摘要
历史上,浙江省曾大量使用过已被禁的有机氯农药,如HCH、DDT。直到最近几年,在某些茶区,有机氯农药硫丹仍被大量使用。然而有关浙江省土壤环境中残留有机氯农药的量,很难在公开的文献中查到,这对评估残留有机氯农药的环境安全带来了很大的困难。即使有一些环境介质中有机氯农药的调查,但也只是局限于外消旋的有机氯农药,对于手性有机氯农药的研究是没有的。本研究既在外消旋的基础上调查有机氯的浓度,也在手性的基础上研究其降解情况。结果发现浙江省中有机氯的污染不是很严重,在EF值上研究手性降解,结果发现其EF值基本偏离0.5。浙江省各种有机氯农药的浓度情况是DDTs>HCHs>硫丹>其他分析的痕量有机氯农药,含量情况基本与历史上的使用以及他们的理化性质是项符合的。多数有机氯农药的浓度呈对数正态分布,空间分布趋势显示有机氯农药浓度在山区相对较高,而在平原地区有机氯浓度相对较低,除了有机氯农药的用量和特性外,气候条件、地形地貌也同样对于有机氯农药的降解分布起到至关重要的作用。α-HCH与γ-HCH残留浓度的线性关系可以反映出γ-HCH到α-HCH的转化进程,这与浙江省该地区长期处于厌氧条件是有关系的,因为DDT的残留与o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT的比值存在线性关系,所以有三氯杀螨醇的输入,DDT的残留与o,p′-DDT的DEVrac(EF减去0.5的绝对值)值不存在线性关系。同分异构体的比率和对映体分数可以判断该地区的污染源是近期输入还是历史残留,在本实验中我们发现了TOC和生物有机碳的含量与HCHs和DDTs的含量存在一定的关系,同时还发现EF值和土壤的理化性质存在一定联系。
HCHs在所有46个样品中的残留量变化范围是0-50.56μg/kg。除了杭州的一个样品外每个样品中的浓度值都小于50μg/kg的HCHs土壤环境质量一级标准(GB 15618-1995),DDTs在46个样品中的变化范围是3.27-529.08μg/kg,平均值为34.41μg/kg,46个样品中有2个样品(HZ10和JH 2)超过500μg/kg的DDTs土壤环境质量二级标准(GB 15618-1995),46个样品中只有3个样品检测出七氯,13个样品检测出环氧七氯(0.21-3.25μg/kg),艾氏剂和狄氏剂分别由19和18个样品中检测出来,浓度范围分别是0.13-28.61μg/kg和0.90-17.55μg/kg,硫丹的检出率偏高,达到70%,浓度变化范围是0.52-39.43μg/kg。
Large quantities of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) were historically and currently introduced into soils of Zhejiang,yet very limited information is publicly available for the present level of OCPs in the district.Past studies revealed that residues of chiral OCPs in soils were generally nonracemic.This work found the pollution level of OCPs in Zhejiang was moderate and enantiomeric fraction(EF) of chiral OCPs in nearly all samples significantly deviated from 0.5 at the present.The order of residue level and detectable ratio of OCPs is DDT>HCH>Endosulfans>any one of other target OCPs,this linked with the usage and characteristics of OCPs.Residues of most of OCPs and were log-normally distributed.The spatial distribution showed that the residues in soils from mountain area were always higher than those in soils from plain in the same district.Besides usage and characteristics of OCPs,land use,climate conditions,and topography were also important factors which affect spatial distribution of OCPs.A significantly positive correlation between residues ofα-HCH andγ-HCH implied transformation fromγ-HCH toα-HCH in the region,this is consistent with the fact that soils in Zhejiang was under anaerobic conditions in most of times.Since a new input of dicolof-type DDT occurred in the region,the residues of DDT was positively and negatively correlated with the ratio of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT and DEVrac of o,p'-DDT(defined as absolute value of EF subtracted from 0.5),respectively.The combination of isomeric and enantiomeric ratio is thus useful tool to identity "new" or "old" source.It is interesting to note that residues of HCH and DDT were significantly correlated with TOC and biomass of soils,respectively,and significant correlation between EF and properties of soils was also observed in this study.The two characteristics, significant correlation between residues of OCPs and TOC or biomass and derivation of all chiral OCPs from racemic,made the contamination of OCPs in Zhejiang be different that in previously studied regions, indicated the contamination is complex and should be received more concern in future.
