黑启动服务组合运行网络中优化潮流问题的研究
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摘要
2008年初我国南方地区遭受了严重的冰雪灾害,多个电网大面积停电。黑启动的目的就是在大停电事故后,迅速、可靠地恢复电力系统的正常运行。当电网发生重大灾害事故时,要通过黑启动保障社会正常运转以及抗灾抢险的重要用户的供电。
地市级电网制定黑启动方案时,需要选择本地区有自启动能力的机组作为黑启动电源。长三角、珠三角等平原地区工业发达,许多企业拥有自备柴油机组、容量也较大。结合这些缺乏水电机组的地市级电网的实际情况,本文提出了将用户企业的自备柴油发电机作为黑启动电源的“黑启动服务组合”方案。黑启动电源的作用是恢复系统内重要负荷的供电,为此构建了黑启动服务组合运行网络。该网络由分布式的自备柴油发电机、待启动机组与连接它们的黑启动路径组成。网络的主要任务就是快速向本地电厂提供厂用电,启动火电机组。火电机组陆续启动后,就可以恢复地方电网的重要负荷,保障应急供电需求。
柴油机发出的启动功率经运行网络送出时,其值远小于线路的输送容量,网络处于轻载状态,输电线路呈容性。柴油发电机的容量较小,吸收无功功率的能力弱,因此在运行网络中要考虑发电机的自励磁问题。在黑启动服务组合运行网络的构建阶段,本文通过工程判据分析发电机带单条空载线路时的自励磁情况,提出了此阶段避免自励磁的解决方案。在运行网络向燃煤机组供电时,对网络进行稳态分析并得出了规避自励磁的调控准则,据此建立了黑启动服务组合运行网络的优化潮流模型。考虑到发电机发出容性无功功率时易发生自励磁,本文通过优化潮流调整潮流的分布以避免网络运行时自励磁现象的发生,采用了原—对偶内点法对优化潮流进行求解。
本文结合江苏省电力公司提出的“电网生命线”工程,以江苏某地电网为例进行了黑启动初始电源方案的研究。对电网进行了分区,在分区内建立了黑启动服务组合运行网络,并对其中的自励磁问题进行了分析。优化结果表明,原—对偶内点法优化潮流计算求取网络运行的工作点是可行的,运行网络可以避免自励磁的发生。
A severe snow disaster hit China Southern area in early 2008 while blackout happened in several power systems. The purpose of black start is to restore power system quickly and reliably after blackout. When serious disasters happen in power grid, power supply must be provided by black start for the emergent power demand of social security and emergency rescue.
When black start plan of regional power grid is making, local generators which are able to start up by themselves are selected to become black start units. Many enterprises own large backup diesel generators in Yangtze River delta and Pearl River delta developed areas. Based on actual situation of these city power grids which are lack of hydroelectric units, a plan called“black start service combination”(BSSC), i.e. self-provided diesel generators of enterprises are used as the black start units, is proposed in this paper. The effect of black start units is restoring the power supply for important customers, so BSSC operating network is needed to form. BSSC operating network is composed of distributed backup diesel generators, awaiting start-up unit and transmission lines connecting them. The main task of operating network is providing auxiliary power for local plant, starting up thermal power unit. After thermal units start on by one, important load of local power grid can be restored and emergency power supply demand can be satisfied.
When start-up power of diesel generators is transferred by operating network, the power is much smaller than normal transmission capacity of lines. Therefore, the network is under lightly loaded condition, and the transmission lines occur capacitive. The capacity of diesel generators is small, the ability of absorbing reactive power is weak, and so the problem of generator self-excitation is worth considering in operating network. When BSSC operating network is constructed, the self-excitation of single generator energizing single transmission line can be analyzed by engineering criterion, and a solution is proposed to avoid self-excitation in this period. When thermal unit is supplied by operating network, an analysis of operating network is made to obtain the operating characters of such network, and then an optimal power flow modal of BSSC operating network is built. Considered that self-excitation may happen when generators generating capacitive reactive power, so it can be avoided by optimal power flow when network is operating, primal-dual interior point algorithm is adopted to solve optimal load flow in this paper.
According to“power grid lifeline”project proposed by Jiangsu electrical power company, a certain power grid of Jiangsu is used as a testing system for researching on the plan of black start units. Power grid is divided into several zones, BSSC operating network is built in every zone, and then the problem of self-excitation is analyzed. The results demonstrate that the working point given by interior point optimal load flow is feasible, and BSSC operating network can solve the self-excitation problem.
