掺镱双包层光纤激光器工作特性及其受激非弹性散射的研究
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摘要
双包层光纤激光器兼具了传统固体激光器和光纤激光器的优点,在工业、光通信、医学、军事等各个社会领域得到了广泛的应用,并具有重要的研究价值从而愈发得到研究者们的重视。本文回顾了光纤激光器的发展历史,概述了掺镱双包层光纤激光器的研究现状。简要介绍了它的基本原理、谐振腔组成结构及泵浦耦合方式。从理论上对双包层光纤激光器的一些关键技术环节进行了较深入的研究。主要内容包括:
(1)从掺镱双包层光纤激光器的稳态速率方程出发,得到了可用于数值模拟的微分方程组。并通过计算,分析了光纤长度、腔镜反射率、纤芯掺杂浓度、传输损耗、泵浦光波长等因素对掺镱双包层光纤激光器输出特性的影响。
(2)从稳态热传导方程出发,分析了不同光纤结构对稳态运行时光纤内部温度分布的影响。指出,只要对系统进行简单的风冷或水冷结构设计,将大幅改善其散热性能。
(3)利用二维射线法及模式判别法对圆对称内包层及纤芯偏置内包层对泵浦光的吸收效率做了分析。结果表明,对纤芯进行偏置将大幅度提高其对泵浦光的吸收效率。
(4)从速率方程和耦合方程出发,在考虑受激喇曼散射的情况下,利用数值方法,分别得到了在正向及反向泵浦条件下,光纤内泵浦光、信号光及斯托克斯光功率的分布。详细分析了各因素对掺镱双包层光纤激光器中受激喇曼散射的影响。
模拟结果能够对掺镱双包层光纤激光器,特别是高功率条件下的优化设计提供一定的理论指导。
Cladding pump technology makes the fiber couple high-power multimode pump better and keep the output beam quality high, results in greatly increasing the output power of fiber laser. Because of its advantages, it is widely used in various social fields, including industry, medical, communications, military and so on. In this paper the development of fiber laser has been reviewed and an overview of the research of Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser has been given, whose basic principles, resonant cavity structure and pump coupling patterns have been briefly introduced. This paper mainly contains the following aspects:
(1) Based on the steady-state rate equation of Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser the differential equations have been derived for numerical simulation. The impacts which will influence the output characteristics of Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser have been analyzed by calculating.
(2) Based on the steady-state heat conduction equation, the fiber’s internal temperature distribution in different fiber structures has been discussed.
(3) The internal-clad forms are very important in double-clad fiber laser, and the pump absorption efficiency in circular symmetry internal-clad and core bias internal-clad has been researched in the geometrical optics method and mode analysis method. The results demonstrate that the pump absorption efficiency will be highly improved when the fiber core is deflective.
(4) Based on the rate equation and coupled equation, the power distributions of pump, signal light and Stokes light in fiber have been studied when the pump is forward and backward. The impacts which will influence the stimulated inelastic scattering in Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser has been analyzed.
The research results can direct the Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser optimization design under the conditions of high-power.
(1)从掺镱双包层光纤激光器的稳态速率方程出发,得到了可用于数值模拟的微分方程组。并通过计算,分析了光纤长度、腔镜反射率、纤芯掺杂浓度、传输损耗、泵浦光波长等因素对掺镱双包层光纤激光器输出特性的影响。
(2)从稳态热传导方程出发,分析了不同光纤结构对稳态运行时光纤内部温度分布的影响。指出,只要对系统进行简单的风冷或水冷结构设计,将大幅改善其散热性能。
(3)利用二维射线法及模式判别法对圆对称内包层及纤芯偏置内包层对泵浦光的吸收效率做了分析。结果表明,对纤芯进行偏置将大幅度提高其对泵浦光的吸收效率。
(4)从速率方程和耦合方程出发,在考虑受激喇曼散射的情况下,利用数值方法,分别得到了在正向及反向泵浦条件下,光纤内泵浦光、信号光及斯托克斯光功率的分布。详细分析了各因素对掺镱双包层光纤激光器中受激喇曼散射的影响。
模拟结果能够对掺镱双包层光纤激光器,特别是高功率条件下的优化设计提供一定的理论指导。
Cladding pump technology makes the fiber couple high-power multimode pump better and keep the output beam quality high, results in greatly increasing the output power of fiber laser. Because of its advantages, it is widely used in various social fields, including industry, medical, communications, military and so on. In this paper the development of fiber laser has been reviewed and an overview of the research of Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser has been given, whose basic principles, resonant cavity structure and pump coupling patterns have been briefly introduced. This paper mainly contains the following aspects:
(1) Based on the steady-state rate equation of Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser the differential equations have been derived for numerical simulation. The impacts which will influence the output characteristics of Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser have been analyzed by calculating.
