优质鸡肉质评价及配套系选择方案研究
|
摘要
针对优质肉鸡育种和开发中肉质评定、育种目标、育种方法以及选择方案等环节存在的不足,本研究主要做了四个方面的工作:肉质评价和肉质指数的制定;优质肉鸡育种目标的研究;配套系杂交繁育体系的构建和优化;配套系选择方案的研究,旨在从经济学和育种学相结合探讨适合于优质肉鸡育种的最优策略,力求为生产实践中优质肉鸡选育提供理论基础和技术支持。本研究主要得到如下结论:
(1)以四川省畜牧科学研究院与四川省大恒家禽育种公司培养的5个纯系为研究材料,首先对影响肉质的8个指标进行了聚类分析,筛选出4个典型性状,分别是粗脂肪含量(CP)、pH、肌纤维密度(MFN)及滴水损失率(DLR),然后采用这4个性状借助改进的主成分分析(IPCE)对10个系别的优质鸡肉质进行了综合评价,总体上S01系肉质最好,S03系次之,而D99系肉质最差,由于性别因素对肉质的影响,各系内母鸡肉质均高于公鸡,根据肉质的优劣顺序对集,利用多维偏好线性规划(LINMAP)推导出4个典型性状的权重,进而制定了优质鸡的肉质指数MQI:MQI_1=0.5400CP+0.3953pH+0.6110MFN-0.5463DLR;MQI_2=0.2581CP+0.1888pH+0.2920MFN+0.2611DLR,并分析确定了MQI的取值范围。通过肉质指数可以方便地对优质鸡肉质进行评价,同时在制订综合育种指数或者育种目标评估时,可将肉质指数作为一个独立的性状值与其它性状同步纳入。
(2)重点从优质肉鸡生产中扩繁群、孵化阶段、商品代及加工处理几个阶段着手,结合育种实际确定了优质肉鸡育种的肉质、繁殖、生产三类7个目标性状:肉质性状、年产蛋量、受精率、孵化率、出栏体重、饲料转化率和产肉性能,利用边际利润法推导了生产和繁殖类性状的边际效益,而肉质性状的边际效益则是假设肉质指数服从正态分布,优质肉鸡的肉质指数存在一个“最适”分布范围,“最适”范围内、外的肉质存在市场价格差的思路得出;敏感性分析表明生产性能改变对性状边际效益有一定的影响,各类性状的边际效益随着该类性状生产性能的改变而逆向变化,如,产蛋量降低10%导致其自身边际效益提高37.9%,受精率及孵化率的边际效益提高18.8%,但某一类性状生产性能的改变不影响其它类性状的边际效益,另外产品不同价格水平下性状的边际效益会发生改变,其中出栏体重及肉质指数受市场价格因素的影响强于其它性状。
(3)对A、B、C、D四个纯系模拟三元杂交和双杂交繁育模式,共两大类48个繁育系统。育种效益评估表明三元杂交系统中C×(A×B)♀配套组合的育种效率为最高,双杂交系统中(C×D)×(A×B)♀最优,三元杂交和双杂交两种繁育体系相比较,三元杂交的成本利润比及育种群与商品代的规模比是双杂交配套的1.03倍和5.99倍,而双杂交配套系统的贴现总利润、每只商品鸡的利润均为三元杂交的1.05倍。结合边际利润法和系统分析原理对48个配套模式中效率最高的(C×D)×(A×B)♀组合内各目标性状的育种重要性进行了评估:单独从各纯系内来看,C系中育种重要性较大的性状依次是13周龄体重(35.95%)、料肉比(25.09%)、屠宰率(14.37%)和肉质指数(10.36%),D系中育种重要性较大的性状依次为屠宰率(38.17%)、料肉比(19.51%)、年产蛋量(15.84%)及13周龄体重(12.59%),A系中育种重要性居前三位的是肉质指数(32.05%)、年产蛋量(24.91%)、料肉比(15.71%),B系中育种重要性较大的两个性状分别是年产蛋量(55.95%)和屠宰率(11.32%);从整个繁育系统来看,B系年产蛋量是最重要的生产性状,其育种重要性高达18.06%,育种重要性居于第二位的是C系的13周龄体重,为10.55%,其次为A系的肉质指数及D系的屠宰率,育种重要性分别为7.1340%,7.1318%。结合各性状的育种重要性,通过育种目标简化确定了各系的目标性状,C系为出栏体重,D系为产肉性能和出栏体重,A系为肉质指数和年产蛋量,B系为年产蛋量。
(4)模拟PLS、CCPS选择方法在(C×D)×(A×B)♀配套组合中对各专门化品系目标性状的选育,研究表明纯种与杂种性能的遗传相关(r_(pc))、选择方法、杂种性能的遗传力及育种群规模均为影响选择效率的重要因素,结果显示CCPS的效率普遍高于PLS,但当r_(pc)值较大时采用CCPS较采用PLS的相对效率明显小于当r_(pc)值较小时的情况,如在基础群规模ns=60时选育A系肉质,当r_(pc)=0.2时,采用CCPS法在第10世代的累积遗传进展是采用PLS法的20.01倍,r_(pc)=0.4时为10.52倍,而当r_(pc)=0.8时仅为4.43倍,这种情况对C系体重、D系产肉性能及B系产蛋性能呈相同的规律,由此可以推导,当纯种和杂种性能的遗传相关较小时,一般采用CCPS代替PLS,但CCPS的缺点是群体平均近交系数上升较快;当A系采用PLS-MAS及CCPS-MAS选育肉质性能时,遗传进展较单纯使用表型信息的PLS和CCPS有明显的提高,同时有效的控制了近交系数的上升,但研究也表明MAS选育对短期选择更有利。总的来看CCPS和MAS的结合确实可以给选育带来额外的进展。
In the last three decades,production of quality chickens has increased rapidly in China and great progress has been made in the field of chicken genetics and breeding. However,with the fast development of quality chicken industry,much more requirements are claimed for the innovation of quality chicken breeding techniques.Aiming at optimizing selection schemes for the quality chicken breeding,this dissertation considers four aspects of quality chicken breeding:evaluation of meat quality,construction of meat quality index,definition of breeding goals,and optimization of selection schemes for specialized lines.The performance data of five commercial quality chicken lines were used to testfy the relevant models developed in this study.The main results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Four representative traits were selected by cluster analysis from eight traits related with meat quality,that is,crude fat content,pH,muscle fiber density and drip loss, and then the meat quality was qualified by using the modified principal component analysis in five quality chicken.The results showed that the meat quality of S01 line was the best,S03 the second,and D99 the worst.Moreover it was found that meat quality of female chickens is higher than that of male chickens in all of the five lines.After getting the sequential data set of meat quality,the meat quality(MQI) was constructed by the linear programming techniques for multidimensional analysis of preference.The MQI not only simplify the qualification of meat quality but also can be brought into the breeding objective as an individual trait performance.
(2) Seven objective traits:meat quality,annual egg production,fertilization rate, hatchability,finish weight,feed conversion rate and meat productivity were selected based on actual quality chicken production from three classes traits(meat quality,production and reproduction traits).And then the marginal benefits of production and reproductive traits were deduced by marginal profits principal,but for the meat quality trait,its marginal benefit was calculated based on the hypothesis that MQI obey normal distribution and the MQI of quality distribute within the optimum range,then there is an market price difference between the MQI within the optimum range and the outside.Sensitivity analyses show that changes of trait performance play an important role in the marginal benefit, which decreasing with the performance improvment of traits self-class.The marginal benefit of egg production,fertilization rate(hatchability) increased by 37.9%,18.8% respectively with the egg production decreased by 10%.Some results also show that marginal benefit varied with the different level of market prices.
(3) Total 48 crossbreeding systems,including 24 three-way crossbreeding systems and 24 four-way corssbreeding systems were simulated based on four pure lines A,B,C and D. Cost-benefit evaluation analyses show that C×(A×B)♀and(C×D)×(A×B)♀crossbreeding system is the most high in the three-way and four-way corssbreeding systems respectively, and four-way is better than three-way,the cost/profit ratio and the GGP scale/CS scale ratio of three-way is 1.03 and 5.99 times as much as that of four-way,but the average discounted profit and the profit per commercial chicken of four-way is 1.05 times as much as that of three-way.The maginal profits principal combined with systematic analysis was used to evaluate the marginal benefit and breeding importance of objective traits for each line in foue-way crossbreeding system(C×D)×(A×B)♀,the result indicated that the importance of finish weight(35.95%),feed conversion ratio(25.09%) and meat productivity(14.37%) were the most important traits in line C,meat productivity(38.17%), feed conversion ratio(19.51%),egg productivity(15.84%) and finish weight were the most important in line D,MQI(32.05%),egg productivity(19.51%) and feed conversion ratio (15.71%) were the most important in line A,egg productivity(55.95%) and meat productivity(11.32%) were the most important traits in line B.Judging from the whole crossbreeding system,egg productivity of line B is the most important objective traits, finish weight of line C is the second,MQI of line A,and meat productivity of line D is the third and forth respectively.Based on these,the study determined the representative selection traits by simplification of breeding objective.
(4) Pure line selection(PLS) and combined crossbred and purebred selection(CCPS) were used to breed the objective traits of each specialized line in four-way crossbreeding system(C×D)×(A×B)♀,the simulated selection experiments show that the hereditability of crossbred performance and the beginning generation scale play an important role in selection efficiency besides the selection method and correlation coefficients of purebred and crossbred phenotype(r_(pc)).And the slection efficiency of CCPS is higher than that of PLS in general,especially the lower r_(pc),however,the relative efficiency of CCPS to PLS with lower r_(pc) is higher than that of higher r_(pc),for example,efficiency of CCPS is 20.01, 10.52 and 4.43 times as much as that of PLS with beginning generation scale ns= 60 and r_(pc) is equal to 0.2,0.4 and 0.8 respectively in line A,same regularity existing in line B,C and D.Thus we deduced that CCPS could use instead of PLS with the lower r_(pc),but CCPS has the disadbantage that would increase the inbreeding speed. PLS-MAS and CCPS was used to select in line A,the genetic gains improved much more relative to PLS vs.CCPS which use phenotype information only in the breeding schemes, meanwhile,inbreeding speed appears to be in control effectively.Based on this we can conclude that the CCPS and MAS could bring additional genetic gains for breeding schemes.
