土壤N_2O排放的影响因子及其定量模型研究
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摘要
氧化亚氮(N_2O)是大气中一种痕量气体，它具有产生温室效应和破坏平流层臭氧的双重作用。土壤是全球最主要的N_2O释放源，其贡献达70-90％。针对农田土壤N_2O排放量、排放机理及减排措施等的研究，不论从环境还是从经济方面都具有重要意义。本研究以年均降水量为632mm的黄土高原南部旱作区冬小麦—休耕地土壤为对象，通过两个小麦生长年度不同处理的大田试验和相应的室内实验，对土壤N_2O排放量及其与影响因子的关系、定量模型和能量特征进行了系统研究。
通过研究建立了水、热、肥、耕(深)多因子对土壤N_2O排放影响的模拟方程以及含温度和水分因子的N_2O排放动态方程；揭示了土壤N_2O排放水分效应和温度效应的零值现象，并获得了相应的零值参数；确定了土壤N_2O零值变化的土壤临界含水量和临界温度的上、下限值；发现了耕层较深土样N_2O排放特征的温度依变性，15℃显示为较深土样N_2O排放滞留温度，20℃呈现为较深土样N_2O排放递增转折温度，25℃～30℃为土壤N_2O排放的“跃增”温区；证实了本地区旱地农田小麦孕穗—开花期是土壤N_2O排放高峰期，温度和碳源物质是制约本地区土壤N_2O排放的关键因子；提出了土壤脲酶活性可作为旱作小麦田0-20cm土层N_2O排放的生物学指标并论证了其可行性。此外应用活化能，活化热力学参数从能量特征上对土壤N_2O排放机制进行了探讨。
所取得的主要研究进展和结论如下：
1．冬小麦生长期间，麦田土壤和休耕地土壤N_2O排放通量分别为5.22～70.92ug／m~2．h，4.7～60.2ug／m~2．h，麦田土壤N_2O排放通量大于休耕地土壤；小麦孕穗—开花期麦田土壤N_2O排放通量高于其它生育期，其排放通量在20.7～70.92ug／m~2．h之间。两个试验期(2001年，2002年)，小麦各生育期麦田土壤N_2O排放通量与对应的旬内日均气温之间呈弱的相关性。2001年土壤N_2O平均排放通量与相应旬内雨量之间相关性较密切，而2002年二者相关性差。2001年与2002年相比，小麦生长期内降雨量偏低，但并未对N_2O平均排放通量产生明显影响，在此情况下硝化作用对N_2O排放起重要作用。
农田土壤N_2O排放通量与耕层水分及水热交互作用之间未达显著相关，而与10cm、20cm深处温度之间达显著的线性相关，小麦田N_2O排放通量与10cm、20cm深处温度之间的相关性小于休耕地。小麦田N_2O排放通量与土壤C／N比成正相关，表明C／N比是影响本地土壤N_2O排放大小的关键因子，增施有机肥等C源物质可促进农田土壤N_2O排放。
2．土壤深度对旱地麦田N_2O排放的效应受水分和温度的影响。在土壤中水分条件(14.5％)时，N_2O平均择放通量(Y)土样深度(h)系数(dY／dh)是Y的函数，随Y值增大而增大，与土样深度无关；较深土样N_2O排放滞留温度为15℃，5-10cm深度土壤对N_2O排放通量贡献率最大。在土壤高水分条件(18.7％)下，15℃温度时，耕层土壤N_2O排放主要来自5-15cm深度，而较深土样N_2O主要滞留土体中；20℃即N_2O排放递增转折温度时，N_2O平均排放通量土样深度系数(dY／dh)与h呈反比；温度达25℃，N_2O的产出量和热扩散性已显著增强，足以抵消
随土样深度增加而增大的对NZo排放的阻滞作用，因而(d习咖)与土样深度无关;30℃时，
NZO排放滞留率均呈负值，表明对NZO的排放有明显的促进作用，并出现NZO平均排放通量的
“跃增区”。
3.小麦田土壤NZO平均排放通量高于休耕地NZO平均排放通量的ro.36%~43.26%，在小麦
生育旺盛期，休耕地土壤NZO平均排放通量仅占小麦田的加%左右。植物效应引起的土壤N20
排放通量增量仅与土壤有机质增量呈显著负相关，早地小麦田NZO的排放主要通过土壤逸出地
面。
4.小麦田覆膜处理土壤NZO平均排放通量比未覆膜处理增加了33.04%;休耕地土壤覆膜处
理NZO排放通量比未覆膜处理增加了10.53%。覆膜对小麦地土壤NZO排放的增排效应高于休耕
地。其排效应主要来自土壤scm深处温度的提高及有机质含量增加和耕层含水量的提高。
5.小麦田原状土样N20累积排放量(y)与时间(O的动力学曲线均符合Elovich方程(y=
a+b int)。由土样第10天NZo累积排放量yl。与温度T拟合方程得。一scm土样Nzo排放临界温
度下限为0.3840℃，上限为50.92℃的理论值。由yl二才(土壤含水量)拟合方程得土城Nzo零
值变化临界含水t下限为7.38%，上限为31.42%，7.38%水分与实验测得产生N20吸收现象的含
水量(7 .86%)相近.由ylo----琳yl二T拟合方程所得(dyl。/dw)二o，(dyl。/dO=o时所揭示的
单位含水量变化和单位温度变化引发的土壤NZO累积排放量变化为零的现象称之为土滚N20排
放水分效应和温度效应的零值现象.所得土镶Nzo排放水分效应零值土城湿度W0为19.4%，该
值与试验测定判定结果基本吻合，证实W0值存在的客观性，相应所得土城N20排放温度效应零
值土城温度T0为30.4℃，该温度与土壤产生NZO的消化、反硝化作用最适温度相近，亦证实T0
值的可靠性。
动力学方程显示在一定土壤湿度、温度下，随时间变化土样NZO累积排放量是土样深度因子
的函数，故NZo排放量室内实验所得结果与采样深度密切相关。ylo一h拟合方程表明30.oscm为
土城N20排放深度效应零值?
N2O, as a trace gas in the atmosphere, could cause greenhouse effect and damage the ozone lay in stratosphere. The main source of N2O is from soil, with a contribution rate of 70-90%. Investigation into N2O emission amount, emission mechanism and approaches to reduce the emission from farmland is of great significance for environment protection and economic growth. Fallow lands of winter wheat in the southern part of loess plateau with an annual precipitation of 632mm were selected as the study object, Field and lab experiments were carried out during two wheat growth periods to investigate the correlations between N2O emissions and its influential factors, quantitative model and energy characteristics.
