移动代理电子商务环境下基于声誉的多维度信任算法研究
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摘要
网络技术的迅猛发展带来了电子商务的广泛应用,其年交易额不断增长,交易者双方的不确定性对交易成败的影响也越发凸显出来。为了减小网络实体间不确定性带来的信任缺失对电子商务发展的不利影响,对信任算法的研究应运而生。信任算法通过量化信任,达到预测对方可靠程度的目的,能在一定程度上起到保障电子商务安全的作用。
通过对已有基于移动Agent的电子商务系统的广泛研究和分析,提出了一种基于声誉的信任网络建模方法和信任网络简化步骤。该建模方法能清晰的体现网络中的信任实体及其之间的信任关系,简化步骤能过滤网络中的冗余信息帮助有利于信任计算的功能性参数如最优推荐传播路径等凸显出来。
在信任网络建模的基础之上,提出了一种基于声誉的多维度信任算法Rep-MDTrust。Rep-MDTrust依据从信任网络建模抽象出的功能性参数,给出了一种新的推荐可信度计算方法,并运用置信因子综合直接信任和推荐信任来对网络内的节点进行信任评估。通过将多维度机制引入交易评价体系和权重体系,Rep-MDTrust较好的体现了个体偏好、风险态度等主观因素对信任计算的影响,提高了信任算法在交易单个属性上的敏感性。时间衰减函数为Rep-MDTrust引入了一定的奖惩机制并实现了信任的动态衰减。
通过仿真实验对所提出信任算法的有效性分析,证明了Rep-MDTrust在体现节点主观偏好、风险态度以及实现信任度的动态衰减方面都有着良好的表现。最后,在Windows XP环境下,采用Java语言,利用MyEclipse开发工具,实现了该信任算法。
E-commerce systems, which have gained lots of attention for its conveniences, are applied far-ranging recent years. While its’annual turnover soaring prominently, uncertainty among entities harm on-line transactions greatly. Research on trust algorithm in e-commence system is proposed to pre-evaluate whether an entity is creditable enough to trade with. Hotspots on this field are trust attributes analysis and trust evaluation algorithm. Significant attributes of trust have enjoyed a wide consensus and lots of trust models have been proposed in various network environments according to previous researches. Based on these researches and by analyzing steps for trust evaluation in mobile agent-based network, major contribution of this thesis includes:
A way of depicting trust network based on trust entities’roles and relationships among them is introduced. Then simplification steps were carried out to get ride of redundancy. This method helps functional information be picked and emphasized so that they can be used in trust evaluation directly.
Based on parameters abstracted from trust network depicting process, a reputation-based multi-dimensional trust algorithm, Rep-MDTrust is proposed. Rep-MDTrust provides a new way to calculate reliability of recommender, and calculate entity’s trustworthiness by integrating direct trust and reference trust together. Multi-dimensional system for opinions of trade and weight of these opinions helps subjective factors be reflected in trust evaluation, and makes the algorithm more sensitive to selected attributes which are considered to be more influential than the others. In addition, dynamic attributes of trust is reflected by trustworthiness damped function. This function not only lets trustworthiness of a target agent damp when there are no fresh transactions between a source agent and the target, but also works as a rewards and punishment system.
Experiments for Rep-MDTrust have been made on simulation system. Results show that Rep-MDTrust’s have a favorable performance on individual predilection, risk attitude distinguishing. And damped function can adjust variation trend of trustworthiness properly. In the end, application background for Rep-MDTrust is introduced and the whole algorithm is programmed using Java in MyEclipse platform.
