保护性耕作对土壤有机碳指标及其相关性的影响
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摘要
以2001年起在黄土高原半干旱区的定西县李家堡乡进行的保护性耕作田间定位试验为基础,本研究于2008年3月取0～5 cm ,5～10 cm ,10～30cm表层土并对它们的土壤有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)的动态进行了系统的研究,以探讨在小麦-豌豆双序列轮作下,免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)三种保护性耕作同传统耕作(T)对土壤有机碳以及活性有机碳各指标的影响,得出主要结果如下:
1保护性耕作对SOC的影响
在W-P-W轮作序列下,SOC平均含量大小关系为NTS> NT>TS>T;而在P-W-P轮作下,则有TS>NTS>NT>T。两序列下传统耕作的SOC含量均最低,说明保护性耕作能显著增加SOC,其中,NTS处理的增幅最大,它更有利于碳的固定和生态与农业的健康发展,是值得大力推广的耕作措施。
2保护性耕作对土壤活性有机碳(AOC)的影响
(1)保护性耕作对ROC的影响:
ROC与土壤表层SOC含量变化趋势基本一致。W-P-W轮作序列下,与T处理相比, NTS、NT、TS活性有机碳平均含量分别提高38.53%、11.74%、14.68%,增幅分别是SOC的6.03倍、4.27倍、3.30倍;而在P-W-P轮作下,则分别提高29.13%、8.26%、21.07%,增幅是SOC的3.46倍、1.70倍、2.34倍。
(2)保护性耕作对MBC的影响:
在W-P-W轮作序列下,在0～30cm土层中四种处理土壤MBC的平均含量是NTS >TS >NT >T,与T处理相比较,提高比例为90.19 %、53.32%、52.84%,增幅是SOC的14.43倍、14.66倍、16.66倍;而在P-W-P轮作下,四种处理的MBC平均含量是NTS>TS>NT>T,比例依次增加了63.17%、61.69%、32.69%,增幅是SOC的7.50倍、6.86倍、6.73倍,保护性耕作有利于MBC的积累。
(3)保护性耕作对DOC的影响:
保护性耕作措施下DOC含量均高于传统耕作。在W-P-W轮作序列下,加权平均后在0～30cm土层中四种处理的DOC平均含量是NTS > TS > NT >T,与T处理相比较,其比例提高61. 03 %、59.67%、32.24%,增速是SOC的9.54倍、13.41倍、11.74倍;而在P-W-P轮作下,DOC平均含量大小排列顺序:NTS> TS > NT >T,与T处理相比, NTS、NT、TS处理的DOC平均含量分别提高75.90%、57.34%、36.89%,与SOC的变化相比依次快9.01倍、6.38倍、7.60倍,DOC对农业生产措施反应比SOC更灵敏。
ROC、MBC和DOC三种土壤活性有机碳相对含量的变化比SOC的变化敏感,在评价不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳的影响时,活性有机碳相对含量亦是比较理想的指标。
(4)保护性耕作对作物产量的影响:
以T处理作对照,保护性耕作能提高作物产量,NTS处理的产量最高,其次为TS。NTS处理的可增产30%左右,值得大力推广。
3保护性耕作下AOC各指标之间及其与作物产量的相关性
不同耕作措施下,土壤的SOC与AOC指标之间以及AOC指标两两之间基本达到显著或极显著的正相关关系,各AOC指标对不同耕作措施的响应与SOC基本一致,在反映不同耕作措施对SOC的变化上,MBC指标与SOC相关性最高。保护性耕作下各指标的指示灵敏度大小依次为: MBC >DOC > ROC/SOC > MBC/SOC >ROC >DOC/SOC,AOC指标对不同耕作措施响应均比SOC更加敏感,可以作为表征土壤有机碳变化和土壤生物学肥力的有效指标,MBC指标最灵敏,在研究中更值得重视和采用。
在有机碳指标与作物产量的相关系数大小排序中,对产量敏感的有机碳指标是ROC和ROC/SOC。
Based on the long-term field experiments on semi-arid area of the west Loess Plateau since 2001, the paper discussed the soil organic carbon(SOC) and active organic carbon(AOC), whose indicators and correlations responses to the different tillage patterns, by which effects of tillage measures on SOC、readily oxidizable carbon(ROC)、microbial biomass carbon(MBC)、dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil layer of 0～5cm、5～10cm、10～30cm. Four different treatments: no-till with straw cover(NTS), conventional tillage with straw incorporated(TS), no-till without straw cover(NT) and conventional tillage (T) were carried out in a phased rotation systems with spring wheat and field pea. The results indicated
1 Effects of conservation tillage on soil organic carbon
In wheat-pea-whea(tW-P-W)rotation sequence, under four different tillage patterns, the average contents of soil organic carbon(SOC) in soil layer of 0～30cm followed the order as NTS>NT>TS>T, while in pea -wheat-pea(P-W-P)rotation sequence, the order was TS>NTS>NT>T.