(2) Based on the steady-state heat conduction equation, the fiber’s internal temperature distribution in different fiber structures has been discussed.
(3) The internal-clad forms are very important in double-clad fiber laser, and the pump absorption efficiency in circular symmetry internal-clad and core bias internal-clad has been researched in the geometrical optics method and mode analysis method. The results demonstrate that the pump absorption efficiency will be highly improved when the fiber core is deflective.
(4) Based on the rate equation and coupled equation, the power distributions of pump, signal light and Stokes light in fiber have been studied when the pump is forward and backward. The impacts which will influence the stimulated inelastic scattering in Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser has been analyzed.
The research results can direct the Ytterbium-doped double-clad fiber laser optimization design under the conditions of high-power.
引文
[1] E. Snitzer. Optical Maser Action of Nd3+ in a Barium Crown Glass. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1961, 7(12): 444~446
[2] F. P. KaPron. Radiation loss in glass optical waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1970, 17(10): 423~25
[3] H. M. Pask, R. J. Carman, D. C. Hanna, et al. Ytterbium-doped silica fiber lasers: versatile sources for the 1-1.2μm region. IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., 1995, (1): 2~13
[4] Miller. I. D. New all-fiber Laser. Conference on Optical Fiber Communications, 1987, WI31: 168
[5] E. Snitzer, H. Po, F. Hakimi, et al. Double-clad of set core Nd fiber laser. Proc. Conf . Optical Fiber Sensors, 1988, PD5: 533~536
[6] D. C. Hanna, R. W. Percival, I. R. Perry, et al. Continuous-wave oscillation of a monomode ytterbium-doped fiber laser. Electron. Lett., 1988, 24(17): 1111~1113
[7] D. C. Hanna, R. W. Percival, I. R. Perry, et al. An ytterbium-doped monomode fiberlaser: broadly tunable operation from 1.010μm to 1.162μm and three-level operation at 974nm. J. of Mod. Opt., 1990, 37(4): 517~525
[8] H. M. Pask, D. C. Hanna. Operation of cladding-pumped Yb3+-doped silica fiber lasers in 1μm region. Electron. Lett., 1994, 30(11): 863~865
[9] Martin H. Muendel. High-power fiber laser studies at the Polaroid Corporation. Proc. SPIE, 1998, 3264: 21~29
[10] Dominic V., MacCormack S., Waarts R., et al. 110 W fiber laser. Electron. Lett., 1999, 35(14): 1158~1160
[11] J. Limpert, A. Liem. 150W Nd Yb codoped fiber laser at 1.lμm. CLEO, 2002, CThX1: 590~591
[12] Y. Jeong, J. K. Sahu, D. N. Payne, et al. Ytterbium-doped large-core fiber laser with 1.36kW continuous-wave output power. Opt. Exp., 2004, (12): 6088~6092
[13] V. P. Gapontsev. High power, kilo-Watt class fiber lasders are winning and securing new opportunities in automotive and heavy industry. Photonics West., 2004, 5335: 32
[14] R. E. Kennedy, S. V. Popov, A. B. Rulkov, et al. High power fiber-integrated sources. Photonics West., 2006, 5330: 25
[15]吕可诚,刘伟伟,李乙钢等.高效率掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器.中国激光, 2000, 27(8): 755
[16]陈柏,陈兰荣,林尊琪等. LD抽运的掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器.中国激光, 2000, 27(2): 101~104