The residues of total HCHs in agriculture soils ranged from nondetectable to 50.56μg/kg.The levels of HCHs in all samples were lower than the first grade of guidelines of "Environmental Quality Standard for Soils in China(GB15618-1995)(50μg/kg),except HZ 10 Levels for DDTs in this study ranged from 3.27 to 529.08μg/kg with a geometric mean(GM) of 34.41μg/kg,Of the 46 soils analyzed in this study,two soils(HZ10 and JH 2) had levels of DDTs above 500μg/kg which is the maximum permitted concentration of DDTs in agriculture soils(the second grade of GB15618-1995,China).Residue of HEPT were above LOQ in only 3 of soils.HEPX had a higher detection ratio than HEPT and was found in 13 samples with levels ranging from 0.21 to 3.25μg/kg,aldrin and dieldrin were detected in 8 and 18 samples, respevtively,TC and CC had nearly similar detection frequence and were found in 19 and 18 of the soils analyzed with the concentration range of 0.13-28.61μg/kg and 0.90-17.55μg/kg,respectively,endosulfans had wider distribution than the other 6 OCPs in soils with a detection ratio of 70%and levels range of 0.52-39.43μg/kg.
引文
[1]金相灿.有机化合物污染化学—有毒有机物污染化学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1990.
[2]Daly,G.L.;Lei,Y.D.;Teixeira,C.;Muir,D.C.G.;Castillo,L.E.;Jantunen,L.M.M.;Wania,F.Organochlorine pesticides in the soils and atmosphere of Costa Rica.Environ.Sci.Technol.2007,41,1124-1130.
[3]Lie,E.;Bernhoft,A.;Riget,F.;Belikov,S.E.;Boltunov,A.N.;Derocher,A.E.;Garner,G.W.;Wiig,O.;Skaare,J.U.Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in polar bears(Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic.Sci.Total Environ.2003,306,159-170.
[4]Bishop,C.A.;Rouse,J.D.Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plasma and the embryonic development in Lake Erie water snakes(Nerodia sipedon insularum) from Pelee Island,Ontario,Canada(1999).Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.2006,51,452-457.
[5]Shaw,S.D.;Brenner,D.;Berger,M.L.;Carpenter,D.O.;Hong,C.S.;Kannan,K.PCBs,PCDD/Fs,and organochlorine pesticides in fanned Atlantic salmon from Maine,eastern Canada,and Norway,and wild salmon from Alaska.Environ.Sci.Technol.2006,40,5347-5354.
[6]Furst,P.;Furst,C.;Wilmers,K.Human-Milk as a Bioindicator for Body Burden of Pcdds,Pcdfs,Organochlorine Pesticides,and Pcbs.Environmental Health Perspectives 1994,102,187-193.
[7]Newsome,W.H.;Davies,D.;Doucet,J.Peb and Organochlorine Pesticides in Canadian Human-Milk-1992.Chemosphere 1995,30,2143-2153.
[8]Shen,L.;Wania,F.;Lei,Y.D.;Teixeira,C.;Muir,D.C.G.;Bidlernan,T.F.Atmospheric distribution and long-range transport behavior of organochlorine pesticides in north America.Environ.Sci.Technol.2005,39,409-420.
[9]Jaward,F.M.;Farrar,N.J.;Harner,T.;Sweetman,A.J.;Jones,K.C.Passive air sampling of PCBs,PBDEs,and organochlorine pesticides across Europe.Environ.Sci.Technol.2004,38,34-41.
[10]Ruzickova,P.;Klanova,J.;Cupr,P.;Lammel,G.;Holoubek,I.An assessment of air-soil exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides across Central and Southern Europe.Environ.Sci.Technol.2008,42,179-185.
[11]Li,Y.F.;Macdonald,R.W.Sources and pathways of selected organochlorine pesticides to the Arctic and the effect of pathway divergence on HCH trends in biota:a review.Sci.Total Environ.2005,342,87-106.
[12]Bailey,R.;Barrie,L.A.;Halsall,C.J.;Fellin,P.;Muir,D.C.G.Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides in the western Canadian Arctic:Evidence of transpacific transport.J.Geophys.Res-Atmos.2000,105,11805-11811.
[13]Allen-Gil,S.M.;Gubala,C.P.;Wilson,R.;Lenders,D.H.;Wade,T.L.;Sericano,J.L.;Curtis,L.R.Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls[PCBs]in sediments and biota from four US Arctic lakes.Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.1997,33,378-387.
[14]Choi,S.D.;Back,S.Y.;Chang,Y.S.;Wania,F.;Ikonomou,M.G.;Yoon,Y.J.;Park,B.K.;Hong,S.Passive air sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides at the Korean Arctic and Antarctic research stations:Implications for long-range transport and local pollution.Environ.Sci.Technol.2008,42,7125-7131.