(1)以四川省畜牧科学研究院与四川省大恒家禽育种公司培养的5个纯系为研究材料,首先对影响肉质的8个指标进行了聚类分析,筛选出4个典型性状,分别是粗脂肪含量(CP)、pH、肌纤维密度(MFN)及滴水损失率(DLR),然后采用这4个性状借助改进的主成分分析(IPCE)对10个系别的优质鸡肉质进行了综合评价,总体上S01系肉质最好,S03系次之,而D99系肉质最差,由于性别因素对肉质的影响,各系内母鸡肉质均高于公鸡,根据肉质的优劣顺序对集,利用多维偏好线性规划(LINMAP)推导出4个典型性状的权重,进而制定了优质鸡的肉质指数MQI:MQI_1=0.5400CP+0.3953pH+0.6110MFN-0.5463DLR;MQI_2=0.2581CP+0.1888pH+0.2920MFN+0.2611DLR,并分析确定了MQI的取值范围。通过肉质指数可以方便地对优质鸡肉质进行评价,同时在制订综合育种指数或者育种目标评估时,可将肉质指数作为一个独立的性状值与其它性状同步纳入。
(2)重点从优质肉鸡生产中扩繁群、孵化阶段、商品代及加工处理几个阶段着手,结合育种实际确定了优质肉鸡育种的肉质、繁殖、生产三类7个目标性状:肉质性状、年产蛋量、受精率、孵化率、出栏体重、饲料转化率和产肉性能,利用边际利润法推导了生产和繁殖类性状的边际效益,而肉质性状的边际效益则是假设肉质指数服从正态分布,优质肉鸡的肉质指数存在一个“最适”分布范围,“最适”范围内、外的肉质存在市场价格差的思路得出;敏感性分析表明生产性能改变对性状边际效益有一定的影响,各类性状的边际效益随着该类性状生产性能的改变而逆向变化,如,产蛋量降低10%导致其自身边际效益提高37.9%,受精率及孵化率的边际效益提高18.8%,但某一类性状生产性能的改变不影响其它类性状的边际效益,另外产品不同价格水平下性状的边际效益会发生改变,其中出栏体重及肉质指数受市场价格因素的影响强于其它性状。
(3)对A、B、C、D四个纯系模拟三元杂交和双杂交繁育模式,共两大类48个繁育系统。育种效益评估表明三元杂交系统中C×(A×B)♀配套组合的育种效率为最高,双杂交系统中(C×D)×(A×B)♀最优,三元杂交和双杂交两种繁育体系相比较,三元杂交的成本利润比及育种群与商品代的规模比是双杂交配套的1.03倍和5.99倍,而双杂交配套系统的贴现总利润、每只商品鸡的利润均为三元杂交的1.05倍。结合边际利润法和系统分析原理对48个配套模式中效率最高的(C×D)×(A×B)♀组合内各目标性状的育种重要性进行了评估:单独从各纯系内来看,C系中育种重要性较大的性状依次是13周龄体重(35.95%)、料肉比(25.09%)、屠宰率(14.37%)和肉质指数(10.36%),D系中育种重要性较大的性状依次为屠宰率(38.17%)、料肉比(19.51%)、年产蛋量(15.84%)及13周龄体重(12.59%),A系中育种重要性居前三位的是肉质指数(32.05%)、年产蛋量(24.91%)、料肉比(15.71%),B系中育种重要性较大的两个性状分别是年产蛋量(55.95%)和屠宰率(11.32%);从整个繁育系统来看,B系年产蛋量是最重要的生产性状,其育种重要性高达18.06%,育种重要性居于第二位的是C系的13周龄体重,为10.55%,其次为A系的肉质指数及D系的屠宰率,育种重要性分别为7.1340%,7.1318%。结合各性状的育种重要性,通过育种目标简化确定了各系的目标性状,C系为出栏体重,D系为产肉性能和出栏体重,A系为肉质指数和年产蛋量,B系为年产蛋量。
(4)模拟PLS、CCPS选择方法在(C×D)×(A×B)♀配套组合中对各专门化品系目标性状的选育,研究表明纯种与杂种性能的遗传相关(r_(pc))、选择方法、杂种性能的遗传力及育种群规模均为影响选择效率的重要因素,结果显示CCPS的效率普遍高于PLS,但当r_(pc)值较大时采用CCPS较采用PLS的相对效率明显小于当r_(pc)值较小时的情况,如在基础群规模ns=60时选育A系肉质,当r_(pc)=0.2时,采用CCPS法在第10世代的累积遗传进展是采用PLS法的20.01倍,r_(pc)=0.4时为10.52倍,而当r_(pc)=0.8时仅为4.43倍,这种情况对C系体重、D系产肉性能及B系产蛋性能呈相同的规律,由此可以推导,当纯种和杂种性能的遗传相关较小时,一般采用CCPS代替PLS,但CCPS的缺点是群体平均近交系数上升较快;当A系采用PLS-MAS及CCPS-MAS选育肉质性能时,遗传进展较单纯使用表型信息的PLS和CCPS有明显的提高,同时有效的控制了近交系数的上升,但研究也表明MAS选育对短期选择更有利。总的来看CCPS和MAS的结合确实可以给选育带来额外的进展。
In the last three decades,production of quality chickens has increased rapidly in China and great progress has been made in the field of chicken genetics and breeding. However,with the fast development of quality chicken industry,much more requirements are claimed for the innovation of quality chicken breeding techniques.Aiming at optimizing selection schemes for the quality chicken breeding,this dissertation considers four aspects of quality chicken breeding:evaluation of meat quality,construction of meat quality index,definition of breeding goals,and optimization of selection schemes for specialized lines.The performance data of five commercial quality chicken lines were used to testfy the relevant models developed in this study.The main results and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Four representative traits were selected by cluster analysis from eight traits related with meat quality,that is,crude fat content,pH,muscle fiber density and drip loss, and then the meat quality was qualified by using the modified principal component analysis in five quality chicken.The results showed that the meat quality of S01 line was the best,S03 the second,and D99 the worst.Moreover it was found that meat quality of female chickens is higher than that of male chickens in all of the five lines.After getting the sequential data set of meat quality,the meat quality(MQI) was constructed by the linear programming techniques for multidimensional analysis of preference.The MQI not only simplify the qualification of meat quality but also can be brought into the breeding objective as an individual trait performance.
(2) Seven objective traits:meat quality,annual egg production,fertilization rate, hatchability,finish weight,feed conversion rate and meat productivity were selected based on actual quality chicken production from three classes traits(meat quality,production and reproduction traits).And then the marginal benefits of production and reproductive traits were deduced by marginal profits principal,but for the meat quality trait,its marginal benefit was calculated based on the hypothesis that MQI obey normal distribution and the MQI of quality distribute within the optimum range,then there is an market price difference between the MQI within the optimum range and the outside.Sensitivity analyses show that changes of trait performance play an important role in the marginal benefit, which decreasing with the performance improvment of traits self-class.The marginal benefit of egg production,fertilization rate(hatchability) increased by 37.9%,18.8% respectively with the egg production decreased by 10%.Some results also show that marginal benefit varied with the different level of market prices.
(3) Total 48 crossbreeding systems,including 24 three-way crossbreeding systems and 24 four-way corssbreeding systems were simulated based on four pure lines A,B,C and D. Cost-benefit evaluation analyses show that C×(A×B)♀and(C×D)×(A×B)♀crossbreeding system is the most high in the three-way and four-way corssbreeding systems respectively, and four-way is better than three-way,the cost/profit ratio and the GGP scale/CS scale ratio of three-way is 1.03 and 5.99 times as much as that of four-way,but the average discounted profit and the profit per commercial chicken of four-way is 1.05 times as much as that of three-way.The maginal profits principal combined with systematic analysis was used to evaluate the marginal benefit and breeding importance of objective traits for each line in foue-way crossbreeding system(C×D)×(A×B)♀,the result indicated that the importance of finish weight(35.95%),feed conversion ratio(25.09%) and meat productivity(14.37%) were the most important traits in line C,meat productivity(38.17%), feed conversion ratio(19.51%),egg productivity(15.84%) and finish weight were the most important in line D,MQI(32.05%),egg productivity(19.51%) and feed conversion ratio (15.71%) were the most important in line A,egg productivity(55.95%) and meat productivity(11.32%) were the most important traits in line B.Judging from the whole crossbreeding system,egg productivity of line B is the most important objective traits, finish weight of line C is the second,MQI of line A,and meat productivity of line D is the third and forth respectively.Based on these,the study determined the representative selection traits by simplification of breeding objective.
(4) Pure line selection(PLS) and combined crossbred and purebred selection(CCPS) were used to breed the objective traits of each specialized line in four-way crossbreeding system(C×D)×(A×B)♀,the simulated selection experiments show that the hereditability of crossbred performance and the beginning generation scale play an important role in selection efficiency besides the selection method and correlation coefficients of purebred and crossbred phenotype(r_(pc)).And the slection efficiency of CCPS is higher than that of PLS in general,especially the lower r_(pc),however,the relative efficiency of CCPS to PLS with lower r_(pc) is higher than that of higher r_(pc),for example,efficiency of CCPS is 20.01, 10.52 and 4.43 times as much as that of PLS with beginning generation scale ns= 60 and r_(pc) is equal to 0.2,0.4 and 0.8 respectively in line A,same regularity existing in line B,C and D.Thus we deduced that CCPS could use instead of PLS with the lower r_(pc),but CCPS has the disadbantage that would increase the inbreeding speed. PLS-MAS and CCPS was used to select in line A,the genetic gains improved much more relative to PLS vs.CCPS which use phenotype information only in the breeding schemes, meanwhile,inbreeding speed appears to be in control effectively.Based on this we can conclude that the CCPS and MAS could bring additional genetic gains for breeding schemes.
引文
[1]邱祥聘,嘉勇.优质肉鸡的内涵和改良之我见.第一届优质肉鸡改良生产和开发研究论文集.香港,1989.
[2]吴常信.优质鸡育种特点及遗传标记辅助选择(MAS)的应用.第三届优质肉鸡的改良生产及发展研讨会论文集.中国台湾,1994.
[3]曹永军,李昂,贾海燕.优质鸡育种、生产现状及发展趋势.第八届优质肉鸡改良生产和开发研究论文集.广西南宁,2006,127-130.
[4]张细权.优质鸡育种和生产中若干问题的讨论.第九次全国家禽学术讨论会论文集.上海,1999,132-133
[5]张细权,何丹林,张德祥等.优质鸡的肉质研究与肉质评价.山东家禽,2003,10:3-5.
[6]徐廷生,樊天龙,雷雪芹.国内外优质鸡开发研究概况.洛阳农专学报,1996,16(3):33-36.
[7]Mahdi Thompson.Opportunities for local and sustainable poultry production.Federal-State Marketing Improvement Program in Idaho.2002,10:1-33.
[8]Anne Fanatico,Holly Born.Label rouge:Pasture-based poultry production in France.Livestock technical.Livestock Technical Note,2002,11:1-11.
[9]Brian Buhr.Lessons from the EU meat and poultry industry.IATRC annual meeting.Monterey,California.2002:1-30.
[10]Xavier Audran.France poultry and products:a brief overview of the French poultry sector.Global Agriculture Information Network,2005,10:1-3.
[11]Noguchi Munehehiko.Feeding trial of high-quality meat-type chicken "Tochigi Shamo".Tochigi Chikushi Shiryo,1998,64:38-41.
