高拱坝结构稳定转异和体形优化分析理论和方法
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摘要
拱坝结构稳定是坝体、岩体及其交界面三者的整体稳定,内容包括拱座稳定、上滑稳定和坝体结构稳定等,是拱坝设计与研究的重要课题之一。由于我国高拱坝建设的兴起,以及拱坝体形优化设计使坝体的厚度更薄,拱坝部分区域已接近薄壳结构,可能导致坝体结构失稳的发生。以往坝工界对坝体应力研究较多,对拱座稳定和上滑失稳研究也较多,而对坝体结构稳定则少有研究。围绕目前高拱坝建设中的热点和重点问题,结合973计划课题:多因素相互作用下地质工程系统的整体稳定性研究(编号 2002CB412707),重点研究高拱坝的稳定转异以及体形优化,现将主要内容归纳如下:
本文提出基于拱梁分载法的拱坝稳定分析方法,即在拱梁分载法的基础上,分别分析拱圈和悬臂梁的稳定,建立相应的稳定计算公式,统一坝体结构稳定和应力计算方法。利用该法研究表明:坝体结构失稳的控制拱圈一般在拱顶,悬臂梁的稳定性高于水平拱圈。
在对国内外众多高薄拱坝的几何参数进行统计分析基础上,建立空间稳定分析的典型拱坝数值分析模型,分析讨论了几何特征、受力状况和边界条件等因素对拱坝坝体稳定的影响规律。采用柔度系数反映拱坝柔度,通过对拱坝坝体稳定的有限元数值计算,研究拱坝坝体稳定与强度的关系,定义发生强度和失稳破坏的界限柔度为“界限柔度系数”,作为厚薄拱坝新的划分标准。柔度系数大于“界限柔度系数”,拱坝破坏可能带有失稳性质,属薄拱坝范围;柔度系数小于“界限柔度系数”,拱坝将发生强度破坏,属厚拱坝范围。较之以厚高比定义厚薄拱坝,以是发生强度破坏还是发生失稳破坏来定义厚薄拱坝有着明确的力学概念。对于300m级别的高拱坝,当柔度系数大于“界限柔度系数”时,可能先发生坝体结构失稳,把其应力控制标准做一定的修正,考虑坝体结构失稳对应力控制指标降低的作用。
本文将突变理论应用在坝体结构失稳研究上,以尖拐型突变模型为例,根据典型拱坝坝体稳定有限元计算结果进行拟合,判别拱坝坝体的稳定性。结果表明:突变理论的稳定性判别与有限元稳定计算结果是吻合的。
本文采用结构优化理论,对拱坝主要体形参数柔度系数和厚高比进行了优化分析,提出在坝体稳定约束条件下的最小厚高比和最大柔度系数,为拱坝设计和研究提供参考。体形优化结果表明:最大柔度系数很少的减小或最小厚高比很小的增加,即坝体刚度较小的提高,将使拱坝的稳定安全度获得大大的提高。
Structural stability of arch dams is global stability among dam body, rock and their interface. It includes abutment stability, up-slide stability and structural stability of dam body etc, which is one of the important subjects in arch dam design and research. Because of the development of construction of high arch dams in China and thinner dam body with the use of optimum design, local regions of arch dams approach thin shell structure, which will lead to structural buckling. Anciently, study on dam body stress, abutment stability and up-glide stability is rather abundant by the dam engineers, but quite few on structural stability of dam body. Based on these hot and key spots in construction of high dams at present, Combining one of the 973 plan projects: Study of Global Stability of Geology Engineering System under Interaction of Several Factors(NO.2002CB412707), the dissertation mainly studies the stability anomaly and corresponding shape optimization. The main contents are as follows:The dissertation advances stability analysis method of arch dams based on arch-cantilever method, that is, the stability of arch ring and cantilever are analyzed respectively based on arch-cantilever method and corresponding formula of stability calculation is established. So the calculation methods of dam stress and stability are unified. Using the method, studies reveal that the stability of arch dam against buckling is generally governed by the top arch ring and the cantilever is more steady than the horizontal arch.Based on the statistic analysis of the geometric parameters of numerous high thin arch dams, the simulation models of typical arch dams for spatial stability analysis are established. The effects of some factors such as: geometric characteristics, stress state, boundary conditions etc on dam stability are analyzed and discussed. The "slenderness coefficient" is used to define the slenderness of dam body. The relation of stability and strength of arch dams are studied through FEM numerical calculation of dam stability. The "critical slenderness coefficient" is advanced and supposed to be defined as the slenderness between strength failure and buckling failure. It is used as a new standard to divide thick or thin arch dams. When the slenderness coefficient is greater than the "critical slenderness coefficient", the arch dam will maybe become instable and it is a thin one; or strength failure will take place and the arch dam is a thick one. Compared with the definition of thick or thin arch dams by thickness-height ratio, the definition by strength failure or buckling failure is more explicit in mechanical conception. For the 300 meters level high arch dams, when the slenderness coefficient is greater than the "critical slenderness coefficient", maybe the structural buckling will happen earlier and it is necessary to modify the stress criterion
and take the reducing effect on stress criterion of structural buckling into account.The dissertation applies catastrophe theory to dam structural buckling study, fits the results of stability of typical arch dam by FEM, using cusp catastrophe model, estimates the stability of arch dam. It reveals that stability estimated by catastrophe theory is agree with the FEM result.Using structural optimization theory, the primary shape parameters (slenderness coefficient and thickness-height ratio) are optimal analyzed, and the minimal thickness-height ratio and the maximal slenderness coefficient restrained by dam body stability are put forward, which can be a reference for arch dam design and research. The result of shape optimization indicates that little decrease of the maximal slenderness coefficient or little increase of the minimal thickness-height ratio, that is, little increase of stiffness of dam body, will enhance the stability safety degree greatly.