[15]Zhang,G.;Parker,A.;House,A.;Mai,B.X.;Li,X.D.;Kang,Y.H.;Wang,Z.S.Sedimentary records of DDT and HCH in the Pearl River Delta,South China.Environ.Sci.Technol.2002,36,3671-3677.
[16]Qiu,X.H.;Zhu,T.;Jing,L.;Pan,H.S.;Li,Q.L.;Miao,G.F.;Gong,J.C.Organochlorine pesticides in the air around the Taihu Lake,China.Environ.Sci.Technol.2004,38,1368-1374.
[17]Wang,T.Y.;Lu,Y.L.;Zhang,H.;Shi,Y.J.Contamination of persistent organic pollutants [POPs]and relevant management in China.Environ.Int.2005,31,813-821.
[18]Wong,M.H.;Leung,A.O.W.;Chan,J.K.Y.;Choi,M.P.K.A review on the usage of POP pesticides in China,with emphasis on DDT loadings in human milk.Chemosphere 2005,60,740-752.
[19]李一凡,吴宏丽,贾宏亮.太湖流域有机氯农药[HCH、DDT]的生产、使用、残留状况及分析.http://www.china-pops.net/yjnew_view.asp?id=31.2008.4.10
[20]Bidleman,T.F.;Harrier,T.;Wiberg,K.;Wideman,J.L.;Brice,K.;Su,K.;Falconer,R.L.;Aigner,E.J.;Leone,A.D.;Ridal,J.J.;Kerman,B.;Finizio,A.;Alegria,H.;Parkhurst,W.J.; Szeto,S.Y.Chirai pesticides as tracers of air-surface exchange.Environ.Pollut.1998,102,43-49.
[21]Ali,I.;Gupta,V.K.;Aboul-Enein,H.Y.Chirality:A challenge for the environmental scientists.Curr.Sci.2003,84,152-156.
[22]Bidleman,T.F.,RL.;Using enantiomers to trace pesticide emission.Environ.Sci.Technol.1999,33,4.
[22]Seheyer,A.;Graeff,C.;Morville,S.;Mirabel,P.;Millet,M.Analysis of some organochlorine pesticides in an urban atmosphere[Strasbourg,east of France].Chemosphere 2005,58,1517-1524.
[23]安琼,陈祖义.氟乐灵在土壤中的结合残留及其对作物的影响[J].环境科学学报,1993.13.[3].296-303
[24]郭明,许禄.酚类化合物的QSAR研究[J].环境科学学报.1998.3.18[2]:321-621
[25]刘振声,林海波.DDT在土壤和农业生态系统中的行为研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版.1994.33.(4):97-102
[26]SAMUEL.T,AGARWAL.H,C,PILLAI M.K.K.Persistence and binding of DDT and gamma-HCH in a sandy loam soil under field conditions in Delhi,India[J].Pesticide science 1988,22.(1):1-15.
[27]郑重.农药的微生物降解[J].环境科学,1990.11(2):68-72
[28]虞云龙,樊德方,陈鹤鑫.农药微生物降解的研究现状与发展策略[J].环境科学进展.1996,4(3):29-36
[29]龚平.多效哇的土壤微生物生态效应[J],环境科学.1996.17(4):36-38
[30]Guenzi WD,Beard WE.Anaerobic conversion of DDT to DDD and aerobic stability of DDT in soil[J].Soil Science Society Of America Journal.1968,32:522-524
[31]朱忠林,向锋,蒋新明.涕灭威在土壤中残留与移动行为的动态模拟[J]环境污染与防治.1994,16(6):1-5
[32]贾玉霞,史宝成.沈阳市农田土壤农药残留水平.[J].农村生态环境,1996.12(4):58-60
[33]仲夏,索丽外,于风玲.沈阳市农田土壤农药残留水平[J].农场生态环境.1996,12(4):58-60
[34]高建力,乔世俊,赵爱萍.兰州市郊蔬菜基地土壤及蔬菜中有机农药污染现状调查[J].甘肃环境研究与监测.1996,9(4):44-45
[35]Trapp S,Matthies M,Scheunert I.Modeling the bioconcentration of organic chemicals in plants[J].Environ.Sci.Technol.1990.24(8):1246-11252
[36]赵玲,马永军.有机氯农药在农业环境中残留现状分析[J].农业环境与发展,2001,1:37-39
[37]M.L.Harris,J.E.Elliott.Reproductive success and chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in tree swallows(Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along rivers receiving pulp and paper mill effluent discharges[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,110(2):307-320
[38]Wu Ying,Zhang Jing,Zhou Qing;Persistent organochlorine residue s in sediments from Chinese river/estuary systems[J].Environmental Pollution,1999,105:143-150
[39]M.A.Fernandez,C.Alonso,et al.Occurrence of organochlorine insecticides PCOCs and P COCs congeners in water and sediments of the Ebro river(Spain)[J].chemosphere,1999,38(1):33-43
[40]张秀芳,全燮,陈景文等.辽河中下游水体中多氯有机物的残留调查[J].中国环境科学.2000,20(1):31-35
[41]李向力,李晶.超声波萃取一高效液相色谱法测定环境空气总悬浮颗粒物中的苯并(a)芘[J].环境保护科学.1999,25(1):38-40
[42]M.工.Venkatesan,R.P.de Leon,A.van Geen,et al.Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and polyehlorinated biphenyls in sediment cores from San Francisco Bay[J].Marine Chemistry.1999,64:85-97
[43]Brady B,Chien-Ping C Kao,Dooley K M,et al.Supercritical extraction of toxic organics from soils[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,1987,26(2):216-218
[44]Dooley K M,Ghonasgl D,Knopf FC.Supereritieal C0_2-eosolvent extraction of contaminated soils[J].Environmental Progress,1990,9(4):197-203
[45]于恩平,用超临界流体萃取方法处理多氯联苯污染物[J].北京化工学院学报.1994,21(4):11-18.
