苕溪流域农村生活垃圾产源特征及堆肥化研究
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摘要
本文调查了苕溪流域临安市横畈镇、太湖源镇和余杭区径山镇农村生活垃圾特性以及当地农村的社会经济特征和环境意识,以此为基础,构建适合苕溪农村的生活垃圾综合管理模式,同时研制了微生物复合菌剂,并对接种微生物复合菌剂强化易腐垃圾堆肥化技术进行了研究,为农村生活垃圾的处理处置技术提供新的思路。研究结果如下:
1、研究区域农村人均生活垃圾产生量约0.7 kg/(人·d),组成分率最大的垃圾组分为易腐垃圾,含量为48.5~66.0%。根据农村生活垃圾的这种产生特征,易选用堆肥技术对其进行处理。社会经济特征调查结果表明,非务农比例较大,人均收入较高,液化气比重大,家庭禽畜养殖以养鸡为主,研究区域农村生活垃圾人均产生量将会继续增多。村民已经认识到农村生活垃圾的危害,并愿意为垃圾处理支付费用,但村民对垃圾分类收集认知较少,文化程度和年龄对垃圾分类收集认知程度的影响明显,性别对垃圾分类收集认知程度的影响不明显,现阶段在农村推行垃圾分类收集之前,要注重村民素质的提高,加强分类收集知识的普及。依据研究区域农村生活垃圾的产生特征及农村生活垃圾消纳的载体条件,构建出由粗分类投放、源头分拣和垃圾分流三部分构成的垃圾综合管理模式。
2、易腐垃圾一次发酵段的研究结果表明,各生物质的降解率不同,它们的降解顺序为:脂肪>总糖>半纤维素>蛋白质>纤维素>木质素。易降解组分脂肪、总糖、半纤维素和蛋白质的降解率分别为73.24%、54.76%、17.18%、16.72%,基本完成了降解过程;难降解组分纤维素和木质素的降解率分别仅为12.32%和10.49%,难降解组分主要在二次发酵段降解。微生物呈现不同的生物相演变,细菌数量呈现先升后降的趋势,真菌数量基本保持不变,放线菌数量在高温的影响下出现了两个峰值。温度对不同类别的生物质降解的影响不同,对于易降解的脂肪、总糖、半纤维素在高温65℃前后降解速率明显加快,而纤维素、木质素在高温65℃前后降解速率也不断地增加,但是增加的速率不大。
3、从二次发酵高温期提取优势菌群,并制得复合菌剂,在二次发酵初期接种该复合菌剂堆肥化的研究结果表明,接种使得二次发酵高温期提前了12 h,高温持续时间延长了24 h。接种强化处理的C/N由最初的22.4降低到18.1进入腐熟期需要17 d,未接种处理需要24 d,接种处理使二次发酵进入腐熟期提前7 d。细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量均高于未接种处理,纤维素和木质素的降解率也均高于未接种处理的堆体。施肥蒜苗与未施肥相比,株高相差8 cm,叶片数多1.5片,亚硝酸盐含量低于国家标准,腐熟堆肥可安全施用。
Characteristics of rural refuse, social, economic and environmental awareness of villages of Taihu yuan town, Hengfan town of Lin'an city and Jingshan town in Yuhang district in the Tiaoxi River Basins were investigated in this paper. On this basis, build compound management pattern for rural refuse of Tiaoxi River Basins. Also a complex microbial compound agent was developed, and then it was inoculated to enhance domestic refuse composting process. A new way was provided to disposal the rural refuse. The main conclusions of the work were listed in following sections.
1. The study on the area showed that rural refuse the generation rate in the investigating area was 0.5~0.7 kg per capita per day. The section of domestic refuse was most, which was 48.5~66.0%. The survey of Characteristics of social and economic showed that a larger proportion of non-farm, per capita income higher, large proportion of liquefied gas, and culture dominated by chicken in household. Rural refuse of study area per capita output would continue to increase. Although villagers had realized the dangers of rural refuse and were willing to pay for rural rufuse disposal, rufuse classification and collection was strange for villagers. The significant effected of rufuse classification and collection by Education level and age of villagers, but gender had no significant effected. At this stage, before the implementation of rufuse classification and collection in rural areas, improved the qualifications of villagers, and strengthen knowledge universal of rufuse classification and collection. Based on the the generation characteristics of rural refuse in rural areas and conditions of elimination, constructed a reasonable management pattern, which was composed of rough classification, sort in source and refuse diversion.
2. The results perishable refuses in the first fermentation of composting showed that the degradation rate of biomass was different: fat > total > sugar > hemicellulose > protein > cellulose > lignin. Easily degradable components of fat, total sugar, hemicellulose and protein degradation rates were 73.24%, 54.76%, 17.18%, 16.72%; degradation rates of cellulose and lignin were only 12.32% and 10.49%, which were degradated in the secondary fermentation. Microorganisms show different biological phase evolution: the number of bacteria up and then decreased, the number of fungi remained unchanged; the number of actinomycetes had two peaks under the influence of high temperature.Temperature on the different types of biomass degradation; the degradation of fat, total sugar, hemicellulose at high temperature around 65℃which rate speed up significantly. But the rate of cellulose and lignin were insignificantly.
3. Extracted from the advantages of high temperature period of secondary fermentation process and got the complex microbial agent, and complex microbial agent was inoculated at the secondary fermentation of the initial. The conclution showed that inoculated treatment got ahead of the second fermentation temperature 12 h, and the temperature was extended by 24 h than non-inoculated treatment. Inoculation enhanced composting processing, C / N decreased from 22.4 to 18.1, enter mature need 17 d, got ahead of 7 d than non-inoculated treatment; The number of microorganisms was higher than non-inoculated treatmeat; degradation rates of cellulose and lignin were higher than non-inoculated treatment in the pile. Garlic was fertilized higher about 8 cm than no-fertilized and the number of leaves more than 1.5.