地市级电网制定黑启动方案时,需要选择本地区有自启动能力的机组作为黑启动电源。长三角、珠三角等平原地区工业发达,许多企业拥有自备柴油机组、容量也较大。结合这些缺乏水电机组的地市级电网的实际情况,本文提出了将用户企业的自备柴油发电机作为黑启动电源的“黑启动服务组合”方案。黑启动电源的作用是恢复系统内重要负荷的供电,为此构建了黑启动服务组合运行网络。该网络由分布式的自备柴油发电机、待启动机组与连接它们的黑启动路径组成。网络的主要任务就是快速向本地电厂提供厂用电,启动火电机组。火电机组陆续启动后,就可以恢复地方电网的重要负荷,保障应急供电需求。
柴油机发出的启动功率经运行网络送出时,其值远小于线路的输送容量,网络处于轻载状态,输电线路呈容性。柴油发电机的容量较小,吸收无功功率的能力弱,因此在运行网络中要考虑发电机的自励磁问题。在黑启动服务组合运行网络的构建阶段,本文通过工程判据分析发电机带单条空载线路时的自励磁情况,提出了此阶段避免自励磁的解决方案。在运行网络向燃煤机组供电时,对网络进行稳态分析并得出了规避自励磁的调控准则,据此建立了黑启动服务组合运行网络的优化潮流模型。考虑到发电机发出容性无功功率时易发生自励磁,本文通过优化潮流调整潮流的分布以避免网络运行时自励磁现象的发生,采用了原—对偶内点法对优化潮流进行求解。
本文结合江苏省电力公司提出的“电网生命线”工程,以江苏某地电网为例进行了黑启动初始电源方案的研究。对电网进行了分区,在分区内建立了黑启动服务组合运行网络,并对其中的自励磁问题进行了分析。优化结果表明,原—对偶内点法优化潮流计算求取网络运行的工作点是可行的,运行网络可以避免自励磁的发生。
A severe snow disaster hit China Southern area in early 2008 while blackout happened in several power systems. The purpose of black start is to restore power system quickly and reliably after blackout. When serious disasters happen in power grid, power supply must be provided by black start for the emergent power demand of social security and emergency rescue.
When black start plan of regional power grid is making, local generators which are able to start up by themselves are selected to become black start units. Many enterprises own large backup diesel generators in Yangtze River delta and Pearl River delta developed areas. Based on actual situation of these city power grids which are lack of hydroelectric units, a plan called“black start service combination”(BSSC), i.e. self-provided diesel generators of enterprises are used as the black start units, is proposed in this paper. The effect of black start units is restoring the power supply for important customers, so BSSC operating network is needed to form. BSSC operating network is composed of distributed backup diesel generators, awaiting start-up unit and transmission lines connecting them. The main task of operating network is providing auxiliary power for local plant, starting up thermal power unit. After thermal units start on by one, important load of local power grid can be restored and emergency power supply demand can be satisfied.
When start-up power of diesel generators is transferred by operating network, the power is much smaller than normal transmission capacity of lines. Therefore, the network is under lightly loaded condition, and the transmission lines occur capacitive. The capacity of diesel generators is small, the ability of absorbing reactive power is weak, and so the problem of generator self-excitation is worth considering in operating network. When BSSC operating network is constructed, the self-excitation of single generator energizing single transmission line can be analyzed by engineering criterion, and a solution is proposed to avoid self-excitation in this period. When thermal unit is supplied by operating network, an analysis of operating network is made to obtain the operating characters of such network, and then an optimal power flow modal of BSSC operating network is built. Considered that self-excitation may happen when generators generating capacitive reactive power, so it can be avoided by optimal power flow when network is operating, primal-dual interior point algorithm is adopted to solve optimal load flow in this paper.
According to“power grid lifeline”project proposed by Jiangsu electrical power company, a certain power grid of Jiangsu is used as a testing system for researching on the plan of black start units. Power grid is divided into several zones, BSSC operating network is built in every zone, and then the problem of self-excitation is analyzed. The results demonstrate that the working point given by interior point optimal load flow is feasible, and BSSC operating network can solve the self-excitation problem.