[46]F.l.0nuska,K.A.Terry.Extraction of Pesticides from Sediments Using a Microwave Technique[J].Chromatographia,1993,36:191-198
[47]S.Bengtsson,A.Ramberg.SPE of Pesticides from Surface Water Using Bulk Sorbents[J].Journal of Chromatographic Science 1995,33(10):554-556
[48]D.Barcelo.Environmental Protection Agency and other Methods For the Determination of Priority Pesticides and their Transformation Products in Water[J].Journal of Chromatographya,1993,643(1-2):117-143
[49]P.Bonifazi,E.Pierini,F.Bruner.SPE of PCB from Water Containing Humid Substances[J].Chromatographia,1997,44(11-12):595-600
[50]刘华峰,祁士华,苏秋克等.海南东寨港表层沉积物中有机氯农药的组成特征[J].中国环境科学 2007,27(1):97-101
[51]王玲玲,王潇磊,南淑清.ASE提取土壤中有机氯农药的方法研究[J],中国环境监测,2006,22(5):19-22
[52]M.工.Venkatesan,R.P.deLeon,A.van Geen,et al.Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment cores from San Francisco Bay[J].Marine Chemistry.1999,64:85-97
[53]Anna Sannino,Paola,Mambriani,MireIla,Brandini.Biosensors for Measuring Pesticide Residues in the Environment:Past,Present,and Future[J].The Journal of AOAC International,1996.79(6):1245-1254
[54]X.J iang,D.Martens,K.W.Schramm.Polychlorinated organic compounds(PCOCS) in waters,suspended solids and sediments of the Yangtze River[J].Chemosphere,2000,41:901-905
[55]曹学丽,姚渭溪.用正相高效液相色谱与气相色谱相结合分离多氯联苯和有机氯农药的方法研究[J].色谱,1994,12(6):401-403
[56]康跃惠,麦碧娴,黄秀娥等,珠江三角洲地区水体表层沉积物中有机污染状况初步研究[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(增刊):164-170
[57]许士奋,蒋新,冯建芳,查玉瑛.气相色谱法测定长江水体悬浮物和沉积物中有机氯农药的残留量[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):494-498
[58]赵云峰,陈建民,王绪卿.有机氯农药多残留GC—MS分析方法研究[J].卫生研究,1998,27(6):425-0428
[59]齐文启,孙宗光.痕量有机污染物的监测[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001
[60]H.Ft.Breasley.Development of a Panel of Immunoassays for MoniCoring DDT,Its Metabolites,and Ahalogues in food and Environmental Matrices[J].The Journal of Agricultural Food and Chemistry,1998,46:3339-3352
[61]史双昕,邵丁丁,黄业茹等.北京地区土壤中有机氯农药类POPs残留状况研究[J].环境科学研究,2002,20(1):24-29
[62]吕永龙,王铁宇,张红等.果园土壤有机氯农药残留的时间趋势研究[J].环境科学学报.2005,25(3):313-318
[63]Xiao-bai Xu,Xiang-ning Jiang,et al.Contamination of soils with organochlorine pesticides in urban parks in Beijing,China[J],Chemosphere,2008,(70):1660-1668
[64]朱雪梅,赵喜梅,韩兰香等.用加速溶剂提取仪提取污染土壤中的有机氯农药环[J].环境科学.2002,2(35):113-116
[65]史双昕,邵丁丁,周丽等.安徽省土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的残留状况研究[J].环境科学学报,2007.27(9):1534-1541
[66]葛成军,安琼,董元华等.南京地区土壤中有机氯农药残留及其分布特征[J].环境科学学报.2005,25(4):470-474
[67]JIANG Xin,BIAN Yong-rong,YAO Fen-xia,et al.Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region,China[J],Journal of Environmental Sciences.2007,(19):584-590
[68]邵学新,顾志权,严连香等.苏南典型地区土壤中有机氯农药残留的空间分布及来源分析[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报.2007,26(14):366-370
[69]杨国义,万开,高原雪等.广东省典型区域农业土壤中有机氯农药含量及其分布特征[J].农业环境科学学报.2007,26(5):1619-1623
[70]张天彬,饶勇,万洪富等.东莞市土壤中有机氯农药的含量及其组成[J],中国环境科学,2005,25(1):89-93
[71]刘丛强,梁小兵,汪福顺等.贵州红枫湖地区水稻土多氯联苯和有机氯农药的残留[J].环境科学,2007.28(2):255-260
[72]刘文杰,谢文明,杨永亮等.卧龙自然保护区土壤中有机氯农药的来源分析环[J].境科学研究.2007,20(6):27-32
[73]Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and water samples in the Northeastern part of S(?)o Paulo State,Brazil[J].Chemosphere.2006,65(11):1949-1958.