通过对已有基于移动Agent的电子商务系统的广泛研究和分析,提出了一种基于声誉的信任网络建模方法和信任网络简化步骤。该建模方法能清晰的体现网络中的信任实体及其之间的信任关系,简化步骤能过滤网络中的冗余信息帮助有利于信任计算的功能性参数如最优推荐传播路径等凸显出来。
在信任网络建模的基础之上,提出了一种基于声誉的多维度信任算法Rep-MDTrust。Rep-MDTrust依据从信任网络建模抽象出的功能性参数,给出了一种新的推荐可信度计算方法,并运用置信因子综合直接信任和推荐信任来对网络内的节点进行信任评估。通过将多维度机制引入交易评价体系和权重体系,Rep-MDTrust较好的体现了个体偏好、风险态度等主观因素对信任计算的影响,提高了信任算法在交易单个属性上的敏感性。时间衰减函数为Rep-MDTrust引入了一定的奖惩机制并实现了信任的动态衰减。
通过仿真实验对所提出信任算法的有效性分析,证明了Rep-MDTrust在体现节点主观偏好、风险态度以及实现信任度的动态衰减方面都有着良好的表现。最后,在Windows XP环境下,采用Java语言,利用MyEclipse开发工具,实现了该信任算法。
E-commerce systems, which have gained lots of attention for its conveniences, are applied far-ranging recent years. While its’annual turnover soaring prominently, uncertainty among entities harm on-line transactions greatly. Research on trust algorithm in e-commence system is proposed to pre-evaluate whether an entity is creditable enough to trade with. Hotspots on this field are trust attributes analysis and trust evaluation algorithm. Significant attributes of trust have enjoyed a wide consensus and lots of trust models have been proposed in various network environments according to previous researches. Based on these researches and by analyzing steps for trust evaluation in mobile agent-based network, major contribution of this thesis includes:
A way of depicting trust network based on trust entities’roles and relationships among them is introduced. Then simplification steps were carried out to get ride of redundancy. This method helps functional information be picked and emphasized so that they can be used in trust evaluation directly.
Based on parameters abstracted from trust network depicting process, a reputation-based multi-dimensional trust algorithm, Rep-MDTrust is proposed. Rep-MDTrust provides a new way to calculate reliability of recommender, and calculate entity’s trustworthiness by integrating direct trust and reference trust together. Multi-dimensional system for opinions of trade and weight of these opinions helps subjective factors be reflected in trust evaluation, and makes the algorithm more sensitive to selected attributes which are considered to be more influential than the others. In addition, dynamic attributes of trust is reflected by trustworthiness damped function. This function not only lets trustworthiness of a target agent damp when there are no fresh transactions between a source agent and the target, but also works as a rewards and punishment system.
Experiments for Rep-MDTrust have been made on simulation system. Results show that Rep-MDTrust’s have a favorable performance on individual predilection, risk attitude distinguishing. And damped function can adjust variation trend of trustworthiness properly. In the end, application background for Rep-MDTrust is introduced and the whole algorithm is programmed using Java in MyEclipse platform.
引文
[1]李亦婕.移动代理电子商务系统下的信任模型研究: [硕士学位论文].武汉,华中科技大学, 2008
[2] Danny B.Lange, Mitsuru Oshima. Seven good reasons for mobile agents. Communications of the ACM. New York, NY USA: ACM Press, 1999, 3(42): 88~89
[3] Ryszard Kowalczyk, Mihaela Ulieru, Rainer Unland. Agent Technologies, Infrastructures, Tools, and Applications for E-Services. Heidelberg: Springer, 2003. 295~313
[4] David Kotz, Robert S. Gray Mobile Agents and the Future of the Internet. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press, 1999, 33(3): 7~13
[5] Jonathan Bredin, David Kotz, Daniela Rus. Economic markets as a means of open mobile-agent systems. In: Business-to-Consumer Mobile Agent-Based Internet Commerce System the Workshop Mobile Agents in the Context of Competition and Cooperation (MAC3) at Autonomous Agents, 1999, 43~49
[6] Alexander Serenko, Umar Ruh, Mihail Cocosila. Unplanned effects of intelligent agents on Internet use: a social informatics approach. AI & Society. London : Springer, 2006.142~166
[7] Peter Braun, Jakub Brzostowski and Gregory Kersten et al. Intelligent Decision-making Support Systems. London: Springer, 2006. 271~330
