, Experimantal and Theoretical Investigation of Nethane Gas Hydrate Dissociation in Porous Media, Copyright 1988, SPE 18320, P571～583;
[154] Kurt Leutwyler, H.L. Bigelow, Temperature Effects on Subsurface Equipment in Steam Injection Systems, Journal of Petroleum Technology, January 1965, P93～101;
[155] Walter Rose, H.O. Pfankuch, Production Scheme for Deep Water Hydrate Deposits, Copyright 1982, SPE 11106;
[156] Barry M. Freifed, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Liviu Tomutsa and Jacob Pruess, Development of a Portable X-Ray Computed Tomographic Imaging System for Drill-Site Investigation of Recovered Core, To be Presented at the 2003 International Symposium of the Society of Core Analysts, Sep, 21-24, 2003;
[157] Liviu Tomutsa, Barry Freifeld, Timothy J. Kneafsey, X-Ray Computed Tomography Observation of Methane Hydrate Dissociation, 2 May, 2002, SPE 75533;
[158] Wonmo Sung, Hoseob Lee, Sunjoon Kim, Experimental Investigation of Production Behaviors of Methane Hydrate Saturated in Porous Rock, Engergy Source 25(?)8)# 5923, P845～856;
[159] Joseph W. Wilder, and Duane H. Smith, Upper Limits on the Rates of Dissociation of Clathrate Hydrates to Ice and Free Gas, April 11, 2002;
[160] M.s. Selim and E.D. Sloan, Colorado School of Mines, Modeling of the Dissociation of an In-Situ Hydrate, Copyright 1985, Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE 13597, P75～80;
[161] Wen J. A. M. Swinkels, Rik J. J. Drenth,王艳丽(译),周润才(校),开采天然气水合物的有藏模拟,国外油田工程,Vol.17,No.10,2001.10,P35～36;
[162] Win J. A. M. Swinkels, Rik J. J. Drenth,潭忠兵(译),洛扬(校),开采天然气水合物储层的热能油藏模拟模型,国外油田工程,Vol.17 No.9,2001.9,P49～52;
[163] 吴江华(编),郑军卫(校),一种新的气体水合物分解技术,天然气地球科学(天然气水合物专辑),9(3～4),1998,P80～86;