大学生未来时间洞察力的目标定向研究
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摘要
未来时间洞察力的目标定向是个体指向未来的一种人格动力特质，是个体对预期活动的认知、体验与行为的心理表征。每个人都会面向未来，选择手段，达成目标。未来时间洞察力的目标定向研究，有助于我们以正面的态度看待现在和未来，深入地理解时间人格的实质，对时间心理学研究以及建立科学发展观和社会主义荣辱观等都有重要的理论与实践意义。
虽然国内外对目标定向从成就动机角度进行了一些研究，但迄今未见从时间洞察力角度对目标定向进行研究的文献报道。本研究在文献综述基础上，采用理论与实证研究相结合、定量与定性研究相结合的方式，力图从对大学生未来时间洞察力的目标定向性质、结构、机制和功能进行系统深入的探讨。共包括11项研究。
首先在访谈基础上对134和127名大学生进行了开放性问卷调查，并考察了341名大学生的38个主要生活目标，参考已有的理论，提出了未来时间洞察力目标定向的构念结构。之后编制了具有一定信度和效度的测量工具。接着用编制的问卷分别对767和765名大学生被试者的未来一般目标定向和任务目标定向进行了测量，考察了其发展特点，并对441名大学生一般目标定向与特质应对方式、生活事件和成就动机的关系，以及563名大学生任务目标定向与时间管理倾向、自我效能的关系进行了研究，探讨了目标定向的影响因素。最后通过56名一般目标定向不同水平的大学生在完成困难性任务上的表现和54名任务目标定向不同水平的大学生在获得积极或消极反馈后对从事后续困难性任务上的影响两个实验，进一步探讨了未来时间洞察力目标定向的机制与功能。
本研究获得了以下几个主要结论：
(1)未来时间洞察力的目标定向，是时间维度上的人格特征，属于个体可能自我的范畴。
(2)未来时间洞察力的目标定向是一个多层次多维度的系统，包括一般目标定向和任务目标定向，二者均包含目标认知、目标体验、目标行为倾向三维度，具有不同的心理成分。
(3)一般和任务目标定向与分别不同的未来心理时间相对应：一般目标定向与远的未来和近的未来心理时间相对应的，反映了人们对各种远近目标的认知的、情感的和行为倾向的一般特点，；任务目标定向与较近的未来心理时间相对应，反映了个体对特定情景目标的认知、体验和行为倾向特点。
(4)大学生未来目标领域不同，主要集中于家庭目标、社会目标、事业目标、素养目标等方面，包含父母家人、恋爱婚姻、养育子女、社会成就、社会关系、职业发展、学业进步、健康生活和能力修养等领域目标，关注这些目标的程度也有差异。从总体上看，大学生被试者具有较高的一般目标定向和任务目标定向水平，其切近目标定向显著高于长远目标定向；学业成绩等级越高，其一般目标定向、任务目标定向水平也越高。
(5)大学生的未来目标定向与一些心理变量关系密切：一般目标定向与成就动机、积极应对方式呈极显著正相关，与学习、人际等生活压力呈显著负相关；任务目标定向与自我效能、时间管理倾向则均呈现极显著正相关。
(6)大学生的任务目标定向水平不同对行为结果的影响也不相同，获得积极反馈后的行为结果及行为满意度显著高于获得消极反馈，但一般目标定向水平不同者在完成困难任务时的行为坚持性和反馈寻求没有显著差异。
(7)本研究编制的大学生未来时间洞察力的一般目标定向和任务目标定向问卷具有较好的信度和效度。
总之，作为探索性研究，本研究从理论上揭示了目标定向在个体心理与行为中的作用，从多维度用多方法探讨了未来时间洞察力目标定向的内涵、结构、特点、机制与功能，也第一次从个体目标定向角度证实了远的未来、近的未来、较近的未来三阶段模型，有助于增进大学生时间维度上人格特征的全面认识和时间人格理论的进一步发展，对和谐社会中个体如何建构自己合理的远近目标、维护心理健康也具有巨大指导价值。
Goal orientation of future time perspective (FTP) is a personality dynamic trait individual directs to future, and is a psychological representation to cognition, experience and behaviors on one's expectation of activity. Every one has to face future, choose his means and achieve his goals. The research on goal orientation of FTP contributes to a deep understanding the nature of time personality. It is of theoretical and practical significance to look on present and future with positive attitude,study time psychology,and establish the views of scientific development and socialism honour and disgrace.Some publications and conference papers on goal orientation have been studied in angle of view of achievement motivation, but so far the literatures on goal orientations research from FTP have not been reported. Based on the summary of literatures, this study adopted related methods such as the combination of theoretical and practical study, the combination of quantitative and qualitative study to try to explore nature, structure, mechanism, function of goal orientation of FTP systematically, including 11 researches totally.First, based on the interview, this study investigated 134 and 127 undergraduates by the open-ended questionnaire and explored 38 chief life goal domains of 341 undergraduates, referring to the existing research literatures, and put forward construct structure of goal orientation of FTP. Then this study compiled questionnaires with better reliability and validity, next using the self-compiled questionnaires examined respectively general goal orientation and task goal orientation of FTP of 767 and 765 undergraduates and their developmental characteristic, moreover investigated the relationship among general goal orientation and trait coping style, life events and achievement motivation of 441 undergraduates, and the relationship among task goal orientation and time management disposition, self-efficacy of 563 undergraduates, as well as affecting factors of goal orientation. Finally, by using two experiments, this study also investigated performing difficult tasks of 56 undergraduates with different levels of general goal orientation, and the influence on engaging in the subsequent difficult task of 54 undergraduates with different levels of task goal orientation after acquiring positive feedback or negative feedback, furthermore, mechanism and function of goal orientation of FTP.The main findings of the research are summarized below:(1) Goal orientation of FTP is a personality characteristic of time dimension and belongs to the realm of individual possible self.