[12]Nishio Yusuke.Development of high-quality meat-type chicken "Hakata local chicken" by dual cross breeding.Yokei no Tomo,1999,445:35-38
[13]Arrakane Tomohiro,Matsuba Sadako,Sano Tooru,et al.The exploitation of high quality chicken with Japanese green tea and used green tea.Bulletin of the Okayama Prefectural Center for Animal Husbandry & Research,2003,14:47-54
[14]Chang,H.L.and Huang,Y.C.(Eds.).The relationship between indigenous animals and humans in APEC region.Taiwan,Chinese Society of Animal Science,2003:91-118.
[15]Miyazaki Yazaki Aakira.Ishida Joken.Kitagawa Masayuki.Problems of High-quality Brand Meat Production to be solved by Producers.Shokuniku ni kansuru Josei Kenkyu Chosa Seika Hokokusho,1999,17:442-445.
[16]Mizuno,Chiba,Kimura.Process development for high quality chicken extract circulatable at ordinary temperature from carcass of culled chicken.Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi.2003,11:11-28.
[17]Elisabeth,Manine,Cecile.Chicken meat quality:genetic variability and relationship with growth and muscle characteristics.BMC Genet.2008,9:53.
[18]李东.我国地方鸡的选育和杂交利用.第五届优质鸡改良生产及发展研讨会论文集.福建武夷山,1998.
[19]陈国宏.王克华等.中国禽类遗传资源.上海,上海科学技术出版社,2004,12-83.
[20]中国家禽品种志编写组.中国家禽品种志.上海,上海科学技术出版社,1989.
[21]黎寿丰,王桂朝.我国优质鸡育种技术现状与创新方向探讨.中国家禽,2006,28(15):5-9
[22]肖凡,张德祥,张细权.我国优质鸡育种的现状和发展方向.中国家禽,2007,29(11):1-5
[23]刘向萍.优质鸡育种:技术和策略是关键.中国家禽,2008,30(19):59-63.
[24]文杰.维生素E与肉品质量(上)(下).国外畜牧科技,1998,25(5):41-43;25(6):41-43.
[25]Groom.Factors affecting poultry meat quality.Options Mediterraneennes,1990,205-209
[26]Owens C M,Hirschler E M,MeKee S R,Martinez Dawson R et al.The characterization and incidence of pale,soft,exudative turkey meat in a commercial plant.Poultry Science,2000,79:553-558.
[27]Fletcher D L,Qiao M,Smit h D P.The relationship of raw broiler breast meat and pH to cooked meat color and pH.Poultry Science,2000,79:784-788.
[28]Qiao M,Fletcher D L,Smith D P,et al.The effect of broiler breast meat color on pH,water-holding capacity,and emulsification capacity.Poultry Science,2001,80:676-680.
[29]Allen C D,Fletcher D L,Northeutt J K,Russell S.M.The relationship of broiler breast color to meat quality and shelf-life.Poultry Science,1998,77:361-366.
[30]Allen C D,Russell S M,Fletcher D L.The relationship of broiler breast color and pH to shelf-life and odor development.Poultry Science,1997,76:1042-1046.
[31]孙玉民,罗明.畜禽肉品学.济南,山东科技出版社,1993.
[32]孙宏进,王根林.优质鸡肉质评价体系的研究进展.中国家禽,2006,28(8):38-42.
[33]陈宽维,陈国宏.肉鸡肌纤维与肉质关系研究.中国畜牧杂志,2002,38(6):6-7.
[34]吴兴利,边连全.感官评价原理与实践在肉质评价中的应用.吉林畜牧兽医.2004,12:24-25.
[35]Barbut S.Color measurements for evaluating the pale soft exudative(PSE) occurrence in turkey meat.Food research international,1993,26:39-43.
[36]Rathgeber B M,Boles J a,Shand P J.Rapid postmortem pH decline and delayed chilling reduce quality of turkey breast meat.Poultry Science,1999,78:477-484.
[37]Spanier A M,Miller J A.Roles of proteins and peptides in meat flavor.American Chemical Society.Washinton DC,US,1993:78-97.
[38]Minor L J,Pearson A M,Dawson L E,et al.Separation and identification of earbonyl and sulfur compounds in voiatile fraction of cooking chicken.Journal of Agricultural Food Chemical,1965a,13(4):686-696.
[39]Minor L J,Pearson A M,Dawson L E,et al.Chicken flavor:the identification of some chemical components and the importance of sulfur compounds in the cooked volatile fraction.Journal of Agricultural Food Chemical,1965b,30(4):686-696.
[40]Cross C K,Ziegier P A.Comparison of the volatile fractions from cured and uncured meats.Journal of Food Science,1965,30(4):610-614.
[41]陈继兰.鸡肉肌苷酸和肌内脂肪含量遗传规律及相关候选基因的研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2004.
[42]Mottram D S.Flavous formation in meat and meat products.Food Chemistry,1998,62(4):415-424.
[43]蒋国文.鸡肉的鲜度与K值(上).国外畜牧科技,1994,21(3):31-32.
[44]Scholtyssek,Sailer.Geschmacksunters chiede im Gefl(u|¨)gelfleisch.Archivfiir Gefl(u|¨)gelkunde 1986,50:49-54.
[45]李建凡.不同品种鸡胸肉中肌苷酸含量比较.中国农业科学院畜牧研究所科学研究年报,1989:266-268.
[46]陈国宏,王志跃,陈宽维等.中国部分地方鸡种血浆、肌肉胆固醇含量的比较研究.中国畜产与食品.南京,中国畜产与食品杂志社,1997.4:78-80.
[47]陈继兰,赵桂苹,郑麦青.快速与慢速肉鸡脂肪生长与肌苷酸含量比较.中国家禽,2002,24(8):16-18.
[48]林嫒缓.不同油脂对不同品种肉鸡生产性能及肌肉品质影响的研究.[硕士学位论文].江西,江西农业大学,2003.
[49]George,J.C.,and A.J.Berger.Avian Mycology.Academic Press,New York,NY,1966.
[50]吴信生,陈国宏,陈宽维.中国部分地方鸡种肌肉组织学特点及其肉品质的比较研究.江苏农学院学报,1998,19(4):52-58.
[51]Dranfield E,Sosnicki A.Relationship between muscle growth and poultry meat quality.Poultry Science,1999,78:742-746.
[52]缪宪纲,黄绶香等.关于肉禽屠宰测定的一些建议.中国畜牧杂志,1984,5:33-35.
[53]吴常信.优质鸡生产中杂种优势的利用.第五届优质鸡的改良生产及发展研讨会论文集.福建武夷山,1998.
[54]陈常秀,李同树.禽肉嫩度及其影响因素.山东家禽,2004,10:44-45.
[55]陈国宏,侯水生.中国部分地方鸡肌肉脂肪酸相对含量比较研究.中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(3):27-28.
[56]Xi Z.An investigation on the flavor compounds and texture in Chinese chicken meat.Thesis for the degree of doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong,2000.
[57]张德祥,杨山.优质鸡育种的肉质问题.中国家禽,1998,20(9):1-2.
[58]Le Bihan-Duval E.,Millet N.Broiler meat quality:Effect of selection for increased carcass quality and estimates of genetic parameters.Poultry Science,1999,78:822-826.
[59]丁海标,许若军,陈广安.中国地方鸡与肉鸡的肉质比较.畜牧与兽医,2000,32(4):16-18.
[60]G Kralik,G Kusec,S Ivankovic.Effect of dietary oils on fatty acids content in chicken meat.International Congress of Meat Science and Technology,2001.
[61]陈继兰.中国鸡肉质量标准现状.中国禽业导刊,2001,18(8):4-4.
[62]Kim CR.Microbiological and sensory evaluation of refrigerated chicken in summer.J Fd Hyg Safety,2001,16:16-20.
[63]唐辉.优质良种肉鸡肉质特性分析及配套系选育方法的研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2003.
[64]Mehaffey JM,Pradhan SP,et al.Meat quality evaluation of minimally aged broiler breast fillets from five commercial genetic strains,Poultry Science.2006,85(5):902- 908.
[65]C Jukna,V Jukna,V Valaitiene,A Korsukovas,et al.Comparative evaluation of meat quality of different animal.Veterinarija IR Zootechnika,2007,37(59):786-793.
[66]彭中镇.试析配套系与猪配套系育种.动物科学与动物医学,2005,3:19-22.
[67]Crippen,T.L.,Pevzner,I.Y.,Lowry,V.K.et al.Innate immunoprofiling of commercial broiler chicken lines.Online Journal of Veterinary Research,2003,7:78-90.
[68]张沅.家畜育种学.北京,中国农业出版社,2001,236-278.
[69]Smith,C.The use of specialized sire and dam lines in selection for meat production.Animal Production 1964,6:337-344.
[70]李东.优质肉鸡育种问题探讨.中国家禽,2002,22(9):1-2.
[71]逯岩,王传强,孙树清等.优质肉鸡“鲁禽99”专门化品系的选育.山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(4):479-483.
[72]曹洪战.优质猪选育方案优化研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2003.
[73]路兴中.现代猪肉生产理论与实践.北京,中国农业科技出版社,1994,21-51.
[74]师守堃.动物育种学总论.北京,北京农业大学出版社,1992.
[75]Cahaner A.Poultyr improvement:Integration of present and new genetic approaches for broilers.IN:The 5th world congress applied to livestock production.1994,Vol.20,25-32.
[76]王楚端.北京迪卡猪繁育体系育种规划最优化研究.[博士学位论文].北京,北京农业大学,1995
[77]张沅.家畜育种规划.北京,中国农业大学出版社,2000,96-188.
[78]Ollivier L.Economic evaluation of breeding objectives in swine.Introductory Remarks.IN:3~(rd)World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production,Nebraska,1986,Vol.Ⅹ.
[79]Fewson D.Definition of the breeding objective.Proceedings of "desing of lievestock breeding programs",University of New England,Australia,Chapter,1993,6:53-58;7:59-68.
[80]Niebel E,Van Vleck LD.Optimal procedures for restricted selection indexes.Z Tierz Zchtungsbiol,1983,100:9-26.
[81]张沅.现代动物育种原理和方法.北京,北京农业大学,1989,194-228.
[82]Hazel L N.The genetic basis for constructing selection indexes.Genetics,1943,28:476-490.
[83]Harris D L.Breeding for efficiency in livestock production:defining the economic objectives.Journal of Animal Science,1970,30:860-865.
[84]Dickerson G E,Hazel L N.Effectiveness of selection on progeny performance as a supplement to earlier culling in livestock.Journal of Agriculture Research,1944,69:459-476.
[85]Dickerson G E.Efficiency of animal production-molding the biological components.Journal of Animal Science,1970,30:849-859.
[86]Dickerson G E.Experimental approaches in utilizing breed resources.Animal Breed Abstract,1969,37:191-202.