引文
1张铭.海南“9.26”大停电后电网黑启动过程的启示.华东电力. 2005, 33(11): 13~15
2陈庆前,尹项根,侯慧,游大海,童光毅,郑毅,邵德军.从2008年雪灾分析电力系统的结构缺陷.中国电力. 2008, 41(12): 1~4
3刘隽,李兴源,许秀芳.互联电网的黑启动策略及相关问题.电力系统自动化. 2004, 28(5): 93~96
4 M. M. Adibi, J. N. Borkoski, R. J. Kafka. Power System Restoration-the Second Task Force Report. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1987, 2(4): 927~930
5蔡述涛,张尧,荆朝霞.地方电网黑启动方案的制定.电力系统自动化. 2005, 29(12): 73~76
6张强,高明,张立强,吕利军,刘志伟.大同电网利用小火电机组黑启动方案.电力系统自动化. 2003, 27(12): 75~77
7何开荣,陈祖勋.茂名地区电网黑启动的探讨.高电压技术. 2004, 30(7): 67~68
8林济铿,蒋越梅,郑卫洪,王海林,时燕新,顾强.天津电网黑启动方案的制定.中国电力. 2007, 40(2): 4~7
9林姿峰,闵勇,周云海,刘德斌,李国辉,宋永华.电力市场中的黑启动服务.电力系统自动化. 2002, (2): 9~12
10 Robert B Burke. System Restoration and planning Service–an Ancillary Service. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Chicago IL, USA, 2002: 1234~1235
11 Graeme A Chown, Jonathan Hedgecock, John Diya, Alison Chikova. Proposed Ancillary Services for the Southern African Power Pool. Power Engineering Society Conference and Exposition in Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2007: 1~2
12 A. C. Neto, M. G. da Silva, A. B. Rodrigues. Impact of Distributed Generation on Reliability Evaluation of Radial Distribution Systems under Network Constraints. 9th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, 2006: 1~2
13 M. K. Donnelly, J. E. Dagle, D. J. Trudnowski, G. J. Rogers. Impacts of the Distributed Utility on Transmission System Stability. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems. 1996, 11(2): 741~746
14 Kim Tae-Eung, Kim Jae-Eon. Considerations for the Feasible Operating Range of Distributed Generation Interconnected to Power Distribution System. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Chicago IL, USA, 2002: 42~48
15吴涛涛,赵宏伟,李伟.基于分布式电源的孤立系统规划初探.继电器. 2007, 35(8): 31
16易新,陆于平.分布式发电条件下的配电网孤岛划分算法.电网技术. 2006, 30(7): 50~54
17 M. Aktarujjaman, M. A. Kashem, M. Negnevitsky, G. Ledwich. Black Start with DFIG Based Distributed Generation after Major Emergencies. International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, New Delhi, India, 2006: 1~6
18 I. D. Hassan, R. Weronick, R. M. Bucci, W. Busch. Evaluating the Transient Performance of Standby Diesel-Generator Units by Simulation. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1992, 7(3): 470~475
19 J. W. Feltes, Carlos Grande-Moran. Black Start Studies for System Restoration. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 2008: 1~8
20 S. Datta, S. Kolluri, H. Tao, B. Khodabakhchian. Development of an Alternative Black-Start Plan for System Restoration. IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Georgia, USA, 2006: 1833~1839
21李志民,马丽华,张玉,黄晓鹏.基于精细积分法的电力系统自励磁仿真.电力系统及其自动化学报. 2008, 20(3): 90~94
22陈闽江,陈家庚,丁明.多机电力系统自励磁判定的状态空间分析法.电网技术. 2004, 28(15): 53~56
23 T. S. Sidhu, D. A. Tziouvaras, A. P. Apostolov, C. H. Castro, S. R. Chano, S. H. Horowitz, W. O. Kennedy, Sungsoo Kim, R. J. Martilla, P. G. McLaren, G. L. Michel, K. K. Mustaphi, P. Mysore, M. Nagpal, B. Nelson, F. P. Plumptre, M. S. Sachdev, J. S. Thorp, J. T. Uchiyama. Protection issues during system Restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2005, 20(1): 47~56
24 S. Corsi, M. Pozzi. Voltage Stability Control for Long Lines Black Start~Up. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 2008: 1~9