(2) Goal orientation of FTP is a multi-layer and multi-dimension system, including general and task goal orientations, which consist of three dimensions such as goal cognition, goal experience, and goal behavior disposition, and have different mental parts.
(3) General and task goal orientation respectively corresponds to different future mental time: General goal orientation corresponds to far future mental time and near future mental time and reflects general characteristics of cognitive, emotional and behavioral disposition that individual performs to various far-near goals and is a relatively abstract time personality characteristic; while task goal orientation corresponds to nearer future mental time and reflects specific characteristics of cognitive, emotional and behavioral disposition when individual faces specific tasks, and is a comparatively concrete time personality characteristic.
(4) Different undergraduates' future goals mainly concentrated on the domains such as parents and family, love and marriage, bring-up children, social achievement, social relative, occupation development, school work progress, healthy life and ability cultivation, etc. On the whole, undergraduates had higher general and task goal orientation levels, moreover, their near goal orientation was significantly higher scores than far goal orientation; result indicated that the higher school work achievement grade was, the higher general and task goal orientation levels was also.
(5) Undergraduates' future goal orientations were closely related to some mental variables: general goal orientation was significantly positively related to achievement motivation and positive coping style, whereas significantly negatively related to life stress such as study stress, interpersonal stress, etc.; but task goal orientation was significantly positively related to self-efficacy and time management disposition.
(6) Different levels of university students' task goal orientation can differently influence on behavior outcome. The participants' behavior outcome and behavior satisfaction after acquiring positive feedback had significantly higher scores than those acquiring negative feedback, however, no difference was found to exist in their behavior persistence and feedback-seeking behavior when different participants of general goal orientation performed difficult tasks.
(7) The study demonstrated the two questionnaires of general goal orientation and task goal orientation of undergraduates FTP have better reliability and validity.
In conclusion, as an exploration, this study theoretically revealed the effect of goal orientation in individual' mind and behavior, and from various dimensions explored content, structure, characteristics, mechanism and function of goal orientation of FTP by using many methods, at the same time also for the first time from the individual goal orientation confirmed three stage models- far future, near future, and nearer future. This will help enhance overall understanding university students' personality characteristics on time dimension and further developed concerning theories of time personality science, and has the important guiding value to construct his or her rational way of individual' far-near goal and uphold mental health in harmonious society.