Through this experiment, the simulation equations of factors such as water content, heat, fertilizer and the depth of the tilled land that would influence N2O emissions flux were established, the dynamic N2O emissions equation concerning water content and temperature was also established. These equations would explain the zero influence of water and temperature on N2O emissions and provide relevant parameters. The critical soil water content and N2O emissions critical minimal and maximal temperature contributing to the zero influence on N2O emissions. It also was found that N2O emissions in deeper soil would change with the temperature. 15@ is the emission retardation temperature in deep soil layer; 20@ is the turning temperature for the increase of N2O emissions; 25癈-30癈 is the boosting range for the emission. It has proved that the period from wheat booting to blossoming is the boom period for N2O emissions. Temperature and C source matters are the key factors that would influence N2O emissions in this r
egion. This paper also put forwards that urease activity at the soil depth of 0-20cm could be used as the biological indicator of N2O emissions in wheat field and has proved its feasibility. In addition, by using biological active energy and thermo-chemical energy parameters, the paper also discussed N2O emissions mechanism.
The progress and innovative thinking are as followings:
1. During the growth period of winter wheat, the N2O emission from wheat field and the fallow land is 5.22-70.92ug/m2and 4.7-60.2ug/m2, respectively N2O emission in wheat land is larger than that in the fallow land; N2O emission during the period from booting to blooming is larger than that in any other growth periods, with an average amount of 20.7-70.92ug/m2 During the two experimenting periods (2001, 2002), the emission flux of different growth stages is insignificantly correlated to the corresponding average daily temperature within ten days of each month. However, in 2001, the average emission flux is closely related to the rainfall in the corresponding ten days of each month, the correlation in 2002 is not significant. Compared with that in 2002, the rainfall in the growth periods in 2001 is smaller, but this fact did not have a significant influence on N2O emission flux, but nitration function had a significant influence on N2O emission. N2O emission flux in farmland isn't significantly related to the
water content in tilled layer, the
interaction between water and heat, but apparently has liner relation with the temperature in the soil layers at the depth of 10cm and 20cm. The correlation is less significant that with fallow land. N2O emission is also positively related to the N/C ratio, this ratio is regarded to be the key factor that affects N2O emission. Increase the application of organic fertilizer and other C source substances may promote N2O emission in soil.