[8] Hui Chen, Perry P. Y. Lam, Henry C. B. Chan. Business-to-Consumer Mobile Agent-Based Internet Commerce System (MAGICS). In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics?. Applications and Reviews, 2007, 37(6): 1174~1189
[9] White J. Telescript Technology: An Introduction to the Language. General Magic White Paper GM-M-TSWP3-0495-V1, General Magic Incorporated, Sunnyvale, California, 1995
[10] C.Bumer, M.Breqst, S.Choy et al. Grasshopper - A Universal Agent Platform Based on OMG MASIF and FIPA Standards. In: The 1st International Workshop on Mobile Agent for Telecommunication Applications, Ottawa, Canada, 1999. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. 1~18
[11]朱福喜.人工智能基础教程.第1版.北京:清华大学出版社, 2006. 275~290
[12] F. Bellifemine, A. Poggi, G. Rimassa. JADE-FIPA Compliant Agent Framework. In: Proceedings of International Conference on the Practical Application of Intelligent Agents and Multi- Agent Systems, 1999. 97~108
[13]冯登国.计算机通信网络安全.北京:清华大学出版社, 2001. 56~86
[14] S. Kamvar, M. Schlosser. The EigenTrust Algorithm for Reputation Management in P2P Networks. In: Proceedings of 12th International Conference on World Wide Web, Budapest, Hungary: ACM Press, 2003. 123~134
[15] W. Dou, H.M. Wang, P. Zou. A Recommendation -Based Peer-to-Peer Trust Model. Journal of Software, 2004, 15(4): 571~583
[16] M. Blaze, J. Feigenbaum, J. Lacy. Decentralized Trust Management. In: Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Security and Privacy. Oakland: CA. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1996. 164~173
[17] Lei.H, Shoja, G.C.S. A Distributed Trust Model for e-Commerce Applications. In: Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Conference on e-Technology, e-Commerce and e-Service (IEEE'05), 2005. 290~293
[18] L. Xiong, L. Liu. PeerTrust: Supporting Reputation-Based Trust for Peer-to-Peer Electronic Communities. IEEE Trans. on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2004, 7(16): 843~857
[19]姜守旭,李建中.一种P2P电子商务系统中基于声誉的信任机制.软件学报, 2007, 18(10): 2551~2563
[20] Zaobin Gan, Yijie Li, Guoqiang Xiao. A Novel Reputation Computing Model for Mobile Agent-Based E-Commerce Systems. In: Proceedings of the 2nd InternationalConference on Information Security and Assurance, 2008. Busan, Korea: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2008.253~260
[21]朱峻茂,杨寿保. Grid与P2P混合计算环境下基于推荐证据推理的信任模型.计算机研究与发展, 2005,42(5): 797~803
[22] J. Sabater, C. Sierra. REGRET: Reputation in Gregarious Societies. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Autonomous Agents. New York, USA: ACM Press, 2001. 194~195
[23] J. Sabater, C. Sierra. Reputation and Social Network Analysis in Multi-agent Systems. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Bologna, 2002. 475~482
[24] X. Wang, P. Liang, H. Ma. A P2P Trust Model Based on Multi-Dimensional Trust Evaluation. Bio-Inspired Computational Intelligence and Applications. Heidelberg Berlin: Springer Press, 2007, 4688: 347~356
[25] Steven Reece, Stephen Roberts. A Multi-Dimensional Trust Model for Heterogeneous Contract Observations. In: The 22th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, Canada, 2007. London: AAAI Press, 2007, 1: 128~135
[26] Jaesuk Ahn, David DeAngelis, Suzanne Barber. Attitude Driven Team Formation using Multi-Dimensional Trust. In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference of Intelligent Agent Technology, 2007. NW Washington, DC USA: IEEE Computer Society press, 2007. 227~235
[27] C.Elizabeth, K.H.Farookh. Trust and Reputation Relationships in Service-Oriented Environment. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, 2005. NW Washington :IEEE Computer Society, 2005, 2: 4~14
[28] M. Clifford, C. Lavine, M. Bishop. The Solar Trust Model: Authentication without Limitation. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 1998. 300~307
[29] M. Clifford. Networking in the Solar Trust Model: Determining Optimal Trust Paths in a Decentralized Trust Network. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 2002. 271~281.