虽然国内外对目标定向从成就动机角度进行了一些研究，但迄今未见从时间洞察力角度对目标定向进行研究的文献报道。本研究在文献综述基础上，采用理论与实证研究相结合、定量与定性研究相结合的方式，力图从对大学生未来时间洞察力的目标定向性质、结构、机制和功能进行系统深入的探讨。共包括11项研究。
首先在访谈基础上对134和127名大学生进行了开放性问卷调查，并考察了341名大学生的38个主要生活目标，参考已有的理论，提出了未来时间洞察力目标定向的构念结构。之后编制了具有一定信度和效度的测量工具。接着用编制的问卷分别对767和765名大学生被试者的未来一般目标定向和任务目标定向进行了测量，考察了其发展特点，并对441名大学生一般目标定向与特质应对方式、生活事件和成就动机的关系，以及563名大学生任务目标定向与时间管理倾向、自我效能的关系进行了研究，探讨了目标定向的影响因素。最后通过56名一般目标定向不同水平的大学生在完成困难性任务上的表现和54名任务目标定向不同水平的大学生在获得积极或消极反馈后对从事后续困难性任务上的影响两个实验，进一步探讨了未来时间洞察力目标定向的机制与功能。
本研究获得了以下几个主要结论：
(1)未来时间洞察力的目标定向，是时间维度上的人格特征，属于个体可能自我的范畴。
(2)未来时间洞察力的目标定向是一个多层次多维度的系统，包括一般目标定向和任务目标定向，二者均包含目标认知、目标体验、目标行为倾向三维度，具有不同的心理成分。
(3)一般和任务目标定向与分别不同的未来心理时间相对应：一般目标定向与远的未来和近的未来心理时间相对应的，反映了人们对各种远近目标的认知的、情感的和行为倾向的一般特点，；任务目标定向与较近的未来心理时间相对应，反映了个体对特定情景目标的认知、体验和行为倾向特点。
(4)大学生未来目标领域不同，主要集中于家庭目标、社会目标、事业目标、素养目标等方面，包含父母家人、恋爱婚姻、养育子女、社会成就、社会关系、职业发展、学业进步、健康生活和能力修养等领域目标，关注这些目标的程度也有差异。从总体上看，大学生被试者具有较高的一般目标定向和任务目标定向水平，其切近目标定向显著高于长远目标定向；学业成绩等级越高，其一般目标定向、任务目标定向水平也越高。
(5)大学生的未来目标定向与一些心理变量关系密切：一般目标定向与成就动机、积极应对方式呈极显著正相关，与学习、人际等生活压力呈显著负相关；任务目标定向与自我效能、时间管理倾向则均呈现极显著正相关。
(6)大学生的任务目标定向水平不同对行为结果的影响也不相同，获得积极反馈后的行为结果及行为满意度显著高于获得消极反馈，但一般目标定向水平不同者在完成困难任务时的行为坚持性和反馈寻求没有显著差异。
(7)本研究编制的大学生未来时间洞察力的一般目标定向和任务目标定向问卷具有较好的信度和效度。
总之，作为探索性研究，本研究从理论上揭示了目标定向在个体心理与行为中的作用，从多维度用多方法探讨了未来时间洞察力目标定向的内涵、结构、特点、机制与功能，也第一次从个体目标定向角度证实了远的未来、近的未来、较近的未来三阶段模型，有助于增进大学生时间维度上人格特征的全面认识和时间人格理论的进一步发展，对和谐社会中个体如何建构自己合理的远近目标、维护心理健康也具有巨大指导价值。
Goal orientation of future time perspective (FTP) is a personality dynamic trait individual directs to future, and is a psychological representation to cognition, experience and behaviors on one's expectation of activity. Every one has to face future, choose his means and achieve his goals. The research on goal orientation of FTP contributes to a deep understanding the nature of time personality. It is of theoretical and practical significance to look on present and future with positive attitude,study time psychology,and establish the views of scientific development and socialism honour and disgrace.Some publications and conference papers on goal orientation have been studied in angle of view of achievement motivation, but so far the literatures on goal orientations research from FTP have not been reported. Based on the summary of literatures, this study adopted related methods such as the combination of theoretical and practical study, the combination of quantitative and qualitative study to try to explore nature, structure, mechanism, function of goal orientation of FTP systematically, including 11 researches totally.First, based on the interview, this study investigated 134 and 127 undergraduates by the open-ended questionnaire and explored 38 chief life goal domains of 341 undergraduates, referring to the existing research literatures, and put forward construct structure of goal orientation of FTP. Then this study compiled questionnaires with better reliability and validity, next using the self-compiled questionnaires examined respectively general goal orientation and task goal orientation of FTP of 767 and 765 undergraduates and their developmental characteristic, moreover investigated the relationship among general goal orientation and trait coping style, life events and achievement motivation of 441 undergraduates, and the relationship among task goal orientation and time management disposition, self-efficacy of 563 undergraduates, as well as affecting factors of goal orientation. Finally, by using two experiments, this study also investigated performing difficult tasks of 56 undergraduates with different levels of general goal orientation, and the influence on engaging in the subsequent difficult task of 54 undergraduates with different levels of task goal orientation after acquiring positive feedback or negative feedback, furthermore, mechanism and function of goal orientation of FTP.The main findings of the research are summarized below:(1) Goal orientation of FTP is a personality characteristic of time dimension and belongs to the realm of individual possible self.
