九井乡环境保护中农民集体行动问题研究
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摘要
目前中国农村环境保护中,农民与农村生态环境的的关系最为密切,他们的环境相关行为在很大程度上影响着农村环境问题的解决和环境保护的实现。本文作者在黑龙江省某市九井乡调研的过程中发现事实确实如此,那么为什么农民会进行破坏环境的行为,如何利用农村社会现有的组织资源来控制农民的环境破坏行为?这构成了本文的研究课题。
本研究以实证调查为基础,重点采用了开放的非结构式访谈和非参与观察法,从农民个体理性与集体非理性关系层面,对九井乡的土地、水、化肥农药和生活污染方面的环境问题中,农民行动逻辑与其原因进行了分析。借鉴集体行动理论中走出集体行动困境的相关内容,对农村社会的组织资源进行分析。在上述内容研究的基础上,来探索如何利用农村社会的组织资源使现行的环境制度发挥有效的作用,进而解决农村环境保护中集体行动问题。
本文共分为四个部分,第一部分介绍了本文的主要研究内容、研究方法以及研究目的和意义。第二部分是以九井乡土地、水、化肥农药和生活污染这四类的环境问题为例,对农民行动逻辑的表现进行描述,揭示了是农民个体的理性行动导致集体的非理性行为引起或加剧了农村环境问题,并总结出农民行动具有三方面的社会特征。第三部分则是对A、B两村的组织资源进行分析。从农民个体理性行动导致集体非理性行为的影响因素来看,要实现农民环境保护,解决农村的环境问题应该从有效的社会控制层面入手。九井乡可以充分利用其良好的组织资源对农民进行社会控制。良好的组织资源包括政治精英个人魅力型与法理型权威的混合,村委会对村务的有效管理和致密的村民关系网络。虽然目前良好的组织资源在对农民环境破坏行为的进行有效控制方面并没有充分发挥作用,但其为将制度因素引入环境保护和进行有效的社会控制提供了广阔的空间和可能性。第四部分则是从将农民理性嵌入到处理其与环境关系之中,依据选择性激励机制对村干部的工作和农民的环境保护和破坏行为进行控制,充分利用村民关系网这一社会资本对农民的环境破坏行为进行制约等方面提出解决农村环境问题路径。
Referring to Chinese current rural environmental protection, the famers have the closest relation with the rural ecological environment, so to a large extent the actions taken by them will affect the resolution to the rural environmental problems and environmental protection. Though investigation , the author find that it is actually ture, why do famers damage the environment? How to utilize current authority resource to control fammers’destructive behaviour?
Based on the logic of famers’actions in Jiujing town on farmland, water, fertilizers, pesticides and pollution of the living environment issues, this paper takes demonstration investigation to study those environmental problems from the relationship between farmers’individual ration and collective non-ration. Draw on relevant collective action theory on how to step out the plight of collective action, this paper analyzes the organization resources which can influence the farmers’action logic. On this basis , exploring the fully utilized organization resources to make sure that the existing environmental rugulations will play an effective role, which will lead to step out of collective action dilemma in rural environmental protection.
The paper contain four aspects as following , firstly, through the gradual study on performances and incentives of farmers in Jiujing town during the process of polluting land, water, fertilizers, pesticides and living environment, it points out that the rational actions of individual farmers lead to the irrational collective behavior, which caused or exacerbated the rural environmental problems. Secondly, considering that the individual rational actions of farmers lead to non-rational collective behaviors, the rural environmental protection should start from the angle of social control. The mixed bureaucracy of charisma and legal authority of political, village committee’s effective management and the close network of villagers have an important impact on farmers’logic of action. As much as the current social control in Jiujing town, it has a good organizational foundation to carry out environmental protection, and it also provides effective social control over the villagers. Thirdly, even though such a good organization foundation does not work effectively in controlling farmers’ environmental destructive behaviour, it provides a broader space for introducing the environmental systm into the social control over the rural environmental protection. Therefore, it urgently needs to take effective approach to make fully use of the existing organization foundation to achieve farmers’collective action in environmental protection. Finally, through embedding farmers’ration when dealing with the relationship of farmers and the environment, basing on selective incentive mechanism to check the work of village cadres in environmental protection and to control farmers’envirionmental destructive action, and making full use of villagers’network, which belongs to the social capital, to control farmers’envirionmental destructive action, this paper proposes some solutions to rural environmental problems.