In both rotation sequences, compared with T treatment, the conservation tillage patterns of NTS、TS and NT increased the contents of SOC , conservation tillage is beneficial for carbon sequestration, among of them, NTS treatment was more advantageous to improving the soil organic carbon contents, by which to alleviate greenhouse influence. Thus, it should be recognized as the key approaches to sustainable agriculture and environment.
2 Effects of conservation tillage on soil active organic carbon
(1) Effects of conservation tillage methods on soil readily oxidizable carbon In wheat-pea-wheat rotation sequence, readily oxidizable carbon (ROC) average contents under four different tillage patterns followed the order as NTS>NT>TS>T, the change of ROC was rapider than SOC,the times of the speed was 6.03、4.27 and 3.30; while in pea -wheat-pea rotation sequence, compared with SOC,the change times was 3.46、1.70 and 2.34, so ROC was more sensitive responses to long-term tillage than SOC.
(2) Effects of conservation tillage on soil microbial biomass carbon
In wheat-pea-wheat rotation sequence, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) average contents under four different tillage patterns followed the order as NTS >TS >NT >T, this was also same as the order of SOC, the change of MBC was also rapider than SOC, the times was 14.43、14.66 and 16.66; while in pea-wheat-pea rotation sequence, the order was NTS>TS>NT>T, compared with SOC,the change times was 7.50、6.86 and 6.73, so MBC was more sensitive responses to long-term tillage than SOC. Compared with T treatment, the conservation tillage patterns of NTS and TS increased the contents of MBC greatly.
(3) Effects of conservation tillage on soil dissolved organic carbon
In wheat-pea-wheat rotation sequence, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) average contents under four different tillage patterns followed the order as NTS> TS> NT >T, this was a little different from the order of SOC, the change of DOC was rapider than SOC,the times of the speed was 9.54、13.41 and 11.74; while in pea -wheat-pea rotation sequence, it was same as the order of SOC, compared with SOC,the change times was 9.01、6.38 and 7.60, DOC was more sensitive responses to long-term tillage methods than SOC.
Above all, ROC、MBC、DOC、ROC/SOC、MBC/SOC and DOC/SOC had the same response to the long-term tillage methods with SOC. Meanwhile, all of them had a declining trend with the increasing depth in soil profiles. In both rotation sequences, the indicator of NTS treatment was highest among the different tillage patterns.
(4) Effects of conservation tillage on the crop yield
The conservation tillage patterns of NTS、TS and NT increased crop yields, NTS treatment was more advantageous to improving the yields, it should be recognized as the best tillage pattern.
3 Correlation coefficients among SOC, AOC indicators and crop yield studied
Correlation analysis showed that, the AOC indicators were not only significantly correlated to soil organic carbon, but also significantly correlated to each other, AOC indicators were more sensitive responses to long-term tillage than SOC, they could be indicators for assessing effect on SOC,and the sensitivity of them followed the order as MBC>DOC>ROC/SOC>MBC/SOC>ROC>DOC/SOC.