(2) Goal orientation of FTP is a multi-layer and multi-dimension system, including general and task goal orientations, which consist of three dimensions such as goal cognition, goal experience, and goal behavior disposition, and have different mental parts.
(3) General and task goal orientation respectively corresponds to different future mental time: General goal orientation corresponds to far future mental time and near future mental time and reflects general characteristics of cognitive, emotional and behavioral disposition that individual performs to various far-near goals and is a relatively abstract time personality characteristic; while task goal orientation corresponds to nearer future mental time and reflects specific characteristics of cognitive, emotional and behavioral disposition when individual faces specific tasks, and is a comparatively concrete time personality characteristic.
(4) Different undergraduates' future goals mainly concentrated on the domains such as parents and family, love and marriage, bring-up children, social achievement, social relative, occupation development, school work progress, healthy life and ability cultivation, etc. On the whole, undergraduates had higher general and task goal orientation levels, moreover, their near goal orientation was significantly higher scores than far goal orientation; result indicated that the higher school work achievement grade was, the higher general and task goal orientation levels was also.
(5) Undergraduates' future goal orientations were closely related to some mental variables: general goal orientation was significantly positively related to achievement motivation and positive coping style, whereas significantly negatively related to life stress such as study stress, interpersonal stress, etc.; but task goal orientation was significantly positively related to self-efficacy and time management disposition.
(6) Different levels of university students' task goal orientation can differently influence on behavior outcome. The participants' behavior outcome and behavior satisfaction after acquiring positive feedback had significantly higher scores than those acquiring negative feedback, however, no difference was found to exist in their behavior persistence and feedback-seeking behavior when different participants of general goal orientation performed difficult tasks.
(7) The study demonstrated the two questionnaires of general goal orientation and task goal orientation of undergraduates FTP have better reliability and validity.
In conclusion, as an exploration, this study theoretically revealed the effect of goal orientation in individual' mind and behavior, and from various dimensions explored content, structure, characteristics, mechanism and function of goal orientation of FTP by using many methods, at the same time also for the first time from the individual goal orientation confirmed three stage models- far future, near future, and nearer future. This will help enhance overall understanding university students' personality characteristics on time dimension and further developed concerning theories of time personality science, and has the important guiding value to construct his or her rational way of individual' far-near goal and uphold mental health in harmonious society.
引文
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