论环境法的利益衡平
摘要
多样化的人引起多样化的需求,现代社会的复杂性致使人及其构成的社会客观地存在着多样化的需求。这些需求可以表达为利益。利益的多样化必然会导致利益主体之间产生各种各样的矛盾和冲突,这样,利益矛盾就需要一些工具来调整,通过利益之间的相互妥协,来实现利益主体之间的“双赢”或“多赢”的效果。法律被历史实践证明是最为客观有效的调节各种利益的工具。利益表现在法学之中,就是权利与义务。对自己权利的自由行使固然是实现利益的保障,对义务的自觉遵守也意味着保证自己利益的实现。作为法律系统中的一个部门,环境法在各国环境和资源问题日益严峻的背景下产生和发展,其就是为了保护环境和资源而逐渐被人们所认同并发展起来。环境法在调整社会中存在的各种利益——个体利益、地方利益、社会利益、国家利益、人类利益——之间关系的过程中逐渐形成了环境法利益,它在可持续发展理念的指导下,为了人类能在唯一的地球上实现人类生命健康和可持续的生存和发展,这是一种小至事关一个国家大至事关整个人类社会的公共利益。环境法通过对环境法中各种利益形态的承认以及对利益矛盾的调整,来实现环境法所追求的利益价值。我国的环境法起步较晚,也因经济社会的发展限制而存在发展不足的问题,诸如我国环境法学理论脱离实际,环境立法缺乏综合性考虑,环境执法和监督体制不健全,从而致使良好的愿望因为缺乏执行力而无法达成;环境责任制度不健全,从而导致各种社会主体对环境问题在事实上的“漠不关心”;国际环境保护条约与国内环境法律的协调也存在着诸多的问题,影响到国内的经济和社会发展问题。提出问题的目的是解决问题。这些问题的存在,要求我们必须用改革的精神,以法律制度为保证,从各方面入手才能有望解决日益严峻的环境问题,真正地实现环境法所追求的利益价值。
Variety of people caused a variety of needs. The complexity of modern society and their composition resulted in an objective existence of diverse community needs. These requirements can be expressed as the interests. The diversity of interests among stakeholders will inevitably lead to arise a variety of contradictions and conflicts. So, we need some tools to adjust conflicts of interest. Through mutual compromise between the interests of, among stakeholders to achieve "win-win" results. Historical practice has proved that law is the most objective and effective tool for the regulation of various interests. Interest in the performance of law is the rights and the obligations. The right to freely exercise their own course to achieve the interests of security, conscientiously abide by the obligations of means to ensure the realization of their interests. As a legal system in a department of environmental law in the country increasingly serious environmental and resource issues and development context, which is to protect the environment and the resources have been gradually recognized by people and developed. Environmental Law in the adjustment of the various interests that exist in society -- individual interests, local interests, social interests, national interests, human interests -- the course of the relationship between the evolving interests of environmental law. It is under the direction of sustainable development concept, to the only man on earth in human life and health and to achieve sustainable survival and development. This is a small bearing on a country as large as the entire human society and it is related to public interest. Through the recognition of various forms of interest and conflicts of interest adjustments, Environmental law environmental law is to achieve the interests of their pursuit of environmental law. Environmental law in China started late, and because of economic and social development constraints, it exist the problem of inadequate development, such as theories of environmental law is unrealistic; Environmental legislation lacks comprehensive consideration; environmental law enforcement and supervision system is not perfect. Thus causes a lack of good will because the executive power can not be reached. China's environmental protection laws and practices around the world there are many problems affecting the country's economic and social development. Questions designed to address the problem. These problems require that we must maintain the spirit of reform with the legal system as a guarantee, and work from all aspects. Only in this way, it can be expected to solve the increasingly serious environmental problems and to truly achieve the interests of environmental law.