MBC had the same response to the long-term tillage with SOC, and was most sensitive among all the indicators above, so MBC is the best indicator to choose, while to judge the crop yield, ROC and ROC/SOC were more sensitive than the others.
1保护性耕作对SOC的影响
在W-P-W轮作序列下,SOC平均含量大小关系为NTS> NT>TS>T;而在P-W-P轮作下,则有TS>NTS>NT>T。两序列下传统耕作的SOC含量均最低,说明保护性耕作能显著增加SOC,其中,NTS处理的增幅最大,它更有利于碳的固定和生态与农业的健康发展,是值得大力推广的耕作措施。
2保护性耕作对土壤活性有机碳(AOC)的影响
(1)保护性耕作对ROC的影响:
ROC与土壤表层SOC含量变化趋势基本一致。W-P-W轮作序列下,与T处理相比, NTS、NT、TS活性有机碳平均含量分别提高38.53%、11.74%、14.68%,增幅分别是SOC的6.03倍、4.27倍、3.30倍;而在P-W-P轮作下,则分别提高29.13%、8.26%、21.07%,增幅是SOC的3.46倍、1.70倍、2.34倍。
(2)保护性耕作对MBC的影响:
在W-P-W轮作序列下,在0～30cm土层中四种处理土壤MBC的平均含量是NTS >TS >NT >T,与T处理相比较,提高比例为90.19 %、53.32%、52.84%,增幅是SOC的14.43倍、14.66倍、16.66倍;而在P-W-P轮作下,四种处理的MBC平均含量是NTS>TS>NT>T,比例依次增加了63.17%、61.69%、32.69%,增幅是SOC的7.50倍、6.86倍、6.73倍,保护性耕作有利于MBC的积累。
(3)保护性耕作对DOC的影响:
保护性耕作措施下DOC含量均高于传统耕作。在W-P-W轮作序列下,加权平均后在0～30cm土层中四种处理的DOC平均含量是NTS > TS > NT >T,与T处理相比较,其比例提高61. 03 %、59.67%、32.24%,增速是SOC的9.54倍、13.41倍、11.74倍;而在P-W-P轮作下,DOC平均含量大小排列顺序:NTS> TS > NT >T,与T处理相比, NTS、NT、TS处理的DOC平均含量分别提高75.90%、57.34%、36.89%,与SOC的变化相比依次快9.01倍、6.38倍、7.60倍,DOC对农业生产措施反应比SOC更灵敏。
ROC、MBC和DOC三种土壤活性有机碳相对含量的变化比SOC的变化敏感,在评价不同耕作措施对土壤有机碳的影响时,活性有机碳相对含量亦是比较理想的指标。
(4)保护性耕作对作物产量的影响:
以T处理作对照,保护性耕作能提高作物产量,NTS处理的产量最高,其次为TS。NTS处理的可增产30%左右,值得大力推广。
3保护性耕作下AOC各指标之间及其与作物产量的相关性
不同耕作措施下,土壤的SOC与AOC指标之间以及AOC指标两两之间基本达到显著或极显著的正相关关系,各AOC指标对不同耕作措施的响应与SOC基本一致,在反映不同耕作措施对SOC的变化上,MBC指标与SOC相关性最高。保护性耕作下各指标的指示灵敏度大小依次为: MBC >DOC > ROC/SOC > MBC/SOC >ROC >DOC/SOC,AOC指标对不同耕作措施响应均比SOC更加敏感,可以作为表征土壤有机碳变化和土壤生物学肥力的有效指标,MBC指标最灵敏,在研究中更值得重视和采用。
在有机碳指标与作物产量的相关系数大小排序中,对产量敏感的有机碳指标是ROC和ROC/SOC。
Based on the long-term field experiments on semi-arid area of the west Loess Plateau since 2001, the paper discussed the soil organic carbon(SOC) and active organic carbon(AOC), whose indicators and correlations responses to the different tillage patterns, by which effects of tillage measures on SOC、readily oxidizable carbon(ROC)、microbial biomass carbon(MBC)、dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil layer of 0～5cm、5～10cm、10～30cm. Four different treatments: no-till with straw cover(NTS), conventional tillage with straw incorporated(TS), no-till without straw cover(NT) and conventional tillage (T) were carried out in a phased rotation systems with spring wheat and field pea. The results indicated
1 Effects of conservation tillage on soil organic carbon
In wheat-pea-whea(tW-P-W)rotation sequence, under four different tillage patterns, the average contents of soil organic carbon(SOC) in soil layer of 0～30cm followed the order as NTS>NT>TS>T, while in pea -wheat-pea(P-W-P)rotation sequence, the order was TS>NTS>NT>T.