[74]Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus,Terry F.Bidleman,Ralf M.Staebler,and Kevin C.Jones Measurement of DDT Fluxes from a Historically Treated Agricultural Soil in Canada[J].Environ.Sci.Technol.2006,40(15):4578-4585
[75]ELIZABETH J.AIGNER,READ.LEONE,RENEEL.FALCONER.Concentrations and Enantiomeric Ratios of Organochlorine Pesticides in Soils from the U.S.Corn Belt[J].Environ.Sci.Technol.1998,(32):1162-1168
[76]王浩正,何孟常,郭伟等.松辽流域河流表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特[J].征应用生态 学报 2007,18(7):1523-1527
[77]刘现明,徐学仁,周传光等.大连湾沉积物中的有机氯农药和多氯联苯[J].海洋环境科学2001,20(4):40-44
[78]刘军,干爱华,丁辉等.大沽排污河表层沉积物中有机氯农药残留状况化[J].学工业与工程2006,23(4):365-369
[79]刘军,干爱华,丁辉,李鑫钢,沈伟然,孙贻超,邵晓龙等.海河干流、大沽排污河沉积物中有机氯农药的残留状况[J].环境污染与防治.2006,28(3):169-173
[80]Gui-bin Jiang,Rui-qiang Yang,Ai-hua Lv,The levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in sediments from the Haihe River,China[J].Chemosphere.2005,(61):347-354
[81]穆倩,祁士华,王君等.小海湾沉积物中有机氯农药的浓度水平和分布特征[J].安全与环境工程.2007,14(2):9-12
[82]吕爱华,杨瑞强,熊建等.新乌鲁木齐市水磨河底泥及污灌区土壤中有机氯农药的分布[J].环境化学 2006,25(4):508-510
[83]张干,李军,柴艳,等.黄河中下游表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布[J].环境科学,2007,28(6):1332-1337
[84]李红莉,,朱晨,连军等.南四湖沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯垂直分布特征[J].环境科学.2007,28(7):1590-1594
[85]王英辉,祁士华,王伟等.汈汊湖水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征[J].环境污染与防治 2007,29(6):415-418
[86]李建华,柯润辉等.长江口南支表层沉积物中有机氯农药的研究[J].中国环境科学2007,27(4):503-507
[87]Min Liu,Shubo Cheng,Dongni Ou,et al.Organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments and suspended particulate matters from the Yangtze estuary,China[J],Environmental Pollution,2008,(2)1-6
[88]胡雄星,韩中豪,王文华等.黄浦江表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价[J].环境科学.2005,26(3):44-48
[89]胡雄星,夏德祥,韩中豪,王文华等.苏州河水及沉积物中有机氯农药的分布与归宿[J].中国环境科学 2005,25(1):124-128
[90]乔敏,王东红,王子健等.太湖梅梁湾沉积物中有机氯农药的残留现状[J].中国环境科学 2004,24(5):592-595
[91]Rongbing Zhou,Lizhong Zhu,Kun Yang,et al.Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water andsediments from Qiantang River,East China[J],Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006(137):68-75
[92]余刚,张祖麟,林建清等.闽江口水、间隙水和沉积物中有机氯农药的含量[J].环境科学.2003.24(1):117-120
[93]张祖麟,洪华生,徐立等.厦门西港表层沉积物中有机氯化合物的污染特征及变化趋势[J].环境科学学报.2000.20(6):731-735
[94]麦碧娴,曾永平,傅家谟等.珠江三角洲河流及南海近海区域表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布环[J].境科学学报,2005,25(9):1272-1279
[95]刘华峰,王珺,穆倩等.海南东寨港表层沉积物中有机氯农药的组成特征[J].中国环境科学2007,27(1):97-101
[96]Gui-bin Jiang,Qun-fang Zhou,Rui-qiang Yang,et al.Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides(HCH and DDT) in sediments collected from East China Sea[J],Environment International,2005,(31):799-804
[97]张宗雁,,张干,李军,池继松等.东海泥质区表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布[J].中国环境科学.2005,25(6):724-728
[98]JONG SEONG KHIM,KURUN THA CHALA MKAN NAN,DANIEL L.VILLENE UVE,CHUL HWAN KOH,AND JOHN P.GIESY.Characterization and Distribution of Trace Organic Contaminants in Sediment from Masan Bay,Korea.1.Instrumental Analysis[J].Environ.Sci.Technol,1999,(33):4199-4205