[30] E. Yu, L.Liu. Modeling Trust for System Design Using the i*Strategic Actors Framework. In: Proceeding of the 3rd Workshop on Deception, Fraud and Trust in Agent Societies at Agents, 2000. Berlin, Germany : Springer-Verlag press, 2001, 2246: 175~194
[31] A. J?sang, R. Hayward, S. Pope. Trust Network Analysis with Subjective Logic. In: Proceedings of the 29th Australasian Computer Science Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 2006. Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology, 2006, 48: 85~94
[32] A. J?sang, G.Elizabeth, M. Kinateder. Simplification and analysis of transitive trust networks .Web Intelligence and Agent System, 2006, 4(2): 139~161
[33] M.G. Uddin, M. Zulkernine. UMLtrust: Towards Developing TrustAware Software. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing, 2008. NY, USA: ACM Press, 2008. 831~836
[34] I. Macinnes, P. Li, W. Yurcik. Reputation and Dispute in eBay Transactions. International Journal of Electronic Connerce, 2005. 27~25
[35] C. Elizabeth, F.K. Hussain, S.D. Tharam. Fuzzy Nature of Trust and Dynamic Trust Modeling in Service Oriented Environments. In: Proceedings of the 2005 Workshop on Secure Web Services. Farifax, USA: ACM Press, 2005. 75~83
[36] L.Guo, S.Yang. Trust Model Based on Similarity Measure of Vector in P2P Networks Grid and Cooperative Computing-GCC. Heidelberg Berlin: Springer Press, 2005, 3795: 836~847
[37] C. Duma, N .Shahmehri. Dynamic Trust Metrics for Peer-to-Peer Systems. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2005. Washington, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2005.776~781
[38] S.Ruohomaa, L.Kutvonen. Reputation Management Survey. In: Proceedings of the 2rd International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, 2007. IEEE Computer Society, 2007. 103~111
[39] G. Nathan. Task Delegation using Experience Based Multi-Dimensional Trust. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2005. Netherlands: ACM Press, 2005: 489~496
[40] S.Reece, A.Rogers, S.Roberts. Rumours and Reputation: Evaluating Multi-Dimensional Trust within a Decentralised Reputation System. In: The 6th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Honolulu, USA: ACM Press, 2007.1~8
[41] S. Reece, S.Roberts. A Multi-Dimensional Trust Model for Heterogeneous Contract Observations. In: The 22th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, Canada, 2007. London:AAAI Press, 2007, 1: 128~135
[42]张骞,张霞,文学志等.Peer-to-Peer环境下多粒度Trust模型构造.软件学报,2006,17(1): 96~107
[43] L.Guo, S.Yang. Trust Model Based on Similarity Measure of Vector in P2P Networks Grid and Cooperative Computing-GCC. Heidelberg Berlin: Springer Press, 2005, 3795: 836~847
[44]魏世孝,周献中.多属性决策理论方法及其在C3I系统中的应用.北京:国防工业出版社, 1998. 31~45
[45] Ana Petric, Vedran Podobnik, Gordan Jezic. Agent-Mediated Electronic Commerce. Automated Negotiation and Strategy Design for Electronic Markets. Heidelberg: Springer, 2007.219~233
[2] Danny B.Lange, Mitsuru Oshima. Seven good reasons for mobile agents. Communications of the ACM. New York, NY USA: ACM Press, 1999, 3(42): 88~89
[3] Ryszard Kowalczyk, Mihaela Ulieru, Rainer Unland. Agent Technologies, Infrastructures, Tools, and Applications for E-Services. Heidelberg: Springer, 2003. 295~313
[4] David Kotz, Robert S. Gray Mobile Agents and the Future of the Internet. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press, 1999, 33(3): 7~13
[5] Jonathan Bredin, David Kotz, Daniela Rus. Economic markets as a means of open mobile-agent systems. In: Business-to-Consumer Mobile Agent-Based Internet Commerce System the Workshop Mobile Agents in the Context of Competition and Cooperation (MAC3) at Autonomous Agents, 1999, 43~49
[6] Alexander Serenko, Umar Ruh, Mihail Cocosila. Unplanned effects of intelligent agents on Internet use: a social informatics approach. AI & Society. London : Springer, 2006.142~166
[7] Peter Braun, Jakub Brzostowski and Gregory Kersten et al. Intelligent Decision-making Support Systems. London: Springer, 2006. 271~330