1、研究区域农村人均生活垃圾产生量约0.7 kg/(人·d),组成分率最大的垃圾组分为易腐垃圾,含量为48.5~66.0%。根据农村生活垃圾的这种产生特征,易选用堆肥技术对其进行处理。社会经济特征调查结果表明,非务农比例较大,人均收入较高,液化气比重大,家庭禽畜养殖以养鸡为主,研究区域农村生活垃圾人均产生量将会继续增多。村民已经认识到农村生活垃圾的危害,并愿意为垃圾处理支付费用,但村民对垃圾分类收集认知较少,文化程度和年龄对垃圾分类收集认知程度的影响明显,性别对垃圾分类收集认知程度的影响不明显,现阶段在农村推行垃圾分类收集之前,要注重村民素质的提高,加强分类收集知识的普及。依据研究区域农村生活垃圾的产生特征及农村生活垃圾消纳的载体条件,构建出由粗分类投放、源头分拣和垃圾分流三部分构成的垃圾综合管理模式。
2、易腐垃圾一次发酵段的研究结果表明,各生物质的降解率不同,它们的降解顺序为:脂肪>总糖>半纤维素>蛋白质>纤维素>木质素。易降解组分脂肪、总糖、半纤维素和蛋白质的降解率分别为73.24%、54.76%、17.18%、16.72%,基本完成了降解过程;难降解组分纤维素和木质素的降解率分别仅为12.32%和10.49%,难降解组分主要在二次发酵段降解。微生物呈现不同的生物相演变,细菌数量呈现先升后降的趋势,真菌数量基本保持不变,放线菌数量在高温的影响下出现了两个峰值。温度对不同类别的生物质降解的影响不同,对于易降解的脂肪、总糖、半纤维素在高温65℃前后降解速率明显加快,而纤维素、木质素在高温65℃前后降解速率也不断地增加,但是增加的速率不大。
3、从二次发酵高温期提取优势菌群,并制得复合菌剂,在二次发酵初期接种该复合菌剂堆肥化的研究结果表明,接种使得二次发酵高温期提前了12 h,高温持续时间延长了24 h。接种强化处理的C/N由最初的22.4降低到18.1进入腐熟期需要17 d,未接种处理需要24 d,接种处理使二次发酵进入腐熟期提前7 d。细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量均高于未接种处理,纤维素和木质素的降解率也均高于未接种处理的堆体。施肥蒜苗与未施肥相比,株高相差8 cm,叶片数多1.5片,亚硝酸盐含量低于国家标准,腐熟堆肥可安全施用。
Characteristics of rural refuse, social, economic and environmental awareness of villages of Taihu yuan town, Hengfan town of Lin'an city and Jingshan town in Yuhang district in the Tiaoxi River Basins were investigated in this paper. On this basis, build compound management pattern for rural refuse of Tiaoxi River Basins. Also a complex microbial compound agent was developed, and then it was inoculated to enhance domestic refuse composting process. A new way was provided to disposal the rural refuse. The main conclusions of the work were listed in following sections.
1. The study on the area showed that rural refuse the generation rate in the investigating area was 0.5~0.7 kg per capita per day. The section of domestic refuse was most, which was 48.5~66.0%. The survey of Characteristics of social and economic showed that a larger proportion of non-farm, per capita income higher, large proportion of liquefied gas, and culture dominated by chicken in household. Rural refuse of study area per capita output would continue to increase. Although villagers had realized the dangers of rural refuse and were willing to pay for rural rufuse disposal, rufuse classification and collection was strange for villagers. The significant effected of rufuse classification and collection by Education level and age of villagers, but gender had no significant effected. At this stage, before the implementation of rufuse classification and collection in rural areas, improved the qualifications of villagers, and strengthen knowledge universal of rufuse classification and collection. Based on the the generation characteristics of rural refuse in rural areas and conditions of elimination, constructed a reasonable management pattern, which was composed of rough classification, sort in source and refuse diversion.
2. The results perishable refuses in the first fermentation of composting showed that the degradation rate of biomass was different: fat > total > sugar > hemicellulose > protein > cellulose > lignin. Easily degradable components of fat, total sugar, hemicellulose and protein degradation rates were 73.24%, 54.76%, 17.18%, 16.72%; degradation rates of cellulose and lignin were only 12.32% and 10.49%, which were degradated in the secondary fermentation. Microorganisms show different biological phase evolution: the number of bacteria up and then decreased, the number of fungi remained unchanged; the number of actinomycetes had two peaks under the influence of high temperature.Temperature on the different types of biomass degradation; the degradation of fat, total sugar, hemicellulose at high temperature around 65℃which rate speed up significantly. But the rate of cellulose and lignin were insignificantly.
3. Extracted from the advantages of high temperature period of secondary fermentation process and got the complex microbial agent, and complex microbial agent was inoculated at the secondary fermentation of the initial. The conclution showed that inoculated treatment got ahead of the second fermentation temperature 12 h, and the temperature was extended by 24 h than non-inoculated treatment. Inoculation enhanced composting processing, C / N decreased from 22.4 to 18.1, enter mature need 17 d, got ahead of 7 d than non-inoculated treatment; The number of microorganisms was higher than non-inoculated treatmeat; degradation rates of cellulose and lignin were higher than non-inoculated treatment in the pile. Garlic was fertilized higher about 8 cm than no-fertilized and the number of leaves more than 1.5.
引文
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