牧区草地生态足迹研究
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摘要
生态足迹法是近年来出现的一种直观而综合评价可持续发展的新方法。该方法以其理论新颖,概念清晰,内涵丰富,且计算方法简便易懂而受到越来越多学者的关注,但它本身仍存在某些不足,如采用的转换因子缺乏区域差异性。
本文以生态足迹理论和草地生态学为基础,以内蒙古正蓝旗典型牧区草地为研究对象,应用生态足迹法、“3S”技术及实地调研等方法,开展乡(苏木)尺度生态足迹时空变化的定量研究,对通用的产量因子进行调整,以弥补固定转换因子本身的不足,提高了该模型的区域适合度。在此基础上,计算分析了2000～2007年正蓝旗草地生态足迹、生态承载力以及生态赤字,并从自然因素和人文因素的角度,对正蓝旗牧区草地生态足迹动态变化原因进行了广泛而深入的研究。主要研究结果如下:
1.生态足迹模型的参数调整
根据当地放牧系统和草地生态系统的特点,利用TM遥感数据和野外实测数据,参考生态足迹模型的含义、计算公式,建立拟合精度较高的遥感估产模型,并以该模型为基础将固定的产量因子优化为能反映当地实际生态承载力的动态参数。经验证,优化后的产量因子与研究区自然地理特征相吻合。
2.正蓝旗牧区草地生态足迹实证分析
利用优化后的生态足迹模型,对正蓝旗牧区草地生态足迹进行测算分析。结果表明:全旗草地总生态足迹由2000年的112.77万hm~2减少到2007年的84.85万hm~2,净减少27.92万hm~2,呈减少趋势。各地区总生态足迹具有空间差异性、不平衡性,变化幅度大等特点。草地生态承载力总量由2000年22.70万hm~2增加到2007年的25.57万hm~2,增长幅度达到12.64%,呈上升趋势。各地区总生态承载力具有空间差异性、不平衡性,变化幅度较小等特点。研究时段内,牧区草地生态赤字虽具有减少趋势,但仍然存在较大的生态赤字。
3.正蓝旗牧区草地生态足迹动态变化原因分析
(1)正蓝旗畜牧业生产系统的产业化、市场化水平的不断提高,农牧民收入来源的多元化以及土地利用类型的多样化是该地区牧区草地生态足迹需求减少的主要原因;
(2)在短期内,人文因素是草地生态承载力变化的直接影响因子。2000年开始的正蓝旗生态环境建设工程,是改善研究区日益恶化的草地生态环境的主要原因。气候变化是该地区草地生态承载力变化的背景条件。近年来,该地区降水量季节分配率越来越接近于植被生长期的需水规律,并且气温有所升高,这些变化均有利于牧草的生长,即有利于草地生态承载力的提高;
(3)该地区人口基数大,经济落后,生活贫困,对外贸易水平及城镇化水平较低等是当地依然存在巨大生态赤字的主要原因。
The Ecological Footprint theory (EF theory) is a newly occurred and synthesize method of assessing the sustainable development . The method gets more and more attention of the scholar for it has many advantages : it has new and unique idea, clear conception and simple computational procedure , however, this method has its own disadvantages , such as its conversion factor is lack of regional difference.
Based on the theory of EF and grassland ecology, the paper is combining to the technique of "3S" and the field research,applying the EF theory, setting a township as a unit,this paper is carrying out a research on the temporal and spatial change of the Ecology Footprint. Then adjusted the current yield factor to make up the weak point to promote the model's suitability to the study area- the typical grassland of Zheng Lan Banner.On that basis,this paper calculates and analyzes the Ecology Footprint, Ecological Capacity, and the deficit of the Ecological Footprint during 2000—2007 in the study area. Then considering the anthropogenic factors and natural factors on the grassland of the Zheng LanBanner, to show the reason of Ecological Footprint's change.