In both rotation sequences, compared with T treatment, the conservation tillage patterns of NTS、TS and NT increased the contents of SOC , conservation tillage is beneficial for carbon sequestration, among of them, NTS treatment was more advantageous to improving the soil organic carbon contents, by which to alleviate greenhouse influence. Thus, it should be recognized as the key approaches to sustainable agriculture and environment.
2 Effects of conservation tillage on soil active organic carbon
(1) Effects of conservation tillage methods on soil readily oxidizable carbon In wheat-pea-wheat rotation sequence, readily oxidizable carbon (ROC) average contents under four different tillage patterns followed the order as NTS>NT>TS>T, the change of ROC was rapider than SOC,the times of the speed was 6.03、4.27 and 3.30; while in pea -wheat-pea rotation sequence, compared with SOC,the change times was 3.46、1.70 and 2.34, so ROC was more sensitive responses to long-term tillage than SOC.
(2) Effects of conservation tillage on soil microbial biomass carbon
In wheat-pea-wheat rotation sequence, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) average contents under four different tillage patterns followed the order as NTS >TS >NT >T, this was also same as the order of SOC, the change of MBC was also rapider than SOC, the times was 14.43、14.66 and 16.66; while in pea-wheat-pea rotation sequence, the order was NTS>TS>NT>T, compared with SOC,the change times was 7.50、6.86 and 6.73, so MBC was more sensitive responses to long-term tillage than SOC. Compared with T treatment, the conservation tillage patterns of NTS and TS increased the contents of MBC greatly.
(3) Effects of conservation tillage on soil dissolved organic carbon
In wheat-pea-wheat rotation sequence, soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) average contents under four different tillage patterns followed the order as NTS> TS> NT >T, this was a little different from the order of SOC, the change of DOC was rapider than SOC,the times of the speed was 9.54、13.41 and 11.74; while in pea -wheat-pea rotation sequence, it was same as the order of SOC, compared with SOC,the change times was 9.01、6.38 and 7.60, DOC was more sensitive responses to long-term tillage methods than SOC.
Above all, ROC、MBC、DOC、ROC/SOC、MBC/SOC and DOC/SOC had the same response to the long-term tillage methods with SOC. Meanwhile, all of them had a declining trend with the increasing depth in soil profiles. In both rotation sequences, the indicator of NTS treatment was highest among the different tillage patterns.
(4) Effects of conservation tillage on the crop yield
The conservation tillage patterns of NTS、TS and NT increased crop yields, NTS treatment was more advantageous to improving the yields, it should be recognized as the best tillage pattern.
3 Correlation coefficients among SOC, AOC indicators and crop yield studied
Correlation analysis showed that, the AOC indicators were not only significantly correlated to soil organic carbon, but also significantly correlated to each other, AOC indicators were more sensitive responses to long-term tillage than SOC, they could be indicators for assessing effect on SOC,and the sensitivity of them followed the order as MBC>DOC>ROC/SOC>MBC/SOC>ROC>DOC/SOC.
MBC had the same response to the long-term tillage with SOC, and was most sensitive among all the indicators above, so MBC is the best indicator to choose, while to judge the crop yield, ROC and ROC/SOC were more sensitive than the others.
引文
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