[87]Wilton J.W.The use of production systems analysis in developing mating plans and selection goals.Journal of Animal Science,1979,49(3):809-825.
[88]V.R.Fowler,M.Biehard,A.pease.Bredding objective in pigs.Animal Production,1976,23:365-387.
[89]James,J.W.Construction,uses,and problems of mul-titrait selection indices.In:Proc.2nd World Cong.Madrid,Spain,1982 5:130-139.
[90]Doren PE,Shumway CR,Kothmarm MM,et al.An economic evaluation of simulated biologi-cal production of beef cattle.Journal of Animal Science,1985,60,913-934.
[91]Brascamp E W.Optimation of breeding programs.Notes for the 3th RDS Summer School,Dublin.1983.
[92]柳楠.吉林省优质细毛羊优化育种规划研究与应用.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,1999.
[93]李俊雅.中国西门塔尔牛开放核心群优化育种规划的研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2002.
[94]唐国庆.中国荣昌猪(CRP)配套系育种方案的优化研究.[硕士学位论文].雅安,四川农业大学,2003.
[95]张文广.内蒙古绒山羊开放核心群优化育种规划的研究.[博士学位论文].呼和浩特,内蒙古农业大学,2004.
[96]P.Amer,G.Simm,M.Keane,et al.Breeding objectives for beef cattle in Ireland.Livestock Production Science,2002,67:223-239.
[97]A.Albera,P.Carnier,A.F.Groen.Definition of a breeding goal for the Piemontese breed:economic and biological values and their sensitivity to production circumstances.Livestock Production Science,2004,89:67-78.
[98]Wolfova,Wolf,Kvapilik,et al.Selection for Profit in Cattle:Economic Weights for Purebred Dairy Cattle in the Czech Republic.Journal of Dairy Science,2007,614:2242-2455.
[99]Wolfova,Wolf,Kvapilik,et al.Selection for Profit in Cattle:Economic Weights for Dairy and Beef Sires in Crossbreeding Systems.Journal of Dairy Science,2007,615:2456-2467.
[100]Mcclintock A E,Cunningham E P.Selection in dual-purpose cattle population:Defining the breeding objectives,Animal production,1974,18:237-247.
[101]Brascam E W.Methods on Economic Optimization of Animal Breeding Plans.Notes for a Scandinavian post-graduate course in economic breeding planning,Department of Animal Breeding,University of Helsinki.Report B,134,1978.
[102]Dickerson G.Efficiency of animal production-modeling the biological components.Journal of Animal Science,1970,30:849-859.
[103]Newman S,Harris D L,Doolittle D P.Economic efficiency of lean tissue produce crossing breeding:systems modeling with mice of the bio-economic objective.Journal of Animal Science,1984,60(2):385-394.
[104]Moav R.Economic evaluation of genetic differences.In:Mova R(Eds).Agricultural Gnetics.Hoslted Press,1973:319-352.
[105]Kashyap T S,Diejerson G E,Bennett G L.Effectivess of progeny test multiple-trait selection for field performance of strain-cross layers.I.Estimated responses.Poultry Science,1981,60:1-21.
[106]Shalev.Pasternak.Genetic-economic evaluation of traits in a broiler enterprise:the relative genetic-economi values.Britain Poultry Science,1983,24:521-529.
[117]Moav.Profit in a broiler enterprise as a function of egg production of parent stock and growth rate of their progeny,Britain Poultry Science,1966,7:5-15.
[108]Nordskog A W.Economic evaluation of breeding objectives in layer-type chicken.In:3~(rd) world Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock PProduction.Nebraska,USA,1986.
[109]庞航,吴常信.北京市蛋鸡繁育体系最优结构的研究.湖南农学院学报,1989,15(4):92-99.
[110]庞航,宫桂芬.选择指数中计算经济加权值方法的研究.遗传,1989,11(1):13-16.
[111]杨宁.蛋鸡优化育种方案的研究.[博士学位论文].北京.北京农业大学,1990.
[112]Harris D L,Steward T S,Arboleda.Animal Breeding program:A systematic approach to their design.USDA-ARS-ADV.Agricultural Technology.AAT-NC-8.USDA-ARS.1984.
[113]Akbar M K,Harris D L,Arboleda C R.Development of the relative economic weights for linear and quadratic bioeconomie objectives in commercial broilers.Poultry Science,1986,65:1834-1846
[114]X Jiang,A F Groen,E W Brascamp.Economic Values in Broiler Breeding.Poultry Science,1998,77:934-943.
[115]McAinsh CV,Kristensen AR.Dynamic modelling of a traditional African chicken production system.Tropical Animal Health and Production,2004,36(6):609-626.
[116]The SimFlock simulation model(OL).http://www.husdyr.kvl.dk/～ark/software/simflock/.
[117]张沅,张勤.畜禽育种中的线性模型.北京,北京农业大学出版社,1993.
[118]鲁绍雄.遗传标记辅助选择方案的优化研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2001.
[119]唐国庆.在选择方案中利用QTL信息的优化研究.[博士学位论文].雅安,四川农业大学,2006.
[120]张豪.标记辅助预选后测公牛研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2002.
[121]俞英,张沉.畜禽遗传评定方法的研究进展,遗传,2003,25(5):607-610.
[123]盛志廉.数量遗传学.北京,科学出版社,1999.
[124]Schaeffer L R,Kennedy B W.Computing strategies for solving mixed model equations.Journal of Dairy Science,1986,69:575-586.
[125]Jack C,Dekkers M.Optimizing strategies for selection on major genes.Proceedings of 10~(th)animal genetic breeding.Peking,Chinese Agriculture Science and Technology Press,1999,531-542.
[126]鲁绍雄.猪主要数量性状主基因研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2000,8:27-28.
[127]Lande R,Thompson R.Efficiency of marker-assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits.Genetics,1990,124:743-756.
[128]Whittaker J C,Curniw C S.Using marker maps in marker-assisted selection.Genetics Research,1995,66:255-265.
[129]Moreau L,Charcosset A,Hospital F,et al.Marker-assisted selection efficiency in populations of finite size.Genetics,1998,148:1353-1365.
[130]王辉.数量性状位点的相对效率研究[博士学位论文].哈尔滨,东北农业大学,2001.
[131]Kennedy B W,van Arendonk J A M.Estimation of single gene effects on quantitative characters under selection.In:Proc.40~(th) Annu.Mtg.Europ.Assoc.Anita.Prod.1.(Abstr.).
[132]Fernando R L,Grossman M.Marker-assisted selection using best linear unbiased prediction.Genet Sel Evol,1989,21(5):467-477.
[133]Goddard M E.A mixed model for analyses of data on multiple genetic markers.Theor Appl Genet,1992,83:878-886.
[134]Van Arendonk J A M,Tier B,Kinghom B E Use of multiple genetic markers in prediction of breeding values.Genetics,1994,137:319-329.
[135]Verrier E.Marker assisted selection for the improvement of two antaganistic traits under mixed inheritance.Genet Sel Evol,2001,33(1):17-38.
[136]鲁绍雄,吴常信,连林生.影响动物模型MBLUP评定准确性的主要因素.遗传学报,2003,30(1):35-39.
[137]Soller M,Beckmann J S.Genetic polymorphisms in varietal identification and genetic improvement.Theory Applied Gnetics,1983,17:25-33.
[138]Kashi Y.,Hallerman E.,Soller M.Marker-assist selection of candidate bulls for progeny testing programmes.Animal Production,1990,51:63-74.
[139]Meuwissen T H E,van Arendonk J A M.Potential improvement in rate of genetic gain from marker-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding schemes.Journal of Dairy Science,1992,75:1651-1659.
[140]刘会英.影响标记辅助选择相对效率主要因素的研究.[硕士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2000.
[141]Ruane J,Colleau J.Marker-assisted selection for a sex-limited character in a nucleus breeding population.Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79:1666-1678.
[142]Meuwissen,T H E,M E Goddard.The use of marker haplotypes in animal breeding schemes.Genet.Select.Evol.1996,28:161-176.
[143]Hospital,Moreau L,Lacoudre E More on the efficency of marker assisted selection.Theory applied Genetics,1997,95:1181-1189.
[144]Moreau L,Charcosset A,Hospital F,et al.Marker-assisted selection efficiency in populations of finite size.Genetics,1998,148:1353-1365.
[145]Edwards M D,N J Page.Evaluation of marker-assisted selection through computer Simulation,Theory Applied Genetics,1994,88:376-382.
[146]Gimelfarb A,Lande R.Simulation of marker assisted selection in hybrid populations.Genetics Research,1994a,63:39-47.
[147]Gimelfarb A,Lande R.Simulation of marker assisted selection for non-additive traits.Genetics Research,1994b,64:127-136.
[148]Smith C,Smith D B,The need for close linkage in marker-assisted selection for economic merit in livestock.Animal Breeding Abstract,1993,61(4):197-203.
[149]VanderBeek,Van Arendoak J A M.Marker-assisted selection in an outbred poultry breeding nucleus.Animal Science,1996,62.171-180.
[150]Spelman R,Van Arendonk J A M.Utilisation of marker-assisted selection in a commercial dairy cow population.Livestock Production Science,1997,47:139-147.
[151]Zhang W,Smith C.Computer simulation of marker-assisted selection utilizing disequilibrium.Theory Applied Genetics,1992,83:813-820.
[152]Rothschild M F,G S Plastow.Advances in pig genomics and industry applications.Agriculture Biotechnology,Net 1:1999,February,ABN 007.
[153]张勤.动物数量遗传学的新进展及发展趋势.见:全国动植物数量遗传与育种学术研讨会文集.2000,149-155.
[154]Gomez-Raya L,Klemestsdal G.Two-stage selection strategies utilizing marker-quantitative trait locus information and individual performance.Journal of Animal Science,1999,77:2008-2018.
[155]Spelman,Garrick.Genetic and economic responses for within family marker-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding schemes.Journal of Dairy Science,2000,81:2942-2950.
[156]林敏,肖智远,何道华等.鸡肉肉质影响因素的探讨.中国禽业导刊,2000,17(21):10-11.
[157]刘景,李忠荣,冯玉兰.优质鸡肉质的特点及其评定方法.福建畜牧兽医,2004,26(6):21-22.
[158]张永明,孙晓蕾.鸡肉的营养价值与功能.肉类工业,2008,9:57.
[159]V Srinivasan,Allan D Shocker.Liner programming techniques for multidimensional analysis of preferences.PSYCHOMETRIKA,1973,38(3):337-369.
[160]Galina Shevchenko,Leonas Ustinovichius,Algirdas Andruskevicius.Multi-attribute analysis of investments risk alternatives in construction.Baltic Journal on Sustainability,2008,14(3):428-443.
[161]Soheil Sadi-Nezhad,Pari Akhtari.Possibilistic programming approach for fuzzy multidimen -sional analysis of preference in group decision making.Applied Soft Computing,2008,8:1703-1711.