The conclusions are as follows:
1. The adjustment of the Ecological Footprint model parameter Based on the meaning of the EF model, computing formula,and the feature of the local graze system and the ecology of the local grassland ,adopting the remote sensing image - TM image and the data of field research,established a high precision yield estimation model. This adjustment can turn the static model to the model which can response dynamic change. With the intensive study,we can see the optimized yield factor of the small region is closely meet to the geographic entity.
2. The positive analysis of the Ecological Footprint of the Zheng LanBanner grassland
During the ecological construction, we used the optimized Ecological Footprint model to analyze the Blue Banner grassland ecology ,the result shows that : during 2000-2007 ,the Ecological Footprint of the whole banner's grassland was on a reducing trend ,from 1.12M hm~2 in 2000 to 0.84M hm~2 in 2007,decreased by 0.27M hm~2.The Ecological Footprint change of each administrative district has the features as otherness ,unbalancedness in space-time, and the range of variation is obvious. The grassland's Ecological capacity is increasing year by year,which is from 0.23M hm~2 in 2000 to 0.26M hm~2 in 2007 .The rate of increase even has reached to 12.66%. The character of the change meets to the one of the Ecological Footprint. The ecological deficit is still comparatively large,however, it has a trend to reduce.
3. The analysis on the reason of the Ecological Footprint's change in Zheng LanBanner
(1) The main reason of the Ecological Footprint's reduce in Zheng LanBanner is due to the following factors: the increase of industrialization and marketization in the Zheng LanBanner's animal husbandry product system , the pluralism of revenue sources of farmers and herdsmen ,and the use of land is changed from the usage of grassland to the usage of the forest ,farmland etc.
(2) The change of Ecological capacity in a short time is affected by the anthropogenic factors. Since the 2000, Zheng LanBanner has begun the project of ecological construction which has saved the increasingly worsened environment . The climatic change is the background of the change of the Ecological Capacity. Precipitation and the needs of the plant's growth become more and more closely, and the temperature is rising,and all these changes are favorable for the plants .
(3)In this area, the basic number of population is large, the economy is underdeveloped, and people's living standard is low. Moreover, the standard of the foreign trade and the levels of urbanization is still very low. That is the main reason why the ecological deficit is still so large.
本文以生态足迹理论和草地生态学为基础,以内蒙古正蓝旗典型牧区草地为研究对象,应用生态足迹法、“3S”技术及实地调研等方法,开展乡(苏木)尺度生态足迹时空变化的定量研究,对通用的产量因子进行调整,以弥补固定转换因子本身的不足,提高了该模型的区域适合度。在此基础上,计算分析了2000～2007年正蓝旗草地生态足迹、生态承载力以及生态赤字,并从自然因素和人文因素的角度,对正蓝旗牧区草地生态足迹动态变化原因进行了广泛而深入的研究。主要研究结果如下:
1.生态足迹模型的参数调整
根据当地放牧系统和草地生态系统的特点,利用TM遥感数据和野外实测数据,参考生态足迹模型的含义、计算公式,建立拟合精度较高的遥感估产模型,并以该模型为基础将固定的产量因子优化为能反映当地实际生态承载力的动态参数。经验证,优化后的产量因子与研究区自然地理特征相吻合。
2.正蓝旗牧区草地生态足迹实证分析
利用优化后的生态足迹模型,对正蓝旗牧区草地生态足迹进行测算分析。结果表明:全旗草地总生态足迹由2000年的112.77万hm~2减少到2007年的84.85万hm~2,净减少27.92万hm~2,呈减少趋势。各地区总生态足迹具有空间差异性、不平衡性,变化幅度大等特点。草地生态承载力总量由2000年22.70万hm~2增加到2007年的25.57万hm~2,增长幅度达到12.64%,呈上升趋势。各地区总生态承载力具有空间差异性、不平衡性,变化幅度较小等特点。研究时段内,牧区草地生态赤字虽具有减少趋势,但仍然存在较大的生态赤字。
3.正蓝旗牧区草地生态足迹动态变化原因分析
(1)正蓝旗畜牧业生产系统的产业化、市场化水平的不断提高,农牧民收入来源的多元化以及土地利用类型的多样化是该地区牧区草地生态足迹需求减少的主要原因;
(2)在短期内,人文因素是草地生态承载力变化的直接影响因子。2000年开始的正蓝旗生态环境建设工程,是改善研究区日益恶化的草地生态环境的主要原因。气候变化是该地区草地生态承载力变化的背景条件。近年来,该地区降水量季节分配率越来越接近于植被生长期的需水规律,并且气温有所升高,这些变化均有利于牧草的生长,即有利于草地生态承载力的提高;
(3)该地区人口基数大,经济落后,生活贫困,对外贸易水平及城镇化水平较低等是当地依然存在巨大生态赤字的主要原因。
The Ecological Footprint theory (EF theory) is a newly occurred and synthesize method of assessing the sustainable development . The method gets more and more attention of the scholar for it has many advantages : it has new and unique idea, clear conception and simple computational procedure , however, this method has its own disadvantages , such as its conversion factor is lack of regional difference.