[99]Sue-min Chang,Ruey-an Doong.Concentration and fate of persistent organochlorine pesticides in estuarine sediments using headspace solid-phase microextraction[J].Chemosphere 2006(62):1869-1878
[100]Stavroula Galanopoulou,Andreas Vgenopoulos,Nikolaos Conispoliatis.DDTs and other chlorinated organic pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls pollution in the surface sediments of Keratsini harbour,Saronikos gulf,Greece[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin.2005,(50):520-525
[101]Ruey-An Doong,Yuh-Chang Sun,Pei-Ling Liao,Ching-Kai Peng,Shian-Chee Wu. Distribution and fate of organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments from the selected rivers in Taiwan[J].Chemosphere.2002(48):237-246
[102]Oliver Wurl,Jeffrey Philip Obbard.Distribution of organochlorine compounds in the sea-surface microlayer,water column and sediment of singapores coastal environment[J].Chemosphere 2006(62):1105-1115
[103]Erik Palme'nin Aukio,P.O.Box.Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in Baltic Sea sediments and bivalves[J]Chemosphere.2007,(68):17-24
[104]E.Peris,S.Requena,M.de la Guardia,A.Pastor,J.M.Carrasco.Organochlorinated pesticides in sediments from the Lake Albufera of Valencia(Spain)[J].Chemosphere 2005(60):1542-1549
[105]The China National Environmental Monitoring Center.Modern Analyzing Methods of Soil Quality;China Environmental Science Press:Beijing,1992;pp 183-185.
[106]Witt,C.;Gaunt,J.L.;Galicia,C.C.;Ottow,J.C.C.;Neue,H-U.A rapid chloroform-fumigation extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in flooded rice soils.Biol.Fertil.Soils 2000,30,510-519,
[107]Wu,J.S.;Lin,Q.M.;Huang,Q.Y.;Xiao,H.A.In soil microbial biomass—Methods and application;China Meteorological Press:Beijing,2006;pp 57-60
[108]JENKINSON D S,PARRY L N.The nitrogen cycle in Broadbalk wheat experiment:A model for the turnover of nitrogen through the microbial biomass[J].Soil Biology &Biochemistry,1989,21:535-541.
[109]GHOSHAL N,SINGH K P.Effect of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer on the dynamics of soil microbial biomass in a tropical dryland agroecosystem[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1995,19:231-238.
[110]NYT 1121.3-2006,Soil testing part 3:Method fro determination of soil mechanical composition;Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China:Beijing,2006.
[111]Champion W L,Lee J,Garrison A W.Journal.Of.Chromatography A.2004,1024(1-2):55-62
[112]何隧源.环境污染物分析监测[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001:14-19
[113]Aigner,E.J.;Leone,A.D.;Falconer,R.L.Concentrations and enantiomeric ratios of organochlorine pesticides in soil from the US Corn Belt.Environ.Sci.Technol.1998,32,1162-1168.
[114]Harner,T.;Wideman,J.L.;Jantunen,L.M.M.;Bidleman,T.F.;Parkhurst,M.J.Residues of organochlorine pesticides in Alabama soils.Environ.Pollut.1999,106,323-332.
[115]Kannan,K.;Battula,S.;Loganathan,B.G.;Hong,C.S.;Lam,W.H.;Villeneuve,D.L.;Sajwan,K.;Giesy,J.P.;Aldous,K.M.Trace organic contaminants,including toxaphene and trifluralin,in cotton field soils from Georgia and South Carolina,USA.Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.2003,45,30-36.