[162]Y.Esra Albayrak,Yasemin Claire Erensal.Leveraging technological knowledge transfer by using fuzzy linear programming technique for multiattribute group decision making with fuzzy decision variables,J.Intell.Manuf.Springer,January,2009.
[163]Groen A E Economic values in cattle breeding:Ⅰ.Influences of production circumstances in situations without output limitations.Livestock Production Science,1989a,22:1-6.
[164]Groen A E Economic values in cattle breeding:Ⅱ.Influences of production circumstances in situations with output limitations.Livestock Production Science,1989b,22:17-30.
[165]Dekkers J C M.Estimation of economic values for dairy cattle breeding goals:bias due to sub-optimal management policies,Lives.Prod.Sei.,1991,29(2):131-149.
[166]Heringstad B,G.Klemetsdal,TSteine.Selection responses for clinical mastitis and protein yield in two Norwegiandairy cattle selection experiments.J.Dairy Sci.2003,86:2990-2999.
[167]Miglior,F.,B.L.Muir,and B.J.Van Doormaal.Selection indices in Holstein cattle of various countries.J.Dairy Sei.2003,88:1255-1263.
[168]AMER,et al.Economic values for ewe prolifeaey and lamb survival in New Zealand sheep.Liv.Prod.Sci.1999,58(1):75-90.
[169]FISHER J W.An economic comparison of production systems for sheep.Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics,2001,49(3):327-336.
[170]张细权,梁少东,张德祥.优质肉鸡配套组合中各种性状分配.中国家禽,2001,23(23):13-14.
[171]Gowe R S,Fairful R W.Long-term selection for egg production in chicken.Proc 3~(rd) World Cong.Genet.Appl.Livestock Pod.Lincoln,1986,12,152-167.
[172]张玲勤,阿秀兰.蛋重和蛋形指数对江村黄羽肉鸡与迪卡蛋鸡杂交种蛋孵化率的影响,当代畜牧,2000,6:26-27.
[173]康相涛,宋素芳,李明.蛋鸡种蛋蛋重对孵化率和雏鸡生长发育的影响.中国家禽,2002,24(15):10-12.
[174]李蕴玉,李佩国,高山林.蛋重对肉杂鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响.中国家禽,2006,28(22):20-22
[175]贾汝敏,姚晶宁,黄毓青.海大香鸡不同品系屠宰性能与肉质性状的比较.见:家禽研究最新进展一第十一次全国家禽学术讨论会论文集.青岛,2003.
[176]Groen A F,Ruyter T P L.Derivation of economic values of milk production traits.Proceedin-gs 4~(th) World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production.Edinburgh,1990,14:191-194.
[177]Arendonk van,Brascamp E W.Economic considerations in dairy cattle breeding.Proceeding of the 4th World Congress on Genetics applied to Livestock Production,Edinburgh,July 1990,ⅩⅣ:23-27.
[178]Bemardo Vargas,Ab F Groen,Mario Herrero.Economic values for production and function-nal traits in Holstein cattle of Costa Rica.Livestock Production Science,2002,75:101-116.
[179]A K Kahi,G Nitter.Developing breeding schemes for pasture based dairy production Syste -ms in Kenya.I.Derivation of economic values using profit functions.Livestock Production Science,2004,88:161-177.
[180]Hunton P.Industrial beeding and selection.In:Poultry Breeding and Genetics.Crawford,eds Elsevier,Amsterdam,The Netherlands,1990,985-1028.
[181]杨宁,吴常信.动物育种目标的系统评估原理及其应用.中国农业科学,1994,27(1):70-78.
[182]王楚端,张沅.结合差额法和系统分析原理确定猪育种目标.畜牧兽医学报,1996,27(2):149-153.
[183]王立国,咎林森,张飞等.秦川肉牛育种目标性状的选择及其经济权重的测算.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(8):26-30.
[184]Mclaren D G,D S Buchanan,Williams.Economic evaluation of alternative crossbreeding systems involving four brads of swine.Journal of Animal Science,1987,65:910-928.
[185]Kinghom B P.Deterministic versus stochastic approaches to evaluating the design of livestock breeding programs.In:Proceedings of design of livestock breeding program.Australia,University of New England,1993,111-124.
[186]Nitter G.System of breed utilization.In:Proceeding of livestock breeding program.Australia,University of New England,1993,206-210.
[187]王楚端,张沅.猪杂交繁育体系最优化研究.中国农业大学学报,1996,1(3):87-92.
[188]吴常信.动物比较育种学讲座(五).中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(5):62-64.
[189]Wolfova,Wolf,Hyanek.Economic weights for beef production traits in the Czech Republic.Livestock Production Science,1995,43:63-73.
[190]Tess M A,Bennet G L,Dickerson G E.Simulation of genetic changes in life cycle efficiency of pook production.I.A bio-economic model.Journal of Animal Science,1983,56:336-352.
[191]Weller J I.Economic Aspects of Animal Breeding.London,Chapman & Hall,1994.
[192]张细权.优质鸡育种和生产中若干问题的讨论.中国禽业导刊,2000,17(12):10.
[193]Hill W G.Theoretical aspects of crossbreeding.Annales de Genetique Selection Anmale,1971,3:23-24.
[194]Bell A E.Selection for Heterosis-results with laboratory and domestic animal.Proceedings of the second world congress on genetics applied to livestock production,1982,6:206-227.
[195]Sellier P.Selection populations for use in crossbreeding.Proceedings of the second world congress on genetics applied to livestock production1982,6:15-49.
[196]Bennett G L,Tess M W.Simulation of Heterosis Effects on Costs of Pork Production.Jou-rnal of Animal Science,1983,56(4):792-800.
[197]Orozeo F.Crossbreeding and heterosis.US-Spain joint seminar on sheeping breeding,Zaragoza,1986.
[198]Baumung R,S(o|¨)lkner J,Essl A.Selection response according to the use of pure-and/or cros-sbred information in crossbred animals with varying levels of dominance and additive by additive effects.In:48~(th) annual meeting of the European Association for Animal Production,Vienna,Austria,August 1997a,25-28.
[199]Baumung R,S(o|¨)lkner J,Essl A.Correlation between purebred and crossbred performance u-nder a two-locus model with additive by additive interaction.Journal of Animal Breeding Genetics,1997b,114:89-98.
[200]Wei M,Van der Werf.Relation between pured and crossbred parameters:Ⅰ,Ⅱ.Journal of Animal Breeding Genetics,1991a,1991b,108:253-269.
[201]Uimari P,Gibson J P.The value of crossbreeding information in selection of poultry under a dominance model.Animal Science,1998,66:519-528.
[202]Lo L,R L Femando,M Grossman.Covariance between relatives in multi-breed populatio-ns:Additive model.Theory Applied Genetics,1993,87:423-430.
[203]Wei M,Werf.Maximizing genetic response in crossbreds using both purebred and crossbred information.Animal Production 1994,59:401-413.
[204]Bijma P,Arendonk van.Maximizing genetic gain for the sire line of a crossbreeding scheme utilizing both purebred and crossbred information.Animal Science,1998,66:529-542.
[205]D Habier,K U Gotz,L Dempfle.Estimation of genetic parameters on test stations using purebred and crossbred progeny of sires of the Bavarian Pietrain.Livestock Science,2007,107:142-151.
[206]Bijma P,J A Woolliams,Van Arendonk.Genetic gain of pure line selection and combined crossbred purebred selection with constrained inbreeding.Anim.Sci.,2001,72:225-232.
[207]Dekkers J C M.Commercial application of marker-and gene-assisted selection in livestock:Strategies and lessons.J.Anim.Sci.2004,82:E313-E328.
[208]Schrooten C,Bovenhuis,Van Arendonk.Genetic progress in multistage dairy cattle breeding schemes using genetic markers.J.Dairy Sci.2005,88:1569-1581.
[209]Dekkers J C M.Marker-assisted selection for commercial crossbred performance.J Anim Sci.2007,85:2104-2114.
[210]Falconer,Mackay Introduction to quantitative genetics.4~(th) eds.Pearson Educ-ation Limited,Essex,UK,1996.
[211]Meuwissen,Luo.Computing inbreeding coefficient in large populations.Genet.Sel.Evol.1992,24(4):305-313.
[212]鲁绍雄,连林生,李明丽.动物模型BLUP选择效果的计算机模拟研究.畜牧与兽医,2005,37(2):5-7.
[213]SINGH Neelam,RAJ PAL SINGH,SANGWAN Sandeep,et al.Effect of family size and genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred half-sisters on Response in crossbred and purebred chickens under modified reciprocal recurrent selection.Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences,2005,18(1):8-12.
[214]Spelman R J,Garrick D J.Genetic and economic responses for within-family marker assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding schemes.J.Dairy Sci.,1998,81:2942-2950.
[215]Alessandra Stella.Strategies for applying marker assisted selection in nucleus breeding schemes in dairy cattle.[Doctoral Thesis].2002.
[216]Laughlin,Waldron,Craddock,et al.Use of DNA markers to determine paternity in a multiple-sire mating flock.Sheep and Goat Pes.J.2003,18:14-17.
[217]李娅兰.标记辅助选择在猪育种中应用效果的研究.[博士学位论文].广州,华南农业大学,2006.
[218]Alfed G.de Vries.Selection for production and reproduction traits in pigs.[Doctoral Thesis].Van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen,1989.
[219]舒鼎铭.优质肉鸡商业育种进展.优质肉鸡育种国际研讨会.中国广州,2008,99-104.
[220]Jiang,X.,Groen,A.E,and Brascamp E.W.Combined crossbred and purebred selection for reproduction traits in a broiler dam line.Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,1999,116:111-125.
[221]Jiang,X.,Groen,A.F.,and Brascamp E.W.Discounted expressions of traits in broiler breeding programs.Poultry Science,1999,78:307-316.
[222]Xiaosong Jiang.Breeding goals,selection schemes and the usefulness of local breeds for china.[Doctoral Thesis]Wageningen University,1999.
[2]吴常信.优质鸡育种特点及遗传标记辅助选择(MAS)的应用.第三届优质肉鸡的改良生产及发展研讨会论文集.中国台湾,1994.
[3]曹永军,李昂,贾海燕.优质鸡育种、生产现状及发展趋势.第八届优质肉鸡改良生产和开发研究论文集.广西南宁,2006,127-130.
[4]张细权.优质鸡育种和生产中若干问题的讨论.第九次全国家禽学术讨论会论文集.上海,1999,132-133
[5]张细权,何丹林,张德祥等.优质鸡的肉质研究与肉质评价.山东家禽,2003,10:3-5.
[6]徐廷生,樊天龙,雷雪芹.国内外优质鸡开发研究概况.洛阳农专学报,1996,16(3):33-36.
