DC-DC开关变换器的建模分析与研究
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摘要
DC-DC 开关变换器的建模分析是研究开关电源的基础,对开关电源的分析与设计具有重要意义。传统的理想模型和实际电路之间的偏差是开关变换器建模不可忽视的问题。围绕这个问题,本文对 DC-DC 开关变换器的建模分析进行了深入的研究,有助于开关电源的性能优化和设计效率的提高。
在对 DC-DC 开关变换器建模方法的现状及发展趋势进行深入分析的基础上,提出了一种非理想基本变换器在连续工作模式下的电路平均建模方法。以非理想 Buck 变换器和非理想 Boost 变换器为例,阐明了建模过程,进行了仿真研究和实验验证;建立了非理想 PWM 开关模型,在此基础上推导了 Buck-Boost 变换器在连续工作模式下的等效电路模型,进行了稳态和动态小信号特性分析。该建模方法考虑了变换器的寄生参数,模型直观、物理意义清晰、具有实用价值。
提出了非理想变换器在断续工作模式下的电路平均建模方法,该方法不仅考虑了变换器的寄生参数,而且考虑了电流的纹波。首次建立了非理想 Buck 变换器、非理想 Boost 变换器在断续工作模式下的大信号平均模型、DC 和小信号电路模型,进行了稳态分析,导出了传递函数。统一了非理想 Buck 变换器、非理想 Boost 变换器在连续工作模式和断续工作模式下的大信号平均模型,推导了断续工作模式和连续工作模式的边界。研究了 Buck 变换器和 Boost 变换器在断续工作模式下的小信号特性,讨论了不同的参数对小信号特性的影响,并与临界连续、连续工作模式下的小信号特性进行了比较。
提出并研究了考虑导通损耗、考虑变压器漏感、既考虑导通损耗又考虑变压器漏感的半桥变换器的电路平均法建模,导出了传递函数,分析了变换器的参数对其稳态特性、传递函数和小信号特性的影响,并进行了仿真研究。
首次运用状态空间平均法建立了考虑变压器漏感的半桥变换器的稳态和小信号解析模型,得到了与电路平均建模方法一致的结果。
研究了既考虑寄生参数又考虑电流纹波的开关变换器在连续工作模式下的电路平均法建模。首次建立了考虑寄生电阻和电流纹波的同步整流 Buck 变换器在连续工作模式下的大信号平均模型、DC 和小信号电路模型,研究了电压控制的闭环建模,导出了传递函数,剖析了变换器的寄生参数对其控制电路设计的影响,进行了小信号特性的仿真研究,进一步阐明了考虑变换器的寄生参数建模的必要性。
Modeling analysis DC-DC switching converters is the key step to study, analyze and design switching power supplies. Difference between the traditional ideal model and the actual nonideal converter is a problem that cannot be ignored to model switching converters. In order to solve the problem, this dissertation is devoted to study on modeling and analyzing DC-DC switching converter. The research results are helpful to optimize behavior and improve design efficiency of switching power supplies.
On the basis of the current situation and developing trend of modeling methods of DC-DC switching converters discussed, a circuit averaging method is put forward to model nonideal basic converters operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). The method is exemplified by modeling nonideal buck converter and nonideal boost converter operating in CCM, the modeling procedures are illustrated concretely, simulation analysis and experiment verification are performed, corresponding CCM PWM-switch models are obtained. The equivalent circuit models of nonideal buck-boost converter operating in CCM are derived. Steady-state and dynamic small-signal analysis are discussed based on the derived models. Parasitic components existed in actual converters are included into the derived models, which are intuitive and of clear physical meaning. Therefore, the derived models carry practical value.
The circuit averaging modeling method of nonideal converters operating in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is presented. Both parasitic components and current ripples are included into equivalent circuit models of DCM converters. At the first time, this dissertation succeeds in deriving large-signal averaging circuit models, DC circuit models, small-signal equivalent circuit models corresponding to nonideal buck converter and nonideal boost converter operating in DCM. Based upon these models, the steady-state analysis is performed, transfer functions are obtained, small-signal characteristics of buck and boost converter are studied in detail with simulation and theory analysis. The small-signal characteristics in DCM are compared with their small-signal characteristics in critical CCM and CCM. Large-signal averaging models of nonideal buck as well as boost converter operating in CCM and DCM are combined respectively. The CCM-DCM mode boundaries for the buck and boost converters are determined.
The circuit averaging methods to model half-bridge transformer-isolated converter with consideration of conduction losses, transformer-leakage inductance, both conduction
losses and transformer-leakage inductance are studied. Transfer functions are derived. Effects of the converter parameters on transfer functions, the steady-state and small-signal characteristics of the converter are discussed, and the corresponding simulation is performed.