25 James W. Feltes, Carlos Grand~Moran, Patrick Duggan, Serge Kalinowsky, Mohsen Zamzam, Vinod C. Kotecha, F. Paul de Mello. Some Considerations in the Development of Restoration Plans for Electric Utilities Serving LargeMetropolitan Areas. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. 2006, 21(2): 909~911
26 Paulo Gomes, Antonio Carlos Siqueira de Lima, Antonio de Pádua Guarini. Guidelines for Power System Restoration in the Brazilian System. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems. 2004, 19(2): 1159~1164
27刘映尚,吴文传,冯永青,张伯明,余南鹏.基于有序二元决策图的黑启动分区搜索策略.中国电机工程学报. 2008, 28(10): 28~30
28高远望,顾雪平,刘艳,苏德生,雷少锋,董连武.电力系统黑启动方案的自动生成与评估.电力系统自动化. 2004, 28(13): 50~54
29 Liu Yan, Gu Xueping, Zhang Dan. Data Envelopment Analysis Based Strategy of Assessing Schemes for Power System Black Start. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition: Asia and Pacific, Dalian, China, 2005: 1~2
30 Wu Ye, Fang Xinyan, Yan Zheng. Optimal Power Grid Black Start Using Fuzzy Logic and Expert System. European Transactions on Electrical Power. 2008, 19(7): 969~977
31李尹,张伯明,孙宏斌,吴文传.基于非线性内点法的安全约束最优潮流(一)理论分析.电力系统自动化. 2003, 31(19): 7~12
32李尹,张伯明,赵晋泉,孙宏斌,吴文传.一种基于扩展线性规划的在线最优潮流方法.电力系统自动化. 2006, 30(5): 18~20
33万黎,袁荣湘.最优潮流算法综述.继电器. 2005, 33(11): 80~83
34柳进,常修猛,柳焯.内点法在偶对潮流优化中的应用.电力系统自动化. 2007, 31(5): 29~31
35 Yuan Yue, Wen Xuehong, Qian Kejun. Preventive/Corrective Control for Voltage Stability Based on Primal~Dual Interior Point Method. 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology, Chongqing, China, 2006: 1~5
36李尹,张伯明,孙宏斌,吴文传.基于非线性内点法的安全约束最优潮流(二)算法实现.电力系统自动化. 2007, 31(20): 6
37 Liu Xuelian, Li Jiwen, Li Hongmei. Fuzzy Modeling and Interior Point Algorithm of Multi-objective OPF with Voltage Security Margin. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition: Asia and Pacific, Dalian, China, 2005: 1~6
38 H. Song, B. Lee, Y.-H. Moon. Reactive Optimal Power Flow Incorporating Margin Enhancement Constraints with Nonlinear Interior Point Method. IEE Proc.-Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 2005, 152(6): 961~968
39 Yuan Yue, Qian Kejun, Wen Xuehong. Discussion about the Corrective Controlfor Voltage Stability of Complex Power Systems Based on Primal-Dual Interior Point Method. 2006 International Conference on Power System Technology, Chongqing, China, 2006: 1~6
40 Kim. Dong-Hyeon, Yong T. Yoon, Lee Sang-Seung, Lee Song-Keun. Power System Restoration Plan using the Characteristics of Scale-Free Networks. European Transactions on Electrical Power. 2008, 18(8): 809~818
41王丹昕,房鑫炎. MATLAB在系统灾变恢复相关问题研究中的应用.继电器. 2002, 30(4): 24~25
42危雪,周云海.黑启动中的自励磁判据及仿真.三峡大学学报(自然科学版). 2005, 27(3): 201~204
2陈庆前,尹项根,侯慧,游大海,童光毅,郑毅,邵德军.从2008年雪灾分析电力系统的结构缺陷.中国电力. 2008, 41(12): 1~4
3刘隽,李兴源,许秀芳.互联电网的黑启动策略及相关问题.电力系统自动化. 2004, 28(5): 93~96
4 M. M. Adibi, J. N. Borkoski, R. J. Kafka. Power System Restoration-the Second Task Force Report. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 1987, 2(4): 927~930
5蔡述涛,张尧,荆朝霞.地方电网黑启动方案的制定.电力系统自动化. 2005, 29(12): 73~76
6张强,高明,张立强,吕利军,刘志伟.大同电网利用小火电机组黑启动方案.电力系统自动化. 2003, 27(12): 75~77
7何开荣,陈祖勋.茂名地区电网黑启动的探讨.高电压技术. 2004, 30(7): 67~68
8林济铿,蒋越梅,郑卫洪,王海林,时燕新,顾强.天津电网黑启动方案的制定.中国电力. 2007, 40(2): 4~7
9林姿峰,闵勇,周云海,刘德斌,李国辉,宋永华.电力市场中的黑启动服务.电力系统自动化. 2002, (2): 9~12
10 Robert B Burke. System Restoration and planning Service–an Ancillary Service. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Chicago IL, USA, 2002: 1234~1235
11 Graeme A Chown, Jonathan Hedgecock, John Diya, Alison Chikova. Proposed Ancillary Services for the Southern African Power Pool. Power Engineering Society Conference and Exposition in Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2007: 1~2
