阳泉煤矿开采的景观生态效应和生态修复研究
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摘要
阳泉煤矿区位于山西省阳泉市,是全国最大的无烟煤生产基地。煤炭开采给当地带来了严重的生态影响和环境破坏。为合理开发利用煤炭资源,保护煤矿区的生态和环境,当地正在开展以煤矸石山修复为重点的煤矿区生态和环境综合治理工作。但由于对煤炭开采的区域生态效应缺乏宏观认识,修复过程中对区域整体生态保护的考虑不足,在实际的修复工程中也缺乏技术方案的支持,存在耗资巨大,效果不佳等问题,亟须开展相应的研究工作。
本论文通过野外考察和遥感分析,对阳泉煤矿区1976年到2008年的煤矿矿地及其周边景观进行识别。利用3S技术,从土地资源,敏感景观的空间分布格局,植被指数和热岛效应强度的变化等角度分析了煤炭开采对区域生态的宏观影响。在此基础上对阳泉煤矿区的生态修复和保护进行了优先次序的空间分级。并通过试点研究,设计煤矸石山生态修复的技术方案。
结果表明:(1)多源多时相的遥感分析可以实现不同时期的区域景观分类,获取煤矿区的历史和现状信息。研究时段内,阳泉煤矿区的矿地面积持续增加,分布范围扩大,主要集中在区域中部和偏西部。当地的农田面积持续减少;林地面积先减后增,主要分布在西北、西南和东部山区;草地面积则先增后减,林地和草地的总面积基本保持稳定。(2)矿地与建设用地的空间距离越来越小,2000年后裸地在矿地周边集中,开矿对生态的影响显著增大。越靠近矿地,植被指数越低,热岛效应越强,矿地周边500m内植被受影响较大,热岛效应的影响范围达900m以上。(3)阳泉煤矿区中央偏西部地区需要优先进行生态修复,而中部矿区的修复可在条件充分时再进行。煤矸石山覆土可有效降低环境温度,但湿度依然较低。刺槐、紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、藜、圆叶牵牛、狗尾草等适合作为阳泉煤矿区矸石山生态修复的植物物种。基于野外调查和试验,本论文设计出一套煤矸石山覆土-植被生态修复的方案,为矿区生态修复工作提供技术支持。
Locating in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, Yangquan Coal Mining Region is the largest production base of anthracite in China. Coal mining development has caused serious ecological effects and environmental destructions to the local area. With a view to rationally developing and utilizing the coal resources, and protecting the ecosystem and environment in the coal mining region, comprehensive ecological and environmental management project is ongoing to restore the ecosystems of coal gangue dumps. However, the restoration process is costly and inefficient, because of lacking restoration techniques and general understanding of the regional ecological effects caused by coal mining activities. Therefore, studies of ecological effects and ecological restoration should be carried out.
In this thesis, field survey and remote sensing analysis were used, in order to identify coal mining sites and provide landscape classification maps from 1976 to 2008 of the studied area. 3S techniques were further applied for studying changes of land resources, sensitive landscape distribution, vegetation index and heat-island intensity, which typified the macro influences of coal mining activities to the surrounding area. Based on the conclusion of the spatial analysis, the whole studied area was classified into different sections according to its priority of ecological restoration and protection. And the process and techniques for restoring the coal gangue dump at the experimental unit were studied for developing a technical scheme.
Results showed that, (1) Multi-source and multi-temporal remote sensing analysis could provide regional landscape classification information of different times. Through the studied period, coal mining sites spreaded wider as its area gradually increased, mainly located in the middle part of the region. However, the area of farmland continuously decreased. The area of forest had the tendency from reduction to augmentation, but the area of grassland developed from augmentation to reduction. The total area of forest and grassland was stable while the areas of forest or grassland changes. Only mountainous districts in the northwest, southwest and the east maintain forest landscape during the whole studied period. (2) The distance between coal mining sites and building landscapes decreased, and bare land centralized around the coal mining sites since 2000. The ecological impact of coal mining activities became more serious. As the distance from coal mining sites decreased, vegetation index value decreased, while the heat-island effect became greater. The range of vegetation deterioration is about 500m, and the heat-island effect could be observed 900m away from coal mining sites. (3) The priority strategy analysis showed that the western side of the central area should be restored first. The coal mining sites in the middle part of the region need to be restored, but not as urgent as those at the western side of the central area. Covering a coal gangue dump with soil could bring down temperature but not increase humidity. Plant species such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Medicago sativa, Astragalus adsurgens, Chenopodium album, Pharbitis purpurea, Setaria viridis, etc, were found suitable to help restoring the coal gangue dumps. With all the knowledge gained from surveys and field tests, a specific technical scheme for guiding coal gangue dump restoration was designed.