[17]吕可诚,苏红新,李乙钢等.瓦量级全光纤掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器.中国激光, 2002, 31(12): 604~606
[18]吕福云,樊亚仙,王宏杰等.高斜率效率6.5W双包层掺Yb3+光纤激光器.中国激光, 2002, 29: 888
[19]阎平,巩马理,袁艳阳等.双端包层抽运光纤激光器实现137W激光输出.中国激光, 2004, 31(l): 80
[20]楼祺洪,周军,朱健强等.单端抽运国产D形双包层光纤激光器实现输出功率200 W.中国激光, 2004, 31(9): 1029
[21]李伟,武子淳,陈曦等.大功率光纤激光器输出功率突破1 kW.强激光与离子束, 2006, 18(6): 890
[22]赵鸿,周寿桓,朱辰等.大功率光纤激光器输出功率超过1.2 kW.中国激光, 2006, 33(10): 1359
[23] F. Lep lingard, S. Borne, L. Lorcy, et al. Six output wavelength Raman fiberlaser for Raman Amplification. Electronics Letters, 2002, 38(16): 887~889
[24]杨克成.激光原理与技术. (第一版).武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2000. 6~16
[25] Pashotal R, Nillson J. Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier. IEEE J Quantum Electron, 1997, 33(7): 1049
[26] Th. Weber, W. Luthy, H.P.Wber, et al. A longitudinal and side-pumped single transverse mode double-clad fiber laser with a special silicone coating. Optics Communications, 1995, 115: 99~104
[27] V. Gapontsev, W. Krupke. Fiber lasers grow in power. Laser Focus World, 2002, 38(8): 83~87
[28] Ammar Hideur, Thierry Chartier, Cafer Qzkul. All-fiber tunable ytterbium dopeddouble clad fiber ring laser. Optics Letters, 2001, 26(14): 1054~1056
[29] H. S. Seo, D. I. Chang, Y. G.. Choi, et al. Highly efficient single mode laser in Yb-doped double-clad fiber with novel cavity design. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2002, ThGG26: 647~648
[30] A. Liu, J. Song, K. Kamatani, et al. Rectangular double-clad fiber laser with two-end-bundled pump. Electronics Letters, 1996, 32(18): 1673~1674
[31] D. J. RiPin, Golbberg. High efficiency side coupling of light into optical fibers using imbedded v-grooves. Electronics Letters, 1995, 31(25): 2204~2205
[32] H. Jeong, S. Choi, K. Oh, et al. Continuous wave single transverse mode laser oscillation in a Nd-doped large core double clad fiber cavity with concatenated adiabatic tapers. Opt. Commun., 2003, 213(1): 33~37
[33] Amos H., Oron R. Signal amplification in strongly pumped fiber amplifiers. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1997, 33(3): 307~313
[34] I. Kelson, A. A. Hardy. Strongly pumped fiber lasers. IEEE J. Quant. Electron., 1998, 34(9): 1570~1577
[35] C. Brown, H. J. Hoffman. Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronic, 2001, 37: 207~217
[36] A. liu, K. Ueda. The absorption characteristics of circular, offset, and rectangular double-clad fibers. Opt. Commun., 1996, 132: 511~518
[37] Z. H. Wang, H. Zhang. Calculation of the absorption efficiency of double clad fiber by using the modal analysis method. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2003, 37(2): 111~113
[38]刘德明,向清,黄德修.光纤光学. (第一版).武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 1998. 10~42
[39]徐晟,王子华.渐变折射率双包层光纤吸收效率的波动理论分析.光电子.激光, 2004, 15(7): 276~279
[40] Y. Wang, C. Q. Xu, H. Po. Pump arrangement for kilowatt fiber lasers. The 16th Annual Meeting of the IEEE, 2003, 1: 27~28
[41]钱士雄,王恭明.非线性光学原理与进展. (第一版).上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 1~4
[42]石顺祥,陈国夫,赵卫等.非线性光学. (第一版).西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2003. 1~22
[43] G. P. Agrawal.非线性光纤光学原理及应用. (第一版).贾东方,余震虹.北京:电子工业出版社, 2002. 3~17
[44]程光煦.拉曼、布里渊散射原理及应用. (第一版).北京:科学出版社, 2001. 1~5