[7]Mahdi Thompson.Opportunities for local and sustainable poultry production.Federal-State Marketing Improvement Program in Idaho.2002,10:1-33.
[8]Anne Fanatico,Holly Born.Label rouge:Pasture-based poultry production in France.Livestock technical.Livestock Technical Note,2002,11:1-11.
[9]Brian Buhr.Lessons from the EU meat and poultry industry.IATRC annual meeting.Monterey,California.2002:1-30.
[10]Xavier Audran.France poultry and products:a brief overview of the French poultry sector.Global Agriculture Information Network,2005,10:1-3.
[11]Noguchi Munehehiko.Feeding trial of high-quality meat-type chicken "Tochigi Shamo".Tochigi Chikushi Shiryo,1998,64:38-41.
[12]Nishio Yusuke.Development of high-quality meat-type chicken "Hakata local chicken" by dual cross breeding.Yokei no Tomo,1999,445:35-38
[13]Arrakane Tomohiro,Matsuba Sadako,Sano Tooru,et al.The exploitation of high quality chicken with Japanese green tea and used green tea.Bulletin of the Okayama Prefectural Center for Animal Husbandry & Research,2003,14:47-54
[14]Chang,H.L.and Huang,Y.C.(Eds.).The relationship between indigenous animals and humans in APEC region.Taiwan,Chinese Society of Animal Science,2003:91-118.
[15]Miyazaki Yazaki Aakira.Ishida Joken.Kitagawa Masayuki.Problems of High-quality Brand Meat Production to be solved by Producers.Shokuniku ni kansuru Josei Kenkyu Chosa Seika Hokokusho,1999,17:442-445.
[16]Mizuno,Chiba,Kimura.Process development for high quality chicken extract circulatable at ordinary temperature from carcass of culled chicken.Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi.2003,11:11-28.
[17]Elisabeth,Manine,Cecile.Chicken meat quality:genetic variability and relationship with growth and muscle characteristics.BMC Genet.2008,9:53.
[18]李东.我国地方鸡的选育和杂交利用.第五届优质鸡改良生产及发展研讨会论文集.福建武夷山,1998.
[19]陈国宏.王克华等.中国禽类遗传资源.上海,上海科学技术出版社,2004,12-83.
[20]中国家禽品种志编写组.中国家禽品种志.上海,上海科学技术出版社,1989.
[21]黎寿丰,王桂朝.我国优质鸡育种技术现状与创新方向探讨.中国家禽,2006,28(15):5-9
[22]肖凡,张德祥,张细权.我国优质鸡育种的现状和发展方向.中国家禽,2007,29(11):1-5
[23]刘向萍.优质鸡育种:技术和策略是关键.中国家禽,2008,30(19):59-63.
[24]文杰.维生素E与肉品质量(上)(下).国外畜牧科技,1998,25(5):41-43;25(6):41-43.
[25]Groom.Factors affecting poultry meat quality.Options Mediterraneennes,1990,205-209
[26]Owens C M,Hirschler E M,MeKee S R,Martinez Dawson R et al.The characterization and incidence of pale,soft,exudative turkey meat in a commercial plant.Poultry Science,2000,79:553-558.
[27]Fletcher D L,Qiao M,Smit h D P.The relationship of raw broiler breast meat and pH to cooked meat color and pH.Poultry Science,2000,79:784-788.
[28]Qiao M,Fletcher D L,Smith D P,et al.The effect of broiler breast meat color on pH,water-holding capacity,and emulsification capacity.Poultry Science,2001,80:676-680.
[29]Allen C D,Fletcher D L,Northeutt J K,Russell S.M.The relationship of broiler breast color to meat quality and shelf-life.Poultry Science,1998,77:361-366.
[30]Allen C D,Russell S M,Fletcher D L.The relationship of broiler breast color and pH to shelf-life and odor development.Poultry Science,1997,76:1042-1046.
[31]孙玉民,罗明.畜禽肉品学.济南,山东科技出版社,1993.
[32]孙宏进,王根林.优质鸡肉质评价体系的研究进展.中国家禽,2006,28(8):38-42.
[33]陈宽维,陈国宏.肉鸡肌纤维与肉质关系研究.中国畜牧杂志,2002,38(6):6-7.
[34]吴兴利,边连全.感官评价原理与实践在肉质评价中的应用.吉林畜牧兽医.2004,12:24-25.
[35]Barbut S.Color measurements for evaluating the pale soft exudative(PSE) occurrence in turkey meat.Food research international,1993,26:39-43.
[36]Rathgeber B M,Boles J a,Shand P J.Rapid postmortem pH decline and delayed chilling reduce quality of turkey breast meat.Poultry Science,1999,78:477-484.
[37]Spanier A M,Miller J A.Roles of proteins and peptides in meat flavor.American Chemical Society.Washinton DC,US,1993:78-97.
[38]Minor L J,Pearson A M,Dawson L E,et al.Separation and identification of earbonyl and sulfur compounds in voiatile fraction of cooking chicken.Journal of Agricultural Food Chemical,1965a,13(4):686-696.
[39]Minor L J,Pearson A M,Dawson L E,et al.Chicken flavor:the identification of some chemical components and the importance of sulfur compounds in the cooked volatile fraction.Journal of Agricultural Food Chemical,1965b,30(4):686-696.
[40]Cross C K,Ziegier P A.Comparison of the volatile fractions from cured and uncured meats.Journal of Food Science,1965,30(4):610-614.
[41]陈继兰.鸡肉肌苷酸和肌内脂肪含量遗传规律及相关候选基因的研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2004.
[42]Mottram D S.Flavous formation in meat and meat products.Food Chemistry,1998,62(4):415-424.
[43]蒋国文.鸡肉的鲜度与K值(上).国外畜牧科技,1994,21(3):31-32.
[44]Scholtyssek,Sailer.Geschmacksunters chiede im Gefl(u|¨)gelfleisch.Archivfiir Gefl(u|¨)gelkunde 1986,50:49-54.
[45]李建凡.不同品种鸡胸肉中肌苷酸含量比较.中国农业科学院畜牧研究所科学研究年报,1989:266-268.
[46]陈国宏,王志跃,陈宽维等.中国部分地方鸡种血浆、肌肉胆固醇含量的比较研究.中国畜产与食品.南京,中国畜产与食品杂志社,1997.4:78-80.
[47]陈继兰,赵桂苹,郑麦青.快速与慢速肉鸡脂肪生长与肌苷酸含量比较.中国家禽,2002,24(8):16-18.
[48]林嫒缓.不同油脂对不同品种肉鸡生产性能及肌肉品质影响的研究.[硕士学位论文].江西,江西农业大学,2003.
[49]George,J.C.,and A.J.Berger.Avian Mycology.Academic Press,New York,NY,1966.
[50]吴信生,陈国宏,陈宽维.中国部分地方鸡种肌肉组织学特点及其肉品质的比较研究.江苏农学院学报,1998,19(4):52-58.
[51]Dranfield E,Sosnicki A.Relationship between muscle growth and poultry meat quality.Poultry Science,1999,78:742-746.
[52]缪宪纲,黄绶香等.关于肉禽屠宰测定的一些建议.中国畜牧杂志,1984,5:33-35.
[53]吴常信.优质鸡生产中杂种优势的利用.第五届优质鸡的改良生产及发展研讨会论文集.福建武夷山,1998.
[54]陈常秀,李同树.禽肉嫩度及其影响因素.山东家禽,2004,10:44-45.
[55]陈国宏,侯水生.中国部分地方鸡肌肉脂肪酸相对含量比较研究.中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(3):27-28.
[56]Xi Z.An investigation on the flavor compounds and texture in Chinese chicken meat.Thesis for the degree of doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong,2000.
[57]张德祥,杨山.优质鸡育种的肉质问题.中国家禽,1998,20(9):1-2.
[58]Le Bihan-Duval E.,Millet N.Broiler meat quality:Effect of selection for increased carcass quality and estimates of genetic parameters.Poultry Science,1999,78:822-826.
[59]丁海标,许若军,陈广安.中国地方鸡与肉鸡的肉质比较.畜牧与兽医,2000,32(4):16-18.
[60]G Kralik,G Kusec,S Ivankovic.Effect of dietary oils on fatty acids content in chicken meat.International Congress of Meat Science and Technology,2001.
[61]陈继兰.中国鸡肉质量标准现状.中国禽业导刊,2001,18(8):4-4.
[62]Kim CR.Microbiological and sensory evaluation of refrigerated chicken in summer.J Fd Hyg Safety,2001,16:16-20.
[63]唐辉.优质良种肉鸡肉质特性分析及配套系选育方法的研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2003.
[64]Mehaffey JM,Pradhan SP,et al.Meat quality evaluation of minimally aged broiler breast fillets from five commercial genetic strains,Poultry Science.2006,85(5):902- 908.
[65]C Jukna,V Jukna,V Valaitiene,A Korsukovas,et al.Comparative evaluation of meat quality of different animal.Veterinarija IR Zootechnika,2007,37(59):786-793.
[66]彭中镇.试析配套系与猪配套系育种.动物科学与动物医学,2005,3:19-22.
[67]Crippen,T.L.,Pevzner,I.Y.,Lowry,V.K.et al.Innate immunoprofiling of commercial broiler chicken lines.Online Journal of Veterinary Research,2003,7:78-90.
[68]张沅.家畜育种学.北京,中国农业出版社,2001,236-278.
[69]Smith,C.The use of specialized sire and dam lines in selection for meat production.Animal Production 1964,6:337-344.
[70]李东.优质肉鸡育种问题探讨.中国家禽,2002,22(9):1-2.
[71]逯岩,王传强,孙树清等.优质肉鸡“鲁禽99”专门化品系的选育.山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(4):479-483.
[72]曹洪战.优质猪选育方案优化研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2003.
[73]路兴中.现代猪肉生产理论与实践.北京,中国农业科技出版社,1994,21-51.
[74]师守堃.动物育种学总论.北京,北京农业大学出版社,1992.
[75]Cahaner A.Poultyr improvement:Integration of present and new genetic approaches for broilers.IN:The 5th world congress applied to livestock production.1994,Vol.20,25-32.
[76]王楚端.北京迪卡猪繁育体系育种规划最优化研究.[博士学位论文].北京,北京农业大学,1995
[77]张沅.家畜育种规划.北京,中国农业大学出版社,2000,96-188.
[78]Ollivier L.Economic evaluation of breeding objectives in swine.Introductory Remarks.IN:3~(rd)World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production,Nebraska,1986,Vol.Ⅹ.
[79]Fewson D.Definition of the breeding objective.Proceedings of "desing of lievestock breeding programs",University of New England,Australia,Chapter,1993,6:53-58;7:59-68.
[80]Niebel E,Van Vleck LD.Optimal procedures for restricted selection indexes.Z Tierz Zchtungsbiol,1983,100:9-26.