本研究以实证调查为基础,重点采用了开放的非结构式访谈和非参与观察法,从农民个体理性与集体非理性关系层面,对九井乡的土地、水、化肥农药和生活污染方面的环境问题中,农民行动逻辑与其原因进行了分析。借鉴集体行动理论中走出集体行动困境的相关内容,对农村社会的组织资源进行分析。在上述内容研究的基础上,来探索如何利用农村社会的组织资源使现行的环境制度发挥有效的作用,进而解决农村环境保护中集体行动问题。
本文共分为四个部分,第一部分介绍了本文的主要研究内容、研究方法以及研究目的和意义。第二部分是以九井乡土地、水、化肥农药和生活污染这四类的环境问题为例,对农民行动逻辑的表现进行描述,揭示了是农民个体的理性行动导致集体的非理性行为引起或加剧了农村环境问题,并总结出农民行动具有三方面的社会特征。第三部分则是对A、B两村的组织资源进行分析。从农民个体理性行动导致集体非理性行为的影响因素来看,要实现农民环境保护,解决农村的环境问题应该从有效的社会控制层面入手。九井乡可以充分利用其良好的组织资源对农民进行社会控制。良好的组织资源包括政治精英个人魅力型与法理型权威的混合,村委会对村务的有效管理和致密的村民关系网络。虽然目前良好的组织资源在对农民环境破坏行为的进行有效控制方面并没有充分发挥作用,但其为将制度因素引入环境保护和进行有效的社会控制提供了广阔的空间和可能性。第四部分则是从将农民理性嵌入到处理其与环境关系之中,依据选择性激励机制对村干部的工作和农民的环境保护和破坏行为进行控制,充分利用村民关系网这一社会资本对农民的环境破坏行为进行制约等方面提出解决农村环境问题路径。
Referring to Chinese current rural environmental protection, the famers have the closest relation with the rural ecological environment, so to a large extent the actions taken by them will affect the resolution to the rural environmental problems and environmental protection. Though investigation , the author find that it is actually ture, why do famers damage the environment? How to utilize current authority resource to control fammers’destructive behaviour?
Based on the logic of famers’actions in Jiujing town on farmland, water, fertilizers, pesticides and pollution of the living environment issues, this paper takes demonstration investigation to study those environmental problems from the relationship between farmers’individual ration and collective non-ration. Draw on relevant collective action theory on how to step out the plight of collective action, this paper analyzes the organization resources which can influence the farmers’action logic. On this basis , exploring the fully utilized organization resources to make sure that the existing environmental rugulations will play an effective role, which will lead to step out of collective action dilemma in rural environmental protection.
The paper contain four aspects as following , firstly, through the gradual study on performances and incentives of farmers in Jiujing town during the process of polluting land, water, fertilizers, pesticides and living environment, it points out that the rational actions of individual farmers lead to the irrational collective behavior, which caused or exacerbated the rural environmental problems. Secondly, considering that the individual rational actions of farmers lead to non-rational collective behaviors, the rural environmental protection should start from the angle of social control. The mixed bureaucracy of charisma and legal authority of political, village committee’s effective management and the close network of villagers have an important impact on farmers’logic of action. As much as the current social control in Jiujing town, it has a good organizational foundation to carry out environmental protection, and it also provides effective social control over the villagers. Thirdly, even though such a good organization foundation does not work effectively in controlling farmers’ environmental destructive behaviour, it provides a broader space for introducing the environmental systm into the social control over the rural environmental protection. Therefore, it urgently needs to take effective approach to make fully use of the existing organization foundation to achieve farmers’collective action in environmental protection. Finally, through embedding farmers’ration when dealing with the relationship of farmers and the environment, basing on selective incentive mechanism to check the work of village cadres in environmental protection and to control farmers’envirionmental destructive action, and making full use of villagers’network, which belongs to the social capital, to control farmers’envirionmental destructive action, this paper proposes some solutions to rural environmental problems.