Variety of people caused a variety of needs. The complexity of modern society and their composition resulted in an objective existence of diverse community needs. These requirements can be expressed as the interests. The diversity of interests among stakeholders will inevitably lead to arise a variety of contradictions and conflicts. So, we need some tools to adjust conflicts of interest. Through mutual compromise between the interests of, among stakeholders to achieve "win-win" results. Historical practice has proved that law is the most objective and effective tool for the regulation of various interests. Interest in the performance of law is the rights and the obligations. The right to freely exercise their own course to achieve the interests of security, conscientiously abide by the obligations of means to ensure the realization of their interests. As a legal system in a department of environmental law in the country increasingly serious environmental and resource issues and development context, which is to protect the environment and the resources have been gradually recognized by people and developed. Environmental Law in the adjustment of the various interests that exist in society -- individual interests, local interests, social interests, national interests, human interests -- the course of the relationship between the evolving interests of environmental law. It is under the direction of sustainable development concept, to the only man on earth in human life and health and to achieve sustainable survival and development. This is a small bearing on a country as large as the entire human society and it is related to public interest. Through the recognition of various forms of interest and conflicts of interest adjustments, Environmental law environmental law is to achieve the interests of their pursuit of environmental law. Environmental law in China started late, and because of economic and social development constraints, it exist the problem of inadequate development, such as theories of environmental law is unrealistic; Environmental legislation lacks comprehensive consideration; environmental law enforcement and supervision system is not perfect. Thus causes a lack of good will because the executive power can not be reached. China's environmental protection laws and practices around the world there are many problems affecting the country's economic and social development. Questions designed to address the problem. These problems require that we must maintain the spirit of reform with the legal system as a guarantee, and work from all aspects. Only in this way, it can be expected to solve the increasingly serious environmental problems and to truly achieve the interests of environmental law.
引文
[1] [美]罗斯科·庞德.法理学(第三卷)[M].廖德宇译.北京:法律出版社,2007:13.
[2] [英]洛克.政府论下篇[M].瞿菊农,叶启芳译.北京:商务印书馆,1964:77.
[3]张文显.法理学[M].北京:法律出版社,2007:102,122.
[4] [美]罗斯科·庞德.通过法律的社会控制[M].沈宗灵译.北京:商务印书馆,1984:9,34-35,37-38.
[5]蔡守秋.环境法学教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:71,24-26,21-24.
[6] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特.为什么我们需要环境史[J].世界历史.2004,(3):4-12.
[7]吕忠梅.环境与发展综合决策的法律思考[J].甘肃社会科学.2006,(6):10-13.
[8] [英]约翰·密尔.论自由[M].许宝骙译.北京:商务印书馆,1959:65.
[9] [美]罗斯科·庞德.通过法律的社会控制[M].沈宗灵译.北京:商务印书馆,1984:9,34-35,37-38.
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[12] [日]大须贺明.生存权论[M].林浩译.北京:法律出版社,2001:203-207.
[13]陈德敏,董正爱.环境权理念:从“人与自然和谐发展”的视角审视[J].中国人口、资源与环境.2008,(18):190-191.
[14]张文显.法哲学范畴研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003:165.
[15]蔡岚.劳动合同法利益平衡功能的定位与实现[D].华中师范大学硕士论文,2009.
[16]张文显.法理学[M].北京:法律出版社,2007:102,122.
[17]蔡守秋.环境法学教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:71,24-26,21-24.
[18]陈德敏.环境法原理专论[M].北京:法律出版社,2008:47-84.
[19]张美成.论国际环境法的共同但有区别原则[D].华东政法学院硕士论文,2003.
[20]吕忠梅.环境权力与权利的重构——论民法与环境法的沟通和协调[J].法律科学.2000,(5):77.
[21]吕忠梅.环境法新视野[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000:46-54.
[22]马国庆,邓峰.可持续发展中环境资源保护的利益冲突及协调[J].中国软科学.1998,(9):8,10.