Based on the theory of EF and grassland ecology, the paper is combining to the technique of "3S" and the field research,applying the EF theory, setting a township as a unit,this paper is carrying out a research on the temporal and spatial change of the Ecology Footprint. Then adjusted the current yield factor to make up the weak point to promote the model's suitability to the study area- the typical grassland of Zheng Lan Banner.On that basis,this paper calculates and analyzes the Ecology Footprint, Ecological Capacity, and the deficit of the Ecological Footprint during 2000—2007 in the study area. Then considering the anthropogenic factors and natural factors on the grassland of the Zheng LanBanner, to show the reason of Ecological Footprint's change.
The conclusions are as follows:
1. The adjustment of the Ecological Footprint model parameter Based on the meaning of the EF model, computing formula,and the feature of the local graze system and the ecology of the local grassland ,adopting the remote sensing image - TM image and the data of field research,established a high precision yield estimation model. This adjustment can turn the static model to the model which can response dynamic change. With the intensive study,we can see the optimized yield factor of the small region is closely meet to the geographic entity.
2. The positive analysis of the Ecological Footprint of the Zheng LanBanner grassland
During the ecological construction, we used the optimized Ecological Footprint model to analyze the Blue Banner grassland ecology ,the result shows that : during 2000-2007 ,the Ecological Footprint of the whole banner's grassland was on a reducing trend ,from 1.12M hm~2 in 2000 to 0.84M hm~2 in 2007,decreased by 0.27M hm~2.The Ecological Footprint change of each administrative district has the features as otherness ,unbalancedness in space-time, and the range of variation is obvious. The grassland's Ecological capacity is increasing year by year,which is from 0.23M hm~2 in 2000 to 0.26M hm~2 in 2007 .The rate of increase even has reached to 12.66%. The character of the change meets to the one of the Ecological Footprint. The ecological deficit is still comparatively large,however, it has a trend to reduce.
3. The analysis on the reason of the Ecological Footprint's change in Zheng LanBanner
(1) The main reason of the Ecological Footprint's reduce in Zheng LanBanner is due to the following factors: the increase of industrialization and marketization in the Zheng LanBanner's animal husbandry product system , the pluralism of revenue sources of farmers and herdsmen ,and the use of land is changed from the usage of grassland to the usage of the forest ,farmland etc.
(2) The change of Ecological capacity in a short time is affected by the anthropogenic factors. Since the 2000, Zheng LanBanner has begun the project of ecological construction which has saved the increasingly worsened environment . The climatic change is the background of the change of the Ecological Capacity. Precipitation and the needs of the plant's growth become more and more closely, and the temperature is rising,and all these changes are favorable for the plants .
(3)In this area, the basic number of population is large, the economy is underdeveloped, and people's living standard is low. Moreover, the standard of the foreign trade and the levels of urbanization is still very low. That is the main reason why the ecological deficit is still so large.
引文
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