[45] B. Ortae, A. Hideur, T. Chartier, et al. Influence of cavity losses on stimulated brillouin scattering in a self-pulsing side-pumped ytterbium-doped double-clad fiberlaser. Opt. Commun., 2003, 215: 389~395
[46] Y. Jeong, J. Nilsson, J. K. Sahu, et al. Single-frequency, single-mode, plane-polarized ytterbium-doped fiber maser-oscillator power amplifier source with 264W output power. Opt. Lett ., 2005, 30 (5): 459~461
[47] Y. Wang, C. Q. Xu. Analysis of Raman and thermal effects in kilowatt fiberlasers. Optics Communications, 2004, 242(9): 487~502
[48]李瑞遐,何志庆.微分方程数值方法. (第一版).上海:华东理工大学出版社, 2005. 9~63
[2] F. P. KaPron. Radiation loss in glass optical waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1970, 17(10): 423~25
[3] H. M. Pask, R. J. Carman, D. C. Hanna, et al. Ytterbium-doped silica fiber lasers: versatile sources for the 1-1.2μm region. IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., 1995, (1): 2~13
[4] Miller. I. D. New all-fiber Laser. Conference on Optical Fiber Communications, 1987, WI31: 168
[5] E. Snitzer, H. Po, F. Hakimi, et al. Double-clad of set core Nd fiber laser. Proc. Conf . Optical Fiber Sensors, 1988, PD5: 533~536
[6] D. C. Hanna, R. W. Percival, I. R. Perry, et al. Continuous-wave oscillation of a monomode ytterbium-doped fiber laser. Electron. Lett., 1988, 24(17): 1111~1113
[7] D. C. Hanna, R. W. Percival, I. R. Perry, et al. An ytterbium-doped monomode fiberlaser: broadly tunable operation from 1.010μm to 1.162μm and three-level operation at 974nm. J. of Mod. Opt., 1990, 37(4): 517~525
[8] H. M. Pask, D. C. Hanna. Operation of cladding-pumped Yb3+-doped silica fiber lasers in 1μm region. Electron. Lett., 1994, 30(11): 863~865
[9] Martin H. Muendel. High-power fiber laser studies at the Polaroid Corporation. Proc. SPIE, 1998, 3264: 21~29
[10] Dominic V., MacCormack S., Waarts R., et al. 110 W fiber laser. Electron. Lett., 1999, 35(14): 1158~1160
[11] J. Limpert, A. Liem. 150W Nd Yb codoped fiber laser at 1.lμm. CLEO, 2002, CThX1: 590~591
[12] Y. Jeong, J. K. Sahu, D. N. Payne, et al. Ytterbium-doped large-core fiber laser with 1.36kW continuous-wave output power. Opt. Exp., 2004, (12): 6088~6092
[13] V. P. Gapontsev. High power, kilo-Watt class fiber lasders are winning and securing new opportunities in automotive and heavy industry. Photonics West., 2004, 5335: 32
[14] R. E. Kennedy, S. V. Popov, A. B. Rulkov, et al. High power fiber-integrated sources. Photonics West., 2006, 5330: 25
[15]吕可诚,刘伟伟,李乙钢等.高效率掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器.中国激光, 2000, 27(8): 755
[16]陈柏,陈兰荣,林尊琪等. LD抽运的掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器.中国激光, 2000, 27(2): 101~104
[17]吕可诚,苏红新,李乙钢等.瓦量级全光纤掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器.中国激光, 2002, 31(12): 604~606
[18]吕福云,樊亚仙,王宏杰等.高斜率效率6.5W双包层掺Yb3+光纤激光器.中国激光, 2002, 29: 888
[19]阎平,巩马理,袁艳阳等.双端包层抽运光纤激光器实现137W激光输出.中国激光, 2004, 31(l): 80
[20]楼祺洪,周军,朱健强等.单端抽运国产D形双包层光纤激光器实现输出功率200 W.中国激光, 2004, 31(9): 1029
[21]李伟,武子淳,陈曦等.大功率光纤激光器输出功率突破1 kW.强激光与离子束, 2006, 18(6): 890
[22]赵鸿,周寿桓,朱辰等.大功率光纤激光器输出功率超过1.2 kW.中国激光, 2006, 33(10): 1359
[23] F. Lep lingard, S. Borne, L. Lorcy, et al. Six output wavelength Raman fiberlaser for Raman Amplification. Electronics Letters, 2002, 38(16): 887~889