[23]陈少红.解读环境法的“立法悖论”——以经济利益与环境利益的冲突为视角[J].云南大学学报法学版.2006,(6):19-20,21-23.
[24]汪劲.环境问题的全球化及其法律对策[J].法制与社会发展(双月刊).2002,(5):51-53,53-54.
[25]王曦.建立环境与发展综合决策机制,实施可持续发展战略[J].经济界.2003,(5):27-28.
[26]蔡守秋,莫神星.环境与发展综合决策的立法探讨[J].中国人口、资源与环境.2004,(14):32-33.
[27]陈少红.解读环境法的“立法悖论”——以经济利益与环境利益的冲突为视角[J].云南大学学报法学版.2006,(6):19-20,21-23.
[28]汪劲.环境问题的全球化及其法律对策[J].法制与社会发展(双月刊).2002,(5):51-53,53-54.
[2] [英]洛克.政府论下篇[M].瞿菊农,叶启芳译.北京:商务印书馆,1964:77.
[3]张文显.法理学[M].北京:法律出版社,2007:102,122.
[4] [美]罗斯科·庞德.通过法律的社会控制[M].沈宗灵译.北京:商务印书馆,1984:9,34-35,37-38.
[5]蔡守秋.环境法学教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:71,24-26,21-24.
[6] [美]唐纳德·沃斯特.为什么我们需要环境史[J].世界历史.2004,(3):4-12.
[7]吕忠梅.环境与发展综合决策的法律思考[J].甘肃社会科学.2006,(6):10-13.
[8] [英]约翰·密尔.论自由[M].许宝骙译.北京:商务印书馆,1959:65.
[9] [美]罗斯科·庞德.通过法律的社会控制[M].沈宗灵译.北京:商务印书馆,1984:9,34-35,37-38.
[10]马国庆,邓峰.可持续发展中环境资源保护的利益冲突及协调[J].中国软科学.1998,(9):8,10.
[11] [美]E·博登海默.法理学:法律哲学与法律方法[M].邓正来译.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2004:415.
[12] [日]大须贺明.生存权论[M].林浩译.北京:法律出版社,2001:203-207.
[13]陈德敏,董正爱.环境权理念:从“人与自然和谐发展”的视角审视[J].中国人口、资源与环境.2008,(18):190-191.
[14]张文显.法哲学范畴研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003:165.
[15]蔡岚.劳动合同法利益平衡功能的定位与实现[D].华中师范大学硕士论文,2009.
[16]张文显.法理学[M].北京:法律出版社,2007:102,122.
[17]蔡守秋.环境法学教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:71,24-26,21-24.
[18]陈德敏.环境法原理专论[M].北京:法律出版社,2008:47-84.
[19]张美成.论国际环境法的共同但有区别原则[D].华东政法学院硕士论文,2003.
[20]吕忠梅.环境权力与权利的重构——论民法与环境法的沟通和协调[J].法律科学.2000,(5):77.
[21]吕忠梅.环境法新视野[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000:46-54.
[22]马国庆,邓峰.可持续发展中环境资源保护的利益冲突及协调[J].中国软科学.1998,(9):8,10.
[23]陈少红.解读环境法的“立法悖论”——以经济利益与环境利益的冲突为视角[J].云南大学学报法学版.2006,(6):19-20,21-23.
[24]汪劲.环境问题的全球化及其法律对策[J].法制与社会发展(双月刊).2002,(5):51-53,53-54.
[25]王曦.建立环境与发展综合决策机制,实施可持续发展战略[J].经济界.2003,(5):27-28.
[26]蔡守秋,莫神星.环境与发展综合决策的立法探讨[J].中国人口、资源与环境.2004,(14):32-33.
[27]陈少红.解读环境法的“立法悖论”——以经济利益与环境利益的冲突为视角[J].云南大学学报法学版.2006,(6):19-20,21-23.
[28]汪劲.环境问题的全球化及其法律对策[J].法制与社会发展(双月刊).2002,(5):51-53,53-54.