[8] Hui Chen, Perry P. Y. Lam, Henry C. B. Chan. Business-to-Consumer Mobile Agent-Based Internet Commerce System (MAGICS). In: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics?. Applications and Reviews, 2007, 37(6): 1174~1189
[9] White J. Telescript Technology: An Introduction to the Language. General Magic White Paper GM-M-TSWP3-0495-V1, General Magic Incorporated, Sunnyvale, California, 1995
[10] C.Bumer, M.Breqst, S.Choy et al. Grasshopper - A Universal Agent Platform Based on OMG MASIF and FIPA Standards. In: The 1st International Workshop on Mobile Agent for Telecommunication Applications, Ottawa, Canada, 1999. Singapore: World Scientific, 1999. 1~18
[11]朱福喜.人工智能基础教程.第1版.北京:清华大学出版社, 2006. 275~290
[12] F. Bellifemine, A. Poggi, G. Rimassa. JADE-FIPA Compliant Agent Framework. In: Proceedings of International Conference on the Practical Application of Intelligent Agents and Multi- Agent Systems, 1999. 97~108
[13]冯登国.计算机通信网络安全.北京:清华大学出版社, 2001. 56~86
[14] S. Kamvar, M. Schlosser. The EigenTrust Algorithm for Reputation Management in P2P Networks. In: Proceedings of 12th International Conference on World Wide Web, Budapest, Hungary: ACM Press, 2003. 123~134
[15] W. Dou, H.M. Wang, P. Zou. A Recommendation -Based Peer-to-Peer Trust Model. Journal of Software, 2004, 15(4): 571~583
[16] M. Blaze, J. Feigenbaum, J. Lacy. Decentralized Trust Management. In: Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Security and Privacy. Oakland: CA. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1996. 164~173
[17] Lei.H, Shoja, G.C.S. A Distributed Trust Model for e-Commerce Applications. In: Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Conference on e-Technology, e-Commerce and e-Service (IEEE'05), 2005. 290~293
[18] L. Xiong, L. Liu. PeerTrust: Supporting Reputation-Based Trust for Peer-to-Peer Electronic Communities. IEEE Trans. on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2004, 7(16): 843~857
[19]姜守旭,李建中.一种P2P电子商务系统中基于声誉的信任机制.软件学报, 2007, 18(10): 2551~2563
[20] Zaobin Gan, Yijie Li, Guoqiang Xiao. A Novel Reputation Computing Model for Mobile Agent-Based E-Commerce Systems. In: Proceedings of the 2nd InternationalConference on Information Security and Assurance, 2008. Busan, Korea: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2008.253~260
[21]朱峻茂,杨寿保. Grid与P2P混合计算环境下基于推荐证据推理的信任模型.计算机研究与发展, 2005,42(5): 797~803
[22] J. Sabater, C. Sierra. REGRET: Reputation in Gregarious Societies. In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Autonomous Agents. New York, USA: ACM Press, 2001. 194~195
[23] J. Sabater, C. Sierra. Reputation and Social Network Analysis in Multi-agent Systems. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Bologna, 2002. 475~482
[24] X. Wang, P. Liang, H. Ma. A P2P Trust Model Based on Multi-Dimensional Trust Evaluation. Bio-Inspired Computational Intelligence and Applications. Heidelberg Berlin: Springer Press, 2007, 4688: 347~356
[25] Steven Reece, Stephen Roberts. A Multi-Dimensional Trust Model for Heterogeneous Contract Observations. In: The 22th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, Canada, 2007. London: AAAI Press, 2007, 1: 128~135
[26] Jaesuk Ahn, David DeAngelis, Suzanne Barber. Attitude Driven Team Formation using Multi-Dimensional Trust. In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference of Intelligent Agent Technology, 2007. NW Washington, DC USA: IEEE Computer Society press, 2007. 227~235
[27] C.Elizabeth, K.H.Farookh. Trust and Reputation Relationships in Service-Oriented Environment. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Information Technology and Applications, 2005. NW Washington :IEEE Computer Society, 2005, 2: 4~14
[28] M. Clifford, C. Lavine, M. Bishop. The Solar Trust Model: Authentication without Limitation. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 1998. 300~307
[29] M. Clifford. Networking in the Solar Trust Model: Determining Optimal Trust Paths in a Decentralized Trust Network. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 2002. 271~281.