本论文通过野外考察和遥感分析,对阳泉煤矿区1976年到2008年的煤矿矿地及其周边景观进行识别。利用3S技术,从土地资源,敏感景观的空间分布格局,植被指数和热岛效应强度的变化等角度分析了煤炭开采对区域生态的宏观影响。在此基础上对阳泉煤矿区的生态修复和保护进行了优先次序的空间分级。并通过试点研究,设计煤矸石山生态修复的技术方案。
结果表明:(1)多源多时相的遥感分析可以实现不同时期的区域景观分类,获取煤矿区的历史和现状信息。研究时段内,阳泉煤矿区的矿地面积持续增加,分布范围扩大,主要集中在区域中部和偏西部。当地的农田面积持续减少;林地面积先减后增,主要分布在西北、西南和东部山区;草地面积则先增后减,林地和草地的总面积基本保持稳定。(2)矿地与建设用地的空间距离越来越小,2000年后裸地在矿地周边集中,开矿对生态的影响显著增大。越靠近矿地,植被指数越低,热岛效应越强,矿地周边500m内植被受影响较大,热岛效应的影响范围达900m以上。(3)阳泉煤矿区中央偏西部地区需要优先进行生态修复,而中部矿区的修复可在条件充分时再进行。煤矸石山覆土可有效降低环境温度,但湿度依然较低。刺槐、紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、藜、圆叶牵牛、狗尾草等适合作为阳泉煤矿区矸石山生态修复的植物物种。基于野外调查和试验,本论文设计出一套煤矸石山覆土-植被生态修复的方案,为矿区生态修复工作提供技术支持。
Locating in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, Yangquan Coal Mining Region is the largest production base of anthracite in China. Coal mining development has caused serious ecological effects and environmental destructions to the local area. With a view to rationally developing and utilizing the coal resources, and protecting the ecosystem and environment in the coal mining region, comprehensive ecological and environmental management project is ongoing to restore the ecosystems of coal gangue dumps. However, the restoration process is costly and inefficient, because of lacking restoration techniques and general understanding of the regional ecological effects caused by coal mining activities. Therefore, studies of ecological effects and ecological restoration should be carried out.
In this thesis, field survey and remote sensing analysis were used, in order to identify coal mining sites and provide landscape classification maps from 1976 to 2008 of the studied area. 3S techniques were further applied for studying changes of land resources, sensitive landscape distribution, vegetation index and heat-island intensity, which typified the macro influences of coal mining activities to the surrounding area. Based on the conclusion of the spatial analysis, the whole studied area was classified into different sections according to its priority of ecological restoration and protection. And the process and techniques for restoring the coal gangue dump at the experimental unit were studied for developing a technical scheme.
Results showed that, (1) Multi-source and multi-temporal remote sensing analysis could provide regional landscape classification information of different times. Through the studied period, coal mining sites spreaded wider as its area gradually increased, mainly located in the middle part of the region. However, the area of farmland continuously decreased. The area of forest had the tendency from reduction to augmentation, but the area of grassland developed from augmentation to reduction. The total area of forest and grassland was stable while the areas of forest or grassland changes. Only mountainous districts in the northwest, southwest and the east maintain forest landscape during the whole studied period. (2) The distance between coal mining sites and building landscapes decreased, and bare land centralized around the coal mining sites since 2000. The ecological impact of coal mining activities became more serious. As the distance from coal mining sites decreased, vegetation index value decreased, while the heat-island effect became greater. The range of vegetation deterioration is about 500m, and the heat-island effect could be observed 900m away from coal mining sites. (3) The priority strategy analysis showed that the western side of the central area should be restored first. The coal mining sites in the middle part of the region need to be restored, but not as urgent as those at the western side of the central area. Covering a coal gangue dump with soil could bring down temperature but not increase humidity. Plant species such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Medicago sativa, Astragalus adsurgens, Chenopodium album, Pharbitis purpurea, Setaria viridis, etc, were found suitable to help restoring the coal gangue dumps. With all the knowledge gained from surveys and field tests, a specific technical scheme for guiding coal gangue dump restoration was designed.
引文
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