[116]Ruzickova,P.;Klanova,J.;Cupr,P.;Lammel,G.;Holoubek,I.An assessment of air-soil exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides across Central and Southern Europe.Environ.Sci.Technol.2008,42,179-185.
[117]Rissato,S.R.;Galhiane,M.S.;Ximenes,V.F.;de Andrade,R.M.B.;Talamoni,J.L.B.;Libanio,M.;de Almeida,M.V.;Apon,B.M.;Cavalari,A.A.Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and water samples in the northeastem part of Sao Pauio State,Brazil.Chemosphere 2006,65,1949-1958.
[118]Daly,G.L.;Lei,Y.D.;Teixeira,C.;Muir,D.C.G.;Castillo,L.E.;Jantunen,U M.M.;Wania,F.Organochlorine pesticides in the soils and atmosphere of Costa Rica.Environ.Sci.Technol.2007,41,1124-1130.
[119]WillettKL,UlrichEM,HitesRA.Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexaehlorocyclohexane isomers[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1998,32(15):2197-2207.
[120]袁东星,钱耀荣.厦门西港及闽江口表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯污染物的含量及分布[J].环境科学学报,2001,21(1):7-12.
[121]Chen,L.G.;Ran,Y.;Xing,B.S.;Mai,B.X.;He,J.H.;Wei,X.G.;Fu,J.M.;Sheng,G.Y.Contents and sources ofpolyeyelie aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in vegetable soils of Guangzhou,China.Chemosphere 2005,60,879-890.
[122]Ma,L.L.;Chu,S.G.;Xu,X.B.Organic contamination in the greenhouse soils from Beijing suburbs,China.J.Environ.Monit.2003,5,786-790.
[123]Shu Tao,W.L.,Yao Li,Yu Yang,Qian Zuo,Bengang Li,Jun Cao Organochlorine Pesticides Contaminated Surface Soil As Reemission Source in the Haihe Plain,China.Environ.Sci.Technol.2008,42,8395-8400.
[124]El-Kabbany,S.;Rashed,M.M.;Zayed,M.A.Monitoring of the pesticide levels in some water supplies and agricultural land,in El-Haram,Giza(ARE).J.Hazard.Mater.2000,72,11-21.
[125]Covaci,A.;Hura,C.;Schepens,P.Selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in Romania.Sci.Total Environ.2001,280,143-152.
[126]Manirakiza,P.;Akinbamijo,O.;Covaci,A.;Pitonzo,R.;Schepens,P.Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in West African city farms:Banjul and Dakar case study.Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.2003,44,171-179.
[127]Tao,S.;Xu,F.L.;Wang,X.J.;Liu,W.X.;Gong,Z.M.;Fang,J.Y.;Zhu,L.Z.;Luo,Y.M.Organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin,China.Environ.Sci.Technol.2005,39,2494-2499.
[128]Zhang,G.;Parker,A.;House,A.;Mai,B.X.;Li,X.D.;Kang,Y.H.;Wang,Z.S.Sedimentary records of DDT and HCH in the Pearl River Delta,South China.Environ.Sci.Technol.2002,36,3671-3677.
[129]Wang F,J.X.,Bian YR,et al.Organoehlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region,China J.Environ.Sci-China 2007,19,584-590.
[130]Hitch,R.K.;Day,H.R.Unusual Persistence of DDT in Some Westem USA Soils.Bull.Environ.Contain.Toxicol.1992,48,259-264.
[131]Boul,H.L.;Garnham,M.L.;Hucker,D.;Baird,D.;Aislable,J.Influence of Agricultural Practices on the Levels of Ddt and Its Residues in Soil.Environ.Sci.Technol.1994,28,1397-1402.
[132]Wang,T.Y.;Lu,Y.L.;Zhang,H.;Shi,Y.J.Contamination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and relevant management in China.Environ.Int.2005,31,813-821.
[133]Zhou,R.B.;Zhu,L.Z.;Yang,K.;Chen,Y.Y.Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in surface water and sediments from Qiantang River,East China.J.Hazard.Mater.2006,137,68-75.
[134]Bidleman,T.F.;Jantunen,L.M.M.;Helm,P.A.;Brorstrom-Lunden,E.;Juntto,S.Chlordane enantiomers and temporal trends of chlordane isomers in arctic air.Environ.Sci.Technol.2002,36,539-544.
[135]Hart,W.Y.;Huang,J.;Yu,G.;Liu,X.T.The Inventory Methodology for Obsolete Pesticide Stocks of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)in China.J.Agro-Environ.Sci.2007, 26, 1615-1618.