[30] E. Yu, L.Liu. Modeling Trust for System Design Using the i*Strategic Actors Framework. In: Proceeding of the 3rd Workshop on Deception, Fraud and Trust in Agent Societies at Agents, 2000. Berlin, Germany : Springer-Verlag press, 2001, 2246: 175~194
[31] A. J?sang, R. Hayward, S. Pope. Trust Network Analysis with Subjective Logic. In: Proceedings of the 29th Australasian Computer Science Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 2006. Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology, 2006, 48: 85~94
[32] A. J?sang, G.Elizabeth, M. Kinateder. Simplification and analysis of transitive trust networks .Web Intelligence and Agent System, 2006, 4(2): 139~161
[33] M.G. Uddin, M. Zulkernine. UMLtrust: Towards Developing TrustAware Software. In: Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing, 2008. NY, USA: ACM Press, 2008. 831~836
[34] I. Macinnes, P. Li, W. Yurcik. Reputation and Dispute in eBay Transactions. International Journal of Electronic Connerce, 2005. 27~25
[35] C. Elizabeth, F.K. Hussain, S.D. Tharam. Fuzzy Nature of Trust and Dynamic Trust Modeling in Service Oriented Environments. In: Proceedings of the 2005 Workshop on Secure Web Services. Farifax, USA: ACM Press, 2005. 75~83
[36] L.Guo, S.Yang. Trust Model Based on Similarity Measure of Vector in P2P Networks Grid and Cooperative Computing-GCC. Heidelberg Berlin: Springer Press, 2005, 3795: 836~847
[37] C. Duma, N .Shahmehri. Dynamic Trust Metrics for Peer-to-Peer Systems. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Joint Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2005. Washington, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press, 2005.776~781
[38] S.Ruohomaa, L.Kutvonen. Reputation Management Survey. In: Proceedings of the 2rd International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, 2007. IEEE Computer Society, 2007. 103~111
[39] G. Nathan. Task Delegation using Experience Based Multi-Dimensional Trust. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2005. Netherlands: ACM Press, 2005: 489~496
[40] S.Reece, A.Rogers, S.Roberts. Rumours and Reputation: Evaluating Multi-Dimensional Trust within a Decentralised Reputation System. In: The 6th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Honolulu, USA: ACM Press, 2007.1~8
[41] S. Reece, S.Roberts. A Multi-Dimensional Trust Model for Heterogeneous Contract Observations. In: The 22th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, Canada, 2007. London:AAAI Press, 2007, 1: 128~135
[42]张骞,张霞,文学志等.Peer-to-Peer环境下多粒度Trust模型构造.软件学报,2006,17(1): 96~107
[43] L.Guo, S.Yang. Trust Model Based on Similarity Measure of Vector in P2P Networks Grid and Cooperative Computing-GCC. Heidelberg Berlin: Springer Press, 2005, 3795: 836~847
[44]魏世孝,周献中.多属性决策理论方法及其在C3I系统中的应用.北京:国防工业出版社, 1998. 31~45
[45] Ana Petric, Vedran Podobnik, Gordan Jezic. Agent-Mediated Electronic Commerce. Automated Negotiation and Strategy Design for Electronic Markets. Heidelberg: Springer, 2007.219~233