[81]张沅.现代动物育种原理和方法.北京,北京农业大学,1989,194-228.
[82]Hazel L N.The genetic basis for constructing selection indexes.Genetics,1943,28:476-490.
[83]Harris D L.Breeding for efficiency in livestock production:defining the economic objectives.Journal of Animal Science,1970,30:860-865.
[84]Dickerson G E,Hazel L N.Effectiveness of selection on progeny performance as a supplement to earlier culling in livestock.Journal of Agriculture Research,1944,69:459-476.
[85]Dickerson G E.Efficiency of animal production-molding the biological components.Journal of Animal Science,1970,30:849-859.
[86]Dickerson G E.Experimental approaches in utilizing breed resources.Animal Breed Abstract,1969,37:191-202.
[87]Wilton J.W.The use of production systems analysis in developing mating plans and selection goals.Journal of Animal Science,1979,49(3):809-825.
[88]V.R.Fowler,M.Biehard,A.pease.Bredding objective in pigs.Animal Production,1976,23:365-387.
[89]James,J.W.Construction,uses,and problems of mul-titrait selection indices.In:Proc.2nd World Cong.Madrid,Spain,1982 5:130-139.
[90]Doren PE,Shumway CR,Kothmarm MM,et al.An economic evaluation of simulated biologi-cal production of beef cattle.Journal of Animal Science,1985,60,913-934.
[91]Brascamp E W.Optimation of breeding programs.Notes for the 3th RDS Summer School,Dublin.1983.
[92]柳楠.吉林省优质细毛羊优化育种规划研究与应用.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,1999.
[93]李俊雅.中国西门塔尔牛开放核心群优化育种规划的研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2002.
[94]唐国庆.中国荣昌猪(CRP)配套系育种方案的优化研究.[硕士学位论文].雅安,四川农业大学,2003.
[95]张文广.内蒙古绒山羊开放核心群优化育种规划的研究.[博士学位论文].呼和浩特,内蒙古农业大学,2004.
[96]P.Amer,G.Simm,M.Keane,et al.Breeding objectives for beef cattle in Ireland.Livestock Production Science,2002,67:223-239.
[97]A.Albera,P.Carnier,A.F.Groen.Definition of a breeding goal for the Piemontese breed:economic and biological values and their sensitivity to production circumstances.Livestock Production Science,2004,89:67-78.
[98]Wolfova,Wolf,Kvapilik,et al.Selection for Profit in Cattle:Economic Weights for Purebred Dairy Cattle in the Czech Republic.Journal of Dairy Science,2007,614:2242-2455.
[99]Wolfova,Wolf,Kvapilik,et al.Selection for Profit in Cattle:Economic Weights for Dairy and Beef Sires in Crossbreeding Systems.Journal of Dairy Science,2007,615:2456-2467.
[100]Mcclintock A E,Cunningham E P.Selection in dual-purpose cattle population:Defining the breeding objectives,Animal production,1974,18:237-247.
[101]Brascam E W.Methods on Economic Optimization of Animal Breeding Plans.Notes for a Scandinavian post-graduate course in economic breeding planning,Department of Animal Breeding,University of Helsinki.Report B,134,1978.
[102]Dickerson G.Efficiency of animal production-modeling the biological components.Journal of Animal Science,1970,30:849-859.
[103]Newman S,Harris D L,Doolittle D P.Economic efficiency of lean tissue produce crossing breeding:systems modeling with mice of the bio-economic objective.Journal of Animal Science,1984,60(2):385-394.
[104]Moav R.Economic evaluation of genetic differences.In:Mova R(Eds).Agricultural Gnetics.Hoslted Press,1973:319-352.
[105]Kashyap T S,Diejerson G E,Bennett G L.Effectivess of progeny test multiple-trait selection for field performance of strain-cross layers.I.Estimated responses.Poultry Science,1981,60:1-21.
[106]Shalev.Pasternak.Genetic-economic evaluation of traits in a broiler enterprise:the relative genetic-economi values.Britain Poultry Science,1983,24:521-529.
[117]Moav.Profit in a broiler enterprise as a function of egg production of parent stock and growth rate of their progeny,Britain Poultry Science,1966,7:5-15.
[108]Nordskog A W.Economic evaluation of breeding objectives in layer-type chicken.In:3~(rd) world Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock PProduction.Nebraska,USA,1986.
[109]庞航,吴常信.北京市蛋鸡繁育体系最优结构的研究.湖南农学院学报,1989,15(4):92-99.
[110]庞航,宫桂芬.选择指数中计算经济加权值方法的研究.遗传,1989,11(1):13-16.
[111]杨宁.蛋鸡优化育种方案的研究.[博士学位论文].北京.北京农业大学,1990.
[112]Harris D L,Steward T S,Arboleda.Animal Breeding program:A systematic approach to their design.USDA-ARS-ADV.Agricultural Technology.AAT-NC-8.USDA-ARS.1984.
[113]Akbar M K,Harris D L,Arboleda C R.Development of the relative economic weights for linear and quadratic bioeconomie objectives in commercial broilers.Poultry Science,1986,65:1834-1846
[114]X Jiang,A F Groen,E W Brascamp.Economic Values in Broiler Breeding.Poultry Science,1998,77:934-943.
[115]McAinsh CV,Kristensen AR.Dynamic modelling of a traditional African chicken production system.Tropical Animal Health and Production,2004,36(6):609-626.
[116]The SimFlock simulation model(OL).http://www.husdyr.kvl.dk/～ark/software/simflock/.
[117]张沅,张勤.畜禽育种中的线性模型.北京,北京农业大学出版社,1993.
[118]鲁绍雄.遗传标记辅助选择方案的优化研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2001.
[119]唐国庆.在选择方案中利用QTL信息的优化研究.[博士学位论文].雅安,四川农业大学,2006.
[120]张豪.标记辅助预选后测公牛研究.[博士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2002.
[121]俞英,张沉.畜禽遗传评定方法的研究进展,遗传,2003,25(5):607-610.
[123]盛志廉.数量遗传学.北京,科学出版社,1999.
[124]Schaeffer L R,Kennedy B W.Computing strategies for solving mixed model equations.Journal of Dairy Science,1986,69:575-586.
[125]Jack C,Dekkers M.Optimizing strategies for selection on major genes.Proceedings of 10~(th)animal genetic breeding.Peking,Chinese Agriculture Science and Technology Press,1999,531-542.
[126]鲁绍雄.猪主要数量性状主基因研究进展.黑龙江畜牧兽医,2000,8:27-28.
[127]Lande R,Thompson R.Efficiency of marker-assisted selection in the improvement of quantitative traits.Genetics,1990,124:743-756.
[128]Whittaker J C,Curniw C S.Using marker maps in marker-assisted selection.Genetics Research,1995,66:255-265.
[129]Moreau L,Charcosset A,Hospital F,et al.Marker-assisted selection efficiency in populations of finite size.Genetics,1998,148:1353-1365.
[130]王辉.数量性状位点的相对效率研究[博士学位论文].哈尔滨,东北农业大学,2001.
[131]Kennedy B W,van Arendonk J A M.Estimation of single gene effects on quantitative characters under selection.In:Proc.40~(th) Annu.Mtg.Europ.Assoc.Anita.Prod.1.(Abstr.).
[132]Fernando R L,Grossman M.Marker-assisted selection using best linear unbiased prediction.Genet Sel Evol,1989,21(5):467-477.
[133]Goddard M E.A mixed model for analyses of data on multiple genetic markers.Theor Appl Genet,1992,83:878-886.
[134]Van Arendonk J A M,Tier B,Kinghom B E Use of multiple genetic markers in prediction of breeding values.Genetics,1994,137:319-329.
[135]Verrier E.Marker assisted selection for the improvement of two antaganistic traits under mixed inheritance.Genet Sel Evol,2001,33(1):17-38.
[136]鲁绍雄,吴常信,连林生.影响动物模型MBLUP评定准确性的主要因素.遗传学报,2003,30(1):35-39.
[137]Soller M,Beckmann J S.Genetic polymorphisms in varietal identification and genetic improvement.Theory Applied Gnetics,1983,17:25-33.
[138]Kashi Y.,Hallerman E.,Soller M.Marker-assist selection of candidate bulls for progeny testing programmes.Animal Production,1990,51:63-74.
[139]Meuwissen T H E,van Arendonk J A M.Potential improvement in rate of genetic gain from marker-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding schemes.Journal of Dairy Science,1992,75:1651-1659.
[140]刘会英.影响标记辅助选择相对效率主要因素的研究.[硕士学位论文].北京,中国农业大学,2000.
[141]Ruane J,Colleau J.Marker-assisted selection for a sex-limited character in a nucleus breeding population.Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79:1666-1678.
[142]Meuwissen,T H E,M E Goddard.The use of marker haplotypes in animal breeding schemes.Genet.Select.Evol.1996,28:161-176.
[143]Hospital,Moreau L,Lacoudre E More on the efficency of marker assisted selection.Theory applied Genetics,1997,95:1181-1189.
[144]Moreau L,Charcosset A,Hospital F,et al.Marker-assisted selection efficiency in populations of finite size.Genetics,1998,148:1353-1365.
[145]Edwards M D,N J Page.Evaluation of marker-assisted selection through computer Simulation,Theory Applied Genetics,1994,88:376-382.
[146]Gimelfarb A,Lande R.Simulation of marker assisted selection in hybrid populations.Genetics Research,1994a,63:39-47.
[147]Gimelfarb A,Lande R.Simulation of marker assisted selection for non-additive traits.Genetics Research,1994b,64:127-136.
[148]Smith C,Smith D B,The need for close linkage in marker-assisted selection for economic merit in livestock.Animal Breeding Abstract,1993,61(4):197-203.
[149]VanderBeek,Van Arendoak J A M.Marker-assisted selection in an outbred poultry breeding nucleus.Animal Science,1996,62.171-180.
[150]Spelman R,Van Arendonk J A M.Utilisation of marker-assisted selection in a commercial dairy cow population.Livestock Production Science,1997,47:139-147.
[151]Zhang W,Smith C.Computer simulation of marker-assisted selection utilizing disequilibrium.Theory Applied Genetics,1992,83:813-820.
[152]Rothschild M F,G S Plastow.Advances in pig genomics and industry applications.Agriculture Biotechnology,Net 1:1999,February,ABN 007.
[153]张勤.动物数量遗传学的新进展及发展趋势.见:全国动植物数量遗传与育种学术研讨会文集.2000,149-155.
[154]Gomez-Raya L,Klemestsdal G.Two-stage selection strategies utilizing marker-quantitative trait locus information and individual performance.Journal of Animal Science,1999,77:2008-2018.
[155]Spelman,Garrick.Genetic and economic responses for within family marker-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding schemes.Journal of Dairy Science,2000,81:2942-2950.
[156]林敏,肖智远,何道华等.鸡肉肉质影响因素的探讨.中国禽业导刊,2000,17(21):10-11.