2. The impact of soil depth to N2O emission in arid wheat field is greatly influenced by water content and the temperature conditions. When the water content in the soils is 14.5%, the sample soil depth coefficient of the average N2O emission flux (dY/dh) is the function of Y and would increase with the Y value, it has no correlation with the depth of soil; the temperature for N2O emission retardation is at 15℃, soil at the depth of 5-10cm has t
通过研究建立了水、热、肥、耕(深)多因子对土壤N_2O排放影响的模拟方程以及含温度和水分因子的N_2O排放动态方程；揭示了土壤N_2O排放水分效应和温度效应的零值现象，并获得了相应的零值参数；确定了土壤N_2O零值变化的土壤临界含水量和临界温度的上、下限值；发现了耕层较深土样N_2O排放特征的温度依变性，15℃显示为较深土样N_2O排放滞留温度，20℃呈现为较深土样N_2O排放递增转折温度，25℃～30℃为土壤N_2O排放的“跃增”温区；证实了本地区旱地农田小麦孕穗—开花期是土壤N_2O排放高峰期，温度和碳源物质是制约本地区土壤N_2O排放的关键因子；提出了土壤脲酶活性可作为旱作小麦田0-20cm土层N_2O排放的生物学指标并论证了其可行性。此外应用活化能，活化热力学参数从能量特征上对土壤N_2O排放机制进行了探讨。
所取得的主要研究进展和结论如下：
1．冬小麦生长期间，麦田土壤和休耕地土壤N_2O排放通量分别为5.22～70.92ug／m~2．h，4.7～60.2ug／m~2．h，麦田土壤N_2O排放通量大于休耕地土壤；小麦孕穗—开花期麦田土壤N_2O排放通量高于其它生育期，其排放通量在20.7～70.92ug／m~2．h之间。两个试验期(2001年，2002年)，小麦各生育期麦田土壤N_2O排放通量与对应的旬内日均气温之间呈弱的相关性。2001年土壤N_2O平均排放通量与相应旬内雨量之间相关性较密切，而2002年二者相关性差。2001年与2002年相比，小麦生长期内降雨量偏低，但并未对N_2O平均排放通量产生明显影响，在此情况下硝化作用对N_2O排放起重要作用。
农田土壤N_2O排放通量与耕层水分及水热交互作用之间未达显著相关，而与10cm、20cm深处温度之间达显著的线性相关，小麦田N_2O排放通量与10cm、20cm深处温度之间的相关性小于休耕地。小麦田N_2O排放通量与土壤C／N比成正相关，表明C／N比是影响本地土壤N_2O排放大小的关键因子，增施有机肥等C源物质可促进农田土壤N_2O排放。
2．土壤深度对旱地麦田N_2O排放的效应受水分和温度的影响。在土壤中水分条件(14.5％)时，N_2O平均择放通量(Y)土样深度(h)系数(dY／dh)是Y的函数，随Y值增大而增大，与土样深度无关；较深土样N_2O排放滞留温度为15℃，5-10cm深度土壤对N_2O排放通量贡献率最大。在土壤高水分条件(18.7％)下，15℃温度时，耕层土壤N_2O排放主要来自5-15cm深度，而较深土样N_2O主要滞留土体中；20℃即N_2O排放递增转折温度时，N_2O平均排放通量土样深度系数(dY／dh)与h呈反比；温度达25℃，N_2O的产出量和热扩散性已显著增强，足以抵消
随土样深度增加而增大的对NZo排放的阻滞作用，因而(d习咖)与土样深度无关;30℃时，
NZO排放滞留率均呈负值，表明对NZO的排放有明显的促进作用，并出现NZO平均排放通量的
“跃增区”。
3.小麦田土壤NZO平均排放通量高于休耕地NZO平均排放通量的ro.36%~43.26%，在小麦
生育旺盛期，休耕地土壤NZO平均排放通量仅占小麦田的加%左右。植物效应引起的土壤N20
排放通量增量仅与土壤有机质增量呈显著负相关，早地小麦田NZO的排放主要通过土壤逸出地
面。
4.小麦田覆膜处理土壤NZO平均排放通量比未覆膜处理增加了33.04%;休耕地土壤覆膜处
理NZO排放通量比未覆膜处理增加了10.53%。覆膜对小麦地土壤NZO排放的增排效应高于休耕
地。其排效应主要来自土壤scm深处温度的提高及有机质含量增加和耕层含水量的提高。
5.小麦田原状土样N20累积排放量(y)与时间(O的动力学曲线均符合Elovich方程(y=
a+b int)。由土样第10天NZo累积排放量yl。与温度T拟合方程得。一scm土样Nzo排放临界温
度下限为0.3840℃，上限为50.92℃的理论值。由yl二才(土壤含水量)拟合方程得土城Nzo零
值变化临界含水t下限为7.38%，上限为31.42%，7.38%水分与实验测得产生N20吸收现象的含
水量(7 .86%)相近.由ylo----琳yl二T拟合方程所得(dyl。/dw)二o，(dyl。/dO=o时所揭示的
单位含水量变化和单位温度变化引发的土壤NZO累积排放量变化为零的现象称之为土滚N20排
放水分效应和温度效应的零值现象.所得土镶Nzo排放水分效应零值土城湿度W0为19.4%，该
值与试验测定判定结果基本吻合，证实W0值存在的客观性，相应所得土城N20排放温度效应零
值土城温度T0为30.4℃，该温度与土壤产生NZO的消化、反硝化作用最适温度相近，亦证实T0
值的可靠性。
动力学方程显示在一定土壤湿度、温度下，随时间变化土样NZO累积排放量是土样深度因子
的函数，故NZo排放量室内实验所得结果与采样深度密切相关。ylo一h拟合方程表明30.oscm为
土城N20排放深度效应零值?