State-space averaging method is first employed to derive the quiescent dc and small-signal ac equations of half-bridge converter including transformer-leakage inductance. The results are identical with those derived using circuit averaging method.
A circuit averaging method of deriving circuit models including parasitic components and current ripples of CCM converters is introduced. Dynamic large-signal, DC, and small-signal circuit models including parasitic resistances and current ripples of nonideal synchronous rectifier buck converter operating in CCM are established. Closed-loop modeling of nonideal synchronous rectifier buck converter for voltage-mode control is studied. Transfer functions are obtained. Effects of parasitic components on control loop design of the converter are explored. Systematic simulation analysis is performed. All the results show that it is necessary to include parasitic components of converters into equivalent models.
在对 DC-DC 开关变换器建模方法的现状及发展趋势进行深入分析的基础上,提出了一种非理想基本变换器在连续工作模式下的电路平均建模方法。以非理想 Buck 变换器和非理想 Boost 变换器为例,阐明了建模过程,进行了仿真研究和实验验证;建立了非理想 PWM 开关模型,在此基础上推导了 Buck-Boost 变换器在连续工作模式下的等效电路模型,进行了稳态和动态小信号特性分析。该建模方法考虑了变换器的寄生参数,模型直观、物理意义清晰、具有实用价值。
提出了非理想变换器在断续工作模式下的电路平均建模方法,该方法不仅考虑了变换器的寄生参数,而且考虑了电流的纹波。首次建立了非理想 Buck 变换器、非理想 Boost 变换器在断续工作模式下的大信号平均模型、DC 和小信号电路模型,进行了稳态分析,导出了传递函数。统一了非理想 Buck 变换器、非理想 Boost 变换器在连续工作模式和断续工作模式下的大信号平均模型,推导了断续工作模式和连续工作模式的边界。研究了 Buck 变换器和 Boost 变换器在断续工作模式下的小信号特性,讨论了不同的参数对小信号特性的影响,并与临界连续、连续工作模式下的小信号特性进行了比较。
提出并研究了考虑导通损耗、考虑变压器漏感、既考虑导通损耗又考虑变压器漏感的半桥变换器的电路平均法建模,导出了传递函数,分析了变换器的参数对其稳态特性、传递函数和小信号特性的影响,并进行了仿真研究。
首次运用状态空间平均法建立了考虑变压器漏感的半桥变换器的稳态和小信号解析模型,得到了与电路平均建模方法一致的结果。
研究了既考虑寄生参数又考虑电流纹波的开关变换器在连续工作模式下的电路平均法建模。首次建立了考虑寄生电阻和电流纹波的同步整流 Buck 变换器在连续工作模式下的大信号平均模型、DC 和小信号电路模型,研究了电压控制的闭环建模,导出了传递函数,剖析了变换器的寄生参数对其控制电路设计的影响,进行了小信号特性的仿真研究,进一步阐明了考虑变换器的寄生参数建模的必要性。
Modeling analysis DC-DC switching converters is the key step to study, analyze and design switching power supplies. Difference between the traditional ideal model and the actual nonideal converter is a problem that cannot be ignored to model switching converters. In order to solve the problem, this dissertation is devoted to study on modeling and analyzing DC-DC switching converter. The research results are helpful to optimize behavior and improve design efficiency of switching power supplies.
On the basis of the current situation and developing trend of modeling methods of DC-DC switching converters discussed, a circuit averaging method is put forward to model nonideal basic converters operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). The method is exemplified by modeling nonideal buck converter and nonideal boost converter operating in CCM, the modeling procedures are illustrated concretely, simulation analysis and experiment verification are performed, corresponding CCM PWM-switch models are obtained. The equivalent circuit models of nonideal buck-boost converter operating in CCM are derived. Steady-state and dynamic small-signal analysis are discussed based on the derived models. Parasitic components existed in actual converters are included into the derived models, which are intuitive and of clear physical meaning. Therefore, the derived models carry practical value.
The circuit averaging modeling method of nonideal converters operating in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is presented. Both parasitic components and current ripples are included into equivalent circuit models of DCM converters. At the first time, this dissertation succeeds in deriving large-signal averaging circuit models, DC circuit models, small-signal equivalent circuit models corresponding to nonideal buck converter and nonideal boost converter operating in DCM. Based upon these models, the steady-state analysis is performed, transfer functions are obtained, small-signal characteristics of buck and boost converter are studied in detail with simulation and theory analysis. The small-signal characteristics in DCM are compared with their small-signal characteristics in critical CCM and CCM. Large-signal averaging models of nonideal buck as well as boost converter operating in CCM and DCM are combined respectively. The CCM-DCM mode boundaries for the buck and boost converters are determined.