引文
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2查尔斯·哈柏.肖晨阳等译.环境与社会——环境问题中的人文视野.天津人民出版社, 1998:334~335
3 O. P.德怀维迪.政治科学与环境问题.国际社科杂志. 1987, (3):56
4艾伦·杜宁.多少算够.吉林人民出版社, 1997:107
5巴里·康芒纳.封闭的循环——自然、人和技术.吉林人民出版社, 1997:156
6捷尔吉·塞尔.技术、生产、消费与社会.国际社科杂志. 1995, (2):38
7 Susan L. Cutter, Danika Holm, Lloyd Clark. The Role of Geographic Scale in Monitoring Environmental Justics. Risk Anylysis. 1996, (4):516~526
8周茂荣,聂文星.国外关于世界环境组织的研究.国外社会科学. 2004, (1):39~40
9洪大用.社会变迁与环境问题.首都师范大学出版社, 2001:3
10洪大用.试论环境问题及其社会学的阐释模式.中国人民大学报. 2002, (5):58
11洪大用.当代中国社会转型与环境问题——一个初步的分析框架.东南学术. 2000, (5):83
12洪大用.当代中国环境问题的八大社会特征.教学与研究. 1999, (8):16
13崔凤,唐国建.个体的外部性行为与社会代价——从个体行为的视角透视环境问题.华东理工大学学报. 2003, (4):35~38
14吉钠娜.环境问题的制度原因初探.理论月刊. 2006, (10):117
15刘源.文化生存与生态保护:以长江源头唐乡为例.广西民族大学学报. 2004, (4):52
16陈阿江.水域污染的社会学解释:东村个案研究.南京师范大学学报. 2000, (1):26
17 Michael Webber, Mark Wang, Brian Finlayson, Jon Barnett. Rural Industries and Water Pollution in China. Journal of Environmental Management. 2008, (86):648~659
18 Huib Hengsdijk, Wang Guangbuo, Marrit M. Van den Berg, Wang jiangdi, JoostWolf, Lu Changhe, Reimund P. Roetter, Herman Van Keulen. Poverty and Biodiversity Trade-offs in Rural Development: A case study for Pujiang country, China. Agricultural Systems. 2007, (94):851~861
19 Maciej Dzikiewicz. Activities in Nonpoint Pollution Control in Rural Areas of Poland. Ecological Engineering. 2000, (14):429
20洪大用.我国城乡二元控制体系与环境问题.中国人民大学学报. 2000, (1):62~65
21洪大用.二元社会结构的再生产——中国农村面源污染的社会学分析.社会学研究. 2004, (4):1~6
22 Vladimir Lnovotny, Harvey Olem. Water Quality: Prevention, Identification and Management of Diffuse Pollution. Newyork Van Nastrand Reinhold Company, 1993:5~6
23荀彦平,张有贤.对当前农村环境问题的深入研究.农业环境与发展.2006, (4):40~41
24赫晓霞,栾胜基.农户经济行为与农村环境变迁的响应关系研究.中国环境保护优秀论文集, 2005:2307
25喻萍.中国:有待农民生态环境意识的觉醒——江汉平原农户生态环境意识调查.调研世界. 2000, (2):29
26徐慧清.试析环境污染背景下的农村社会关系.济南大学学报. 2006, (3) :78~79
27 Mancur Olosn. The Logic of Collective Action. Harvard University Press, 1965: 89
28科尔曼.社会理论的基础.邓方译.社会科学文献出版社, 1990: 19~20 82 354~372,
29 Stevens Joe B. The Economics of Collective Choice. Westview Press, 1993:72
30 Ostrom, Elinor. A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action. American Political Science Review. 1998, (92):1~22
31 Todd Sandler. Collective Action. The Michigan University Press, 1992:3
32 Mancur Olosn. Increase the Incentives for International Cooperationss. International Organization. 1971, (4):873
33 Pamela E. Oliver. Formal Models of Collective Action. Annual Review of Sociology. 1993, (19):271~300
34 Norman Frohlich, Joe Oppenheimer. I Get by with a Little Help from my Friends.World Politics. 1970, (1):117
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