[157]刘景,李忠荣,冯玉兰.优质鸡肉质的特点及其评定方法.福建畜牧兽医,2004,26(6):21-22.
[158]张永明,孙晓蕾.鸡肉的营养价值与功能.肉类工业,2008,9:57.
[159]V Srinivasan,Allan D Shocker.Liner programming techniques for multidimensional analysis of preferences.PSYCHOMETRIKA,1973,38(3):337-369.
[160]Galina Shevchenko,Leonas Ustinovichius,Algirdas Andruskevicius.Multi-attribute analysis of investments risk alternatives in construction.Baltic Journal on Sustainability,2008,14(3):428-443.
[161]Soheil Sadi-Nezhad,Pari Akhtari.Possibilistic programming approach for fuzzy multidimen -sional analysis of preference in group decision making.Applied Soft Computing,2008,8:1703-1711.
[162]Y.Esra Albayrak,Yasemin Claire Erensal.Leveraging technological knowledge transfer by using fuzzy linear programming technique for multiattribute group decision making with fuzzy decision variables,J.Intell.Manuf.Springer,January,2009.
[163]Groen A E Economic values in cattle breeding:Ⅰ.Influences of production circumstances in situations without output limitations.Livestock Production Science,1989a,22:1-6.
[164]Groen A E Economic values in cattle breeding:Ⅱ.Influences of production circumstances in situations with output limitations.Livestock Production Science,1989b,22:17-30.
[165]Dekkers J C M.Estimation of economic values for dairy cattle breeding goals:bias due to sub-optimal management policies,Lives.Prod.Sei.,1991,29(2):131-149.
[166]Heringstad B,G.Klemetsdal,TSteine.Selection responses for clinical mastitis and protein yield in two Norwegiandairy cattle selection experiments.J.Dairy Sci.2003,86:2990-2999.
[167]Miglior,F.,B.L.Muir,and B.J.Van Doormaal.Selection indices in Holstein cattle of various countries.J.Dairy Sei.2003,88:1255-1263.
[168]AMER,et al.Economic values for ewe prolifeaey and lamb survival in New Zealand sheep.Liv.Prod.Sci.1999,58(1):75-90.
[169]FISHER J W.An economic comparison of production systems for sheep.Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics,2001,49(3):327-336.
[170]张细权,梁少东,张德祥.优质肉鸡配套组合中各种性状分配.中国家禽,2001,23(23):13-14.
[171]Gowe R S,Fairful R W.Long-term selection for egg production in chicken.Proc 3~(rd) World Cong.Genet.Appl.Livestock Pod.Lincoln,1986,12,152-167.
[172]张玲勤,阿秀兰.蛋重和蛋形指数对江村黄羽肉鸡与迪卡蛋鸡杂交种蛋孵化率的影响,当代畜牧,2000,6:26-27.
[173]康相涛,宋素芳,李明.蛋鸡种蛋蛋重对孵化率和雏鸡生长发育的影响.中国家禽,2002,24(15):10-12.
[174]李蕴玉,李佩国,高山林.蛋重对肉杂鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响.中国家禽,2006,28(22):20-22
[175]贾汝敏,姚晶宁,黄毓青.海大香鸡不同品系屠宰性能与肉质性状的比较.见:家禽研究最新进展一第十一次全国家禽学术讨论会论文集.青岛,2003.
[176]Groen A F,Ruyter T P L.Derivation of economic values of milk production traits.Proceedin-gs 4~(th) World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production.Edinburgh,1990,14:191-194.
[177]Arendonk van,Brascamp E W.Economic considerations in dairy cattle breeding.Proceeding of the 4th World Congress on Genetics applied to Livestock Production,Edinburgh,July 1990,ⅩⅣ:23-27.
[178]Bemardo Vargas,Ab F Groen,Mario Herrero.Economic values for production and function-nal traits in Holstein cattle of Costa Rica.Livestock Production Science,2002,75:101-116.
[179]A K Kahi,G Nitter.Developing breeding schemes for pasture based dairy production Syste -ms in Kenya.I.Derivation of economic values using profit functions.Livestock Production Science,2004,88:161-177.
[180]Hunton P.Industrial beeding and selection.In:Poultry Breeding and Genetics.Crawford,eds Elsevier,Amsterdam,The Netherlands,1990,985-1028.
[181]杨宁,吴常信.动物育种目标的系统评估原理及其应用.中国农业科学,1994,27(1):70-78.
[182]王楚端,张沅.结合差额法和系统分析原理确定猪育种目标.畜牧兽医学报,1996,27(2):149-153.
[183]王立国,咎林森,张飞等.秦川肉牛育种目标性状的选择及其经济权重的测算.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(8):26-30.
[184]Mclaren D G,D S Buchanan,Williams.Economic evaluation of alternative crossbreeding systems involving four brads of swine.Journal of Animal Science,1987,65:910-928.
[185]Kinghom B P.Deterministic versus stochastic approaches to evaluating the design of livestock breeding programs.In:Proceedings of design of livestock breeding program.Australia,University of New England,1993,111-124.
[186]Nitter G.System of breed utilization.In:Proceeding of livestock breeding program.Australia,University of New England,1993,206-210.
[187]王楚端,张沅.猪杂交繁育体系最优化研究.中国农业大学学报,1996,1(3):87-92.
[188]吴常信.动物比较育种学讲座(五).中国畜牧杂志,1999,35(5):62-64.
[189]Wolfova,Wolf,Hyanek.Economic weights for beef production traits in the Czech Republic.Livestock Production Science,1995,43:63-73.
[190]Tess M A,Bennet G L,Dickerson G E.Simulation of genetic changes in life cycle efficiency of pook production.I.A bio-economic model.Journal of Animal Science,1983,56:336-352.
[191]Weller J I.Economic Aspects of Animal Breeding.London,Chapman & Hall,1994.
[192]张细权.优质鸡育种和生产中若干问题的讨论.中国禽业导刊,2000,17(12):10.
[193]Hill W G.Theoretical aspects of crossbreeding.Annales de Genetique Selection Anmale,1971,3:23-24.
[194]Bell A E.Selection for Heterosis-results with laboratory and domestic animal.Proceedings of the second world congress on genetics applied to livestock production,1982,6:206-227.
[195]Sellier P.Selection populations for use in crossbreeding.Proceedings of the second world congress on genetics applied to livestock production1982,6:15-49.
[196]Bennett G L,Tess M W.Simulation of Heterosis Effects on Costs of Pork Production.Jou-rnal of Animal Science,1983,56(4):792-800.
[197]Orozeo F.Crossbreeding and heterosis.US-Spain joint seminar on sheeping breeding,Zaragoza,1986.
[198]Baumung R,S(o|¨)lkner J,Essl A.Selection response according to the use of pure-and/or cros-sbred information in crossbred animals with varying levels of dominance and additive by additive effects.In:48~(th) annual meeting of the European Association for Animal Production,Vienna,Austria,August 1997a,25-28.
[199]Baumung R,S(o|¨)lkner J,Essl A.Correlation between purebred and crossbred performance u-nder a two-locus model with additive by additive interaction.Journal of Animal Breeding Genetics,1997b,114:89-98.
[200]Wei M,Van der Werf.Relation between pured and crossbred parameters:Ⅰ,Ⅱ.Journal of Animal Breeding Genetics,1991a,1991b,108:253-269.
[201]Uimari P,Gibson J P.The value of crossbreeding information in selection of poultry under a dominance model.Animal Science,1998,66:519-528.
[202]Lo L,R L Femando,M Grossman.Covariance between relatives in multi-breed populatio-ns:Additive model.Theory Applied Genetics,1993,87:423-430.
[203]Wei M,Werf.Maximizing genetic response in crossbreds using both purebred and crossbred information.Animal Production 1994,59:401-413.
[204]Bijma P,Arendonk van.Maximizing genetic gain for the sire line of a crossbreeding scheme utilizing both purebred and crossbred information.Animal Science,1998,66:529-542.
[205]D Habier,K U Gotz,L Dempfle.Estimation of genetic parameters on test stations using purebred and crossbred progeny of sires of the Bavarian Pietrain.Livestock Science,2007,107:142-151.
[206]Bijma P,J A Woolliams,Van Arendonk.Genetic gain of pure line selection and combined crossbred purebred selection with constrained inbreeding.Anim.Sci.,2001,72:225-232.
[207]Dekkers J C M.Commercial application of marker-and gene-assisted selection in livestock:Strategies and lessons.J.Anim.Sci.2004,82:E313-E328.
[208]Schrooten C,Bovenhuis,Van Arendonk.Genetic progress in multistage dairy cattle breeding schemes using genetic markers.J.Dairy Sci.2005,88:1569-1581.
[209]Dekkers J C M.Marker-assisted selection for commercial crossbred performance.J Anim Sci.2007,85:2104-2114.
[210]Falconer,Mackay Introduction to quantitative genetics.4~(th) eds.Pearson Educ-ation Limited,Essex,UK,1996.
[211]Meuwissen,Luo.Computing inbreeding coefficient in large populations.Genet.Sel.Evol.1992,24(4):305-313.
[212]鲁绍雄,连林生,李明丽.动物模型BLUP选择效果的计算机模拟研究.畜牧与兽医,2005,37(2):5-7.
[213]SINGH Neelam,RAJ PAL SINGH,SANGWAN Sandeep,et al.Effect of family size and genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred half-sisters on Response in crossbred and purebred chickens under modified reciprocal recurrent selection.Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences,2005,18(1):8-12.
[214]Spelman R J,Garrick D J.Genetic and economic responses for within-family marker assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding schemes.J.Dairy Sci.,1998,81:2942-2950.
[215]Alessandra Stella.Strategies for applying marker assisted selection in nucleus breeding schemes in dairy cattle.[Doctoral Thesis].2002.
[216]Laughlin,Waldron,Craddock,et al.Use of DNA markers to determine paternity in a multiple-sire mating flock.Sheep and Goat Pes.J.2003,18:14-17.
[217]李娅兰.标记辅助选择在猪育种中应用效果的研究.[博士学位论文].广州,华南农业大学,2006.
[218]Alfed G.de Vries.Selection for production and reproduction traits in pigs.[Doctoral Thesis].Van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen,1989.
[219]舒鼎铭.优质肉鸡商业育种进展.优质肉鸡育种国际研讨会.中国广州,2008,99-104.
[220]Jiang,X.,Groen,A.E,and Brascamp E.W.Combined crossbred and purebred selection for reproduction traits in a broiler dam line.Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,1999,116:111-125.
[221]Jiang,X.,Groen,A.F.,and Brascamp E.W.Discounted expressions of traits in broiler breeding programs.Poultry Science,1999,78:307-316.
[222]Xiaosong Jiang.Breeding goals,selection schemes and the usefulness of local breeds for china.[Doctoral Thesis]Wageningen University,1999.