[24]杨克成.激光原理与技术. (第一版).武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 2000. 6~16
[25] Pashotal R, Nillson J. Ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier. IEEE J Quantum Electron, 1997, 33(7): 1049
[26] Th. Weber, W. Luthy, H.P.Wber, et al. A longitudinal and side-pumped single transverse mode double-clad fiber laser with a special silicone coating. Optics Communications, 1995, 115: 99~104
[27] V. Gapontsev, W. Krupke. Fiber lasers grow in power. Laser Focus World, 2002, 38(8): 83~87
[28] Ammar Hideur, Thierry Chartier, Cafer Qzkul. All-fiber tunable ytterbium dopeddouble clad fiber ring laser. Optics Letters, 2001, 26(14): 1054~1056
[29] H. S. Seo, D. I. Chang, Y. G.. Choi, et al. Highly efficient single mode laser in Yb-doped double-clad fiber with novel cavity design. Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 2002, ThGG26: 647~648
[30] A. Liu, J. Song, K. Kamatani, et al. Rectangular double-clad fiber laser with two-end-bundled pump. Electronics Letters, 1996, 32(18): 1673~1674
[31] D. J. RiPin, Golbberg. High efficiency side coupling of light into optical fibers using imbedded v-grooves. Electronics Letters, 1995, 31(25): 2204~2205
[32] H. Jeong, S. Choi, K. Oh, et al. Continuous wave single transverse mode laser oscillation in a Nd-doped large core double clad fiber cavity with concatenated adiabatic tapers. Opt. Commun., 2003, 213(1): 33~37
[33] Amos H., Oron R. Signal amplification in strongly pumped fiber amplifiers. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 1997, 33(3): 307~313
[34] I. Kelson, A. A. Hardy. Strongly pumped fiber lasers. IEEE J. Quant. Electron., 1998, 34(9): 1570~1577
[35] C. Brown, H. J. Hoffman. Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronic, 2001, 37: 207~217
[36] A. liu, K. Ueda. The absorption characteristics of circular, offset, and rectangular double-clad fibers. Opt. Commun., 1996, 132: 511~518
[37] Z. H. Wang, H. Zhang. Calculation of the absorption efficiency of double clad fiber by using the modal analysis method. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2003, 37(2): 111~113
[38]刘德明,向清,黄德修.光纤光学. (第一版).武汉:华中科技大学出版社, 1998. 10~42
[39]徐晟,王子华.渐变折射率双包层光纤吸收效率的波动理论分析.光电子.激光, 2004, 15(7): 276~279
[40] Y. Wang, C. Q. Xu, H. Po. Pump arrangement for kilowatt fiber lasers. The 16th Annual Meeting of the IEEE, 2003, 1: 27~28
[41]钱士雄,王恭明.非线性光学原理与进展. (第一版).上海:复旦大学出版社, 2001. 1~4
[42]石顺祥,陈国夫,赵卫等.非线性光学. (第一版).西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2003. 1~22
[43] G. P. Agrawal.非线性光纤光学原理及应用. (第一版).贾东方,余震虹.北京:电子工业出版社, 2002. 3~17
[44]程光煦.拉曼、布里渊散射原理及应用. (第一版).北京:科学出版社, 2001. 1~5
[45] B. Ortae, A. Hideur, T. Chartier, et al. Influence of cavity losses on stimulated brillouin scattering in a self-pulsing side-pumped ytterbium-doped double-clad fiberlaser. Opt. Commun., 2003, 215: 389~395
[46] Y. Jeong, J. Nilsson, J. K. Sahu, et al. Single-frequency, single-mode, plane-polarized ytterbium-doped fiber maser-oscillator power amplifier source with 264W output power. Opt. Lett ., 2005, 30 (5): 459~461
[47] Y. Wang, C. Q. Xu. Analysis of Raman and thermal effects in kilowatt fiberlasers. Optics Communications, 2004, 242(9): 487~502
[48]李瑞遐,何志庆.微分方程数值方法. (第一版).上海:华东理工大学出版社, 2005. 9~63