[136] Wang, J.; Guo, L. L.; Li, J.; Zhang, G.; Lee, C. S. L.; Li, X. D.; Jones, K. C.; Xiang, Y. R.; Zhong, L. J. Passive air sampling of DDT, chlordane and HCB in the Pearl River Delta, South China: Implications to regional sources. J. Environ. Monit. 2007, 9, 582-588.
[137]Shi, C. H. The status quo, problems and countermeasures in application of endosulfan. J. Tea 2006,32,36-37.
[138]Qiu, X. H.; Zhu, T.; Jing, L.; Pan, H. S.; Li, Q. L.; Miao, G. F.; Gong, J. C. Organochlorine pesticides in the air around the Taihu Lake, China. Environ. Sci. Technol 2004,38, 1368-1374.
[139]Szeto, S. Y.; Price, P. M. Persistence of Pesticide-Residues in Mineral and Organic Soils in the Fraser Valley of British-Columbia. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1991,39,1679-1684.
[140] Falconer, R. L.; Bidleman, T. F.; Szeto, S. Y. Chiral pesticides in soils of the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997,45,1946-1951.
[141] Leone, A. D.; Amato, S.; Falconer, R. L. Emission of chiral organochlorine pesticides from agricultural soils in the cornbelt region of the US. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001,35,4592-4596.
[142] Finizio, A.; Bidleman, T. F.; Szeto, S. Y. Emission of chiral pesticides from an agricultural soil in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia. Chemosphere 1998,36, 345-355.
[143] Daly, G. L.; Lei, Y. D.; Teixeira, C.; Muir, D. C. G.; Castillo, L. E.; Wania, F. Accumulation of current-use pesticides in neotropical montane forests. Environ. Sci. Technol 2007,41,1118-1123.
[144]Yang, R. Q.; Yao, T. D.; Xu, B. Q.; Jiang, G. B.; Zheng, X. Y. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in conifer needles in the southeast Tibetan Plateau. Environ. Pollut. 2008,153,92-100.
[145]Willett, K. L.; Ulrich, E. M.; Hites, R. A. Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998,32,2197-2207.
[146] Garrison, A. W. Probing the enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006,40,16-23.
[147]Kutz, F. W.; Wood, P. H.; Bottimore, D. P. Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated-Biphenyls in Human Adipose-Tissue. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1991, 120,1-82.
[148] Li, J.; Zhang, G.; Qi, S. H.; Li, X. D.; Peng, X. Z. Concentrations, enantiomeric compositions, and sources of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Delta, South China. Sci. Total Environ. 2006,372, 215-224.
[149] Liu, G. Q.; Zhang, G.; Li, J.; Peng, X. Z.; Qi, S. H. Monitoring OCPs in the air using SPMD in the Pearl River Delta. Res. Environ. Sci. 2004,17, 1-4.
[150]Kurt-Karakus, P. B.; Bidleman, T. F.; Jones, K. C. Chiral organochlorine pesticide signatures in global background soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 8671-8677.
[151] Buser, H. R.; Muller, M. D. Isomer and Enantioselective Degradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers in Sewage-Sludge under Anaerobic Conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995,29,664-672.
[152] Qiu, X. H.; Zhu, T.; Yao, B.; Hu, J. X.; Hu, S. W. Contribution of dicofol to the current DDT pollution in China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005,39,4385-4390.
[153] Wiberg, K.; Harner, T.; Wideman, J. L.; Bidleman, T. F. Chiral analysis of organochlorine pesticides in Alabama soils. Chemosphere 2001,45, 843-848.
[154] Leone, A. D.; Ulrich, E. M.; Bodnar, C. E.; Falconer, R. L.; Hites, R. A. Organochlorine pesticide concentrations and enantiomer fractions for chlordane in indoor air from the US cornbelt. Atmos. Environ. 2000,34,4131-4138.
[155] Meijer, S. N.; Halsall, C. J.; Harner, T.; Peters, A. J.; Ockenden, W. A.; Johnston, A. E.; Jones, K. C. Organochlorine pesticide residues in archived UK soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001,35,1989-1995.
[156]Koblickova, M.; Ducek, L.; Jarkovsk, J.; Hofrnan, J.; Bucheli, T. D.; Klanova, J. Can physicochemical and microbial soil properties explain enantiomeric shifts of chiral organochlorines? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008,42, 5978-5984.
[157]Lewis, D. L.; Garrison, A. W.; Wommack, K. E.; Whittemore, A.; Steudler, P.; Melillo, J. Influence of environmental changes on degradation of chiral pollutants in soils. Nature 1999, 401,898-901.