本文提出基于拱梁分载法的拱坝稳定分析方法,即在拱梁分载法的基础上,分别分析拱圈和悬臂梁的稳定,建立相应的稳定计算公式,统一坝体结构稳定和应力计算方法。利用该法研究表明:坝体结构失稳的控制拱圈一般在拱顶,悬臂梁的稳定性高于水平拱圈。
在对国内外众多高薄拱坝的几何参数进行统计分析基础上,建立空间稳定分析的典型拱坝数值分析模型,分析讨论了几何特征、受力状况和边界条件等因素对拱坝坝体稳定的影响规律。采用柔度系数反映拱坝柔度,通过对拱坝坝体稳定的有限元数值计算,研究拱坝坝体稳定与强度的关系,定义发生强度和失稳破坏的界限柔度为“界限柔度系数”,作为厚薄拱坝新的划分标准。柔度系数大于“界限柔度系数”,拱坝破坏可能带有失稳性质,属薄拱坝范围;柔度系数小于“界限柔度系数”,拱坝将发生强度破坏,属厚拱坝范围。较之以厚高比定义厚薄拱坝,以是发生强度破坏还是发生失稳破坏来定义厚薄拱坝有着明确的力学概念。对于300m级别的高拱坝,当柔度系数大于“界限柔度系数”时,可能先发生坝体结构失稳,把其应力控制标准做一定的修正,考虑坝体结构失稳对应力控制指标降低的作用。
本文将突变理论应用在坝体结构失稳研究上,以尖拐型突变模型为例,根据典型拱坝坝体稳定有限元计算结果进行拟合,判别拱坝坝体的稳定性。结果表明:突变理论的稳定性判别与有限元稳定计算结果是吻合的。
本文采用结构优化理论,对拱坝主要体形参数柔度系数和厚高比进行了优化分析,提出在坝体稳定约束条件下的最小厚高比和最大柔度系数,为拱坝设计和研究提供参考。体形优化结果表明:最大柔度系数很少的减小或最小厚高比很小的增加,即坝体刚度较小的提高,将使拱坝的稳定安全度获得大大的提高。
Structural stability of arch dams is global stability among dam body, rock and their interface. It includes abutment stability, up-slide stability and structural stability of dam body etc, which is one of the important subjects in arch dam design and research. Because of the development of construction of high arch dams in China and thinner dam body with the use of optimum design, local regions of arch dams approach thin shell structure, which will lead to structural buckling. Anciently, study on dam body stress, abutment stability and up-glide stability is rather abundant by the dam engineers, but quite few on structural stability of dam body. Based on these hot and key spots in construction of high dams at present, Combining one of the 973 plan projects: Study of Global Stability of Geology Engineering System under Interaction of Several Factors(NO.2002CB412707), the dissertation mainly studies the stability anomaly and corresponding shape optimization. The main contents are as follows:The dissertation advances stability analysis method of arch dams based on arch-cantilever method, that is, the stability of arch ring and cantilever are analyzed respectively based on arch-cantilever method and corresponding formula of stability calculation is established. So the calculation methods of dam stress and stability are unified. Using the method, studies reveal that the stability of arch dam against buckling is generally governed by the top arch ring and the cantilever is more steady than the horizontal arch.Based on the statistic analysis of the geometric parameters of numerous high thin arch dams, the simulation models of typical arch dams for spatial stability analysis are established. The effects of some factors such as: geometric characteristics, stress state, boundary conditions etc on dam stability are analyzed and discussed. The "slenderness coefficient" is used to define the slenderness of dam body. The relation of stability and strength of arch dams are studied through FEM numerical calculation of dam stability. The "critical slenderness coefficient" is advanced and supposed to be defined as the slenderness between strength failure and buckling failure. It is used as a new standard to divide thick or thin arch dams. When the slenderness coefficient is greater than the "critical slenderness coefficient", the arch dam will maybe become instable and it is a thin one; or strength failure will take place and the arch dam is a thick one. Compared with the definition of thick or thin arch dams by thickness-height ratio, the definition by strength failure or buckling failure is more explicit in mechanical conception. For the 300 meters level high arch dams, when the slenderness coefficient is greater than the "critical slenderness coefficient", maybe the structural buckling will happen earlier and it is necessary to modify the stress criterion
and take the reducing effect on stress criterion of structural buckling into account.The dissertation applies catastrophe theory to dam structural buckling study, fits the results of stability of typical arch dam by FEM, using cusp catastrophe model, estimates the stability of arch dam. It reveals that stability estimated by catastrophe theory is agree with the FEM result.Using structural optimization theory, the primary shape parameters (slenderness coefficient and thickness-height ratio) are optimal analyzed, and the minimal thickness-height ratio and the maximal slenderness coefficient restrained by dam body stability are put forward, which can be a reference for arch dam design and research. The result of shape optimization indicates that little decrease of the maximal slenderness coefficient or little increase of the minimal thickness-height ratio, that is, little increase of stiffness of dam body, will enhance the stability safety degree greatly.
引文
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