N2O, as a trace gas in the atmosphere, could cause greenhouse effect and damage the ozone lay in stratosphere. The main source of N2O is from soil, with a contribution rate of 70-90%. Investigation into N2O emission amount, emission mechanism and approaches to reduce the emission from farmland is of great significance for environment protection and economic growth. Fallow lands of winter wheat in the southern part of loess plateau with an annual precipitation of 632mm were selected as the study object, Field and lab experiments were carried out during two wheat growth periods to investigate the correlations between N2O emissions and its influential factors, quantitative model and energy characteristics.
Through this experiment, the simulation equations of factors such as water content, heat, fertilizer and the depth of the tilled land that would influence N2O emissions flux were established, the dynamic N2O emissions equation concerning water content and temperature was also established. These equations would explain the zero influence of water and temperature on N2O emissions and provide relevant parameters. The critical soil water content and N2O emissions critical minimal and maximal temperature contributing to the zero influence on N2O emissions. It also was found that N2O emissions in deeper soil would change with the temperature. 15@ is the emission retardation temperature in deep soil layer; 20@ is the turning temperature for the increase of N2O emissions; 25癈-30癈 is the boosting range for the emission. It has proved that the period from wheat booting to blossoming is the boom period for N2O emissions. Temperature and C source matters are the key factors that would influence N2O emissions in this r
egion. This paper also put forwards that urease activity at the soil depth of 0-20cm could be used as the biological indicator of N2O emissions in wheat field and has proved its feasibility. In addition, by using biological active energy and thermo-chemical energy parameters, the paper also discussed N2O emissions mechanism.
The progress and innovative thinking are as followings:
1. During the growth period of winter wheat, the N2O emission from wheat field and the fallow land is 5.22-70.92ug/m2and 4.7-60.2ug/m2, respectively N2O emission in wheat land is larger than that in the fallow land; N2O emission during the period from booting to blooming is larger than that in any other growth periods, with an average amount of 20.7-70.92ug/m2 During the two experimenting periods (2001, 2002), the emission flux of different growth stages is insignificantly correlated to the corresponding average daily temperature within ten days of each month. However, in 2001, the average emission flux is closely related to the rainfall in the corresponding ten days of each month, the correlation in 2002 is not significant. Compared with that in 2002, the rainfall in the growth periods in 2001 is smaller, but this fact did not have a significant influence on N2O emission flux, but nitration function had a significant influence on N2O emission. N2O emission flux in farmland isn't significantly related to the
water content in tilled layer, the
interaction between water and heat, but apparently has liner relation with the temperature in the soil layers at the depth of 10cm and 20cm. The correlation is less significant that with fallow land. N2O emission is also positively related to the N/C ratio, this ratio is regarded to be the key factor that affects N2O emission. Increase the application of organic fertilizer and other C source substances may promote N2O emission in soil.
2. The impact of soil depth to N2O emission in arid wheat field is greatly influenced by water content and the temperature conditions. When the water content in the soils is 14.5%, the sample soil depth coefficient of the average N2O emission flux (dY/dh) is the function of Y and would increase with the Y value, it has no correlation with the depth of soil; the temperature for N2O emission retardation is at 15℃, soil at the depth of 5-10cm has t
引文
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