12 A. C. Neto, M. G. da Silva, A. B. Rodrigues. Impact of Distributed Generation on Reliability Evaluation of Radial Distribution Systems under Network Constraints. 9th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden, 2006: 1~2
13 M. K. Donnelly, J. E. Dagle, D. J. Trudnowski, G. J. Rogers. Impacts of the Distributed Utility on Transmission System Stability. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems. 1996, 11(2): 741~746
14 Kim Tae-Eung, Kim Jae-Eon. Considerations for the Feasible Operating Range of Distributed Generation Interconnected to Power Distribution System. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Chicago IL, USA, 2002: 42~48
15吴涛涛,赵宏伟,李伟.基于分布式电源的孤立系统规划初探.继电器. 2007, 35(8): 31
16易新,陆于平.分布式发电条件下的配电网孤岛划分算法.电网技术. 2006, 30(7): 50~54
17 M. Aktarujjaman, M. A. Kashem, M. Negnevitsky, G. Ledwich. Black Start with DFIG Based Distributed Generation after Major Emergencies. International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems, New Delhi, India, 2006: 1~6
18 I. D. Hassan, R. Weronick, R. M. Bucci, W. Busch. Evaluating the Transient Performance of Standby Diesel-Generator Units by Simulation. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 1992, 7(3): 470~475
19 J. W. Feltes, Carlos Grande-Moran. Black Start Studies for System Restoration. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 2008: 1~8
20 S. Datta, S. Kolluri, H. Tao, B. Khodabakhchian. Development of an Alternative Black-Start Plan for System Restoration. IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Georgia, USA, 2006: 1833~1839
21李志民,马丽华,张玉,黄晓鹏.基于精细积分法的电力系统自励磁仿真.电力系统及其自动化学报. 2008, 20(3): 90~94
22陈闽江,陈家庚,丁明.多机电力系统自励磁判定的状态空间分析法.电网技术. 2004, 28(15): 53~56
23 T. S. Sidhu, D. A. Tziouvaras, A. P. Apostolov, C. H. Castro, S. R. Chano, S. H. Horowitz, W. O. Kennedy, Sungsoo Kim, R. J. Martilla, P. G. McLaren, G. L. Michel, K. K. Mustaphi, P. Mysore, M. Nagpal, B. Nelson, F. P. Plumptre, M. S. Sachdev, J. S. Thorp, J. T. Uchiyama. Protection issues during system Restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2005, 20(1): 47~56
24 S. Corsi, M. Pozzi. Voltage Stability Control for Long Lines Black Start~Up. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, 2008: 1~9
25 James W. Feltes, Carlos Grand~Moran, Patrick Duggan, Serge Kalinowsky, Mohsen Zamzam, Vinod C. Kotecha, F. Paul de Mello. Some Considerations in the Development of Restoration Plans for Electric Utilities Serving LargeMetropolitan Areas. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. 2006, 21(2): 909~911
26 Paulo Gomes, Antonio Carlos Siqueira de Lima, Antonio de Pádua Guarini. Guidelines for Power System Restoration in the Brazilian System. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems. 2004, 19(2): 1159~1164
27刘映尚,吴文传,冯永青,张伯明,余南鹏.基于有序二元决策图的黑启动分区搜索策略.中国电机工程学报. 2008, 28(10): 28~30
28高远望,顾雪平,刘艳,苏德生,雷少锋,董连武.电力系统黑启动方案的自动生成与评估.电力系统自动化. 2004, 28(13): 50~54
29 Liu Yan, Gu Xueping, Zhang Dan. Data Envelopment Analysis Based Strategy of Assessing Schemes for Power System Black Start. IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition: Asia and Pacific, Dalian, China, 2005: 1~2
30 Wu Ye, Fang Xinyan, Yan Zheng. Optimal Power Grid Black Start Using Fuzzy Logic and Expert System. European Transactions on Electrical Power. 2008, 19(7): 969~977
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