The circuit averaging methods to model half-bridge transformer-isolated converter with consideration of conduction losses, transformer-leakage inductance, both conduction
losses and transformer-leakage inductance are studied. Transfer functions are derived. Effects of the converter parameters on transfer functions, the steady-state and small-signal characteristics of the converter are discussed, and the corresponding simulation is performed.
State-space averaging method is first employed to derive the quiescent dc and small-signal ac equations of half-bridge converter including transformer-leakage inductance. The results are identical with those derived using circuit averaging method.
A circuit averaging method of deriving circuit models including parasitic components and current ripples of CCM converters is introduced. Dynamic large-signal, DC, and small-signal circuit models including parasitic resistances and current ripples of nonideal synchronous rectifier buck converter operating in CCM are established. Closed-loop modeling of nonideal synchronous rectifier buck converter for voltage-mode control is studied. Transfer functions are obtained. Effects of parasitic components on control loop design of the converter are explored. Systematic simulation analysis is performed. All the results show that it is necessary to include parasitic components of converters into equivalent models.
引文
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2. Xu Jianping, Yu Juebang. Equivalent circuit model of switches for SPICE simulation. IEE Electronics Letters, 1988, Vol.24, No.7, 437~438
3. Xu Jianping, Yu Juebang, Zeng H. SPICE simulation of switched DC-DC converters. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1991, Vol.5, 3023~3026
4. Lee Y S, Cheng D K W, Wong S C. A new approach to the modeling of converters for SPICE simulation. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Oct. 1992, Vol.7, No.4, 741~753
5. Bertha F, Velaerts B, Mathys P, Tatakis E, Wyns A, Bogaerts D, Miller M. An improved power diode model for PSPICE, applied to converter simulation. 1993 Fifth European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, 1993,Vol.2, 249~254
6. Xu Jianping and Grotzbach Manfred. Time-domain analysis of half-wave zero-current switch quasi-resonant converters by using SPICE. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, Vol. 40, No.6, 1993, 577~579
7. Kang Y, Lavers J D. Automatic generation of SPICE-compatible behavior models for computer simulation of DC-DC converters. IEEE 4th Workshop on Computers in Power Electronics, 1994, 73~78
8. Swami R K, Senani R. Macromodeling ideal switches for SPICE. IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, July 1995, Vol.11, No.4, 8~10
9. Yaakov Ben S, Adar D, Rahav G. A SPICE compatible behavioral model of SEPIC converters. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC '96 Record, 27th Annual IEEE , 1996, Vol2, 1668~1674
10. Lai Y M, Tse C K, Szeto C H. A computer method for modeling periodically switched networks. PESC '94 Record, 25th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vol.2, 1297~1302
11. Eng S C, Oruganti R, Liang Y C. An automated algorithm for small signal analysis of DC-DC power converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. Jan. 1996, Vol.11 No.1, 132 ~141
12. Billy K, Wong H, Henry Chung. Time-domain simulation of power electronics circuits using state variable quadratic extrapolations. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems?I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, June 1999, Vol. 46, No.6, 751~756
13. Yildiz A B, Abut N. An efficient approach to modeling and analysis of power electronic circuit. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 1998, APEC '98. Volume: 1, 344~349
14. Maksimovic D. Automated small-signal analysis of switching converters using a general-purpose time-domain simulator. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC '98, Conference Proceedings 1998, Thirteenth Annual, 1998, Vol.1, 357~362
15. Ng S W, Wong S C, Lee Y S. Small signal simulation of switching converters. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, June 1999, Volume: 46, No.6, 731~739
16. Yildiz A, Cakir B, Abut N. A fast simulation technique for power electronic converters. IEEE APEC 1999, 1999, 191~198
17. Xu Jianping, Caliskan V, Lee C Q. Transient time-domain analysis of zero-current switching quasi-resonant converters. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC '94. Conference Proceedings, Ninth Annual, 1994, Vol.2, 1028~1034
18. Lee F C, Iwens R P, Yu Y, and Triner J E. Generalized computer-aided discrete time domain modeling and analysis of DC-DC converters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and Control Instrumentation, 1979, Vol. IECI-26, No.2, 58~69 19. Shortt D J, Lee F C. An improved switching converter model using discrete and average techniques, IEEE transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1983,
Vol.AES-29, No.2, 190~202
20. Agarwal V. Dynamic analysis of the fixed-frequency PWM LCC-type parallel resonant converter using discrete time domain modeling. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC '96 Record, 27th Annual IEEE, 1996, Vol.1, 272~278
21. Shortt D J, Lee F C. Extensions of the Discrete-average models for converter power stages. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and electronic Systems, 1984, Vol.AES-20, No.3, 279~289
22. Huliehel F, Ben-Yaakov S. Low-frequency sampled-data models of switched mode DC-DC converters. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC '89 Record, 20th Annual IEEE, 1989, Vol.1, 492~ 499
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