中国西部中小企业扶持政策网络探析
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摘要
随着市场经济改革的不断深入,中国中小企业(SMEs)赢来了它的“春天”,并在与大型企业“平等”的“国民待遇”的契机下,不断充实着自己在提高GDP、扩充社会就业、革新技术等方面的“功臣”形象。在中国公共管理领域对中小企业的研究主要从公共政策的角度分析中小企业的政策过程、政策阶段及政策内容等,以实现公共政策在中小企业发展中合理配备资源、维护社会公平、为SMEs的长远利益服务的功能。
基于对国内中小企业政策的研究内容及研究方法的综述,通过科学、全面的分析方法,结合宏观的政策环境及西部大开发的战略部署,本课题拟运用兴起于二十世纪七十年代的政策网络理论,以大量的理论及合理的预测为支撑,通过数据的收集及实地调研采集了一系列的详实的资料,为西部中小企业政策主体及政策网络的分析提供了依据,并克服了现有研究者对中小企业政策的“静态”研究,为西部中小企业政策网络中政策主体的目标确立,平衡主体间利益关系及创建合理的政策网络模型做出了尝试。
本课题侧重分析中国西部中小企业政策网络中的政策主体的利益及利益关系,从一种全新的视角剖析现行中国西部中小企业政策的盲点及政策效果不尽如人意的根本原因,那就是:政策主体的利益没有得到相关政策的充分保护,政策主体间没有为统一的政策目标结成稳固的“利益联盟”;同时,本课题根据中国西部中小企业政策网络中的政策主体的关系,分别对四大政策主体:西部地方行政部门、银行体系、社会化服务机构及中小企业自身提出了相应的政策建议,以期能在中国西部SMEs的扶持政策体系中得到反映,并能通过该政策体系反作用于四大政策主体以形成“合力”,共同推进中国西部中小企业的跨越式的发展。本课题的主要内容分为四部分:政策网络理论及其对研究西部中小企业发展的适用性;中国西部中小发展的客观要求及西部中小企业政策沿革;西部中小企业政策的政策网络分析及国外经验的借鉴;西部SMEs政策网络模型的构建及实现路径。
Following with the deepening reform of China’s Market Economy, China’s SMEs win a good chance to be equal with large-scale enterprises and they gradually perfect their important“role”for improving GDP, affording employing post and innovating techniques etc. under the good macro environments. In the field of Public Administration, Chinese scholars mainly center on analyzing the SMEs policy procedures and SMEs policy contents with the goal of reasonably utilizing resources, keeping social justification and searching the benefits for SMEs. Basing on the review of current research methods and research contents for China’s SMEs policy, the paper introduces a newly developing Policy Network Theory which stemmed from 1970s to explore the related benefits and beneficial relationships among policy stakeholders which includes local governments in Western region of China, banking system, social service organizations and SMEs and dig out the“blind spots”of current SMEs policy in China’s western region and the reasons why the current policy can’t be executed effectively. From the above mention, the paper sums up the reasons are as followed: the related policy can’t meet with or protect the benefits for the policy stakeholders and there is not a stable formation of“benefit alliance”with the same policy target. Meanwhile, the paper emphasizes the detailed relationship among different policy stakeholders within the policy network and puts forward some suggestions for balancing the contradictory benefits and establishes“The Policy Network for SMEs in Western Region of China”aiming at providing some useful implication to the whole policy process and making some regulations for the four policy stakeholders in order to cluster“synergy power”to advance the development of SMEs in China’s Western Region in return. In general, the paper divides into four parts: firstly, the paper reviews the theory of policy network and states its suitability for SMEs in China’s Western Region, then it analyzes the requirements of SMEs in China’s Western Region and summarizes the related policy which is utilizing at present; in the following, it pays more attention on the related policy network and the benefits of the related policy stakeholders; finally, it tries to establish a policy network for SMEs in Western Region of China and uncovers the concrete realizing path.
基于对国内中小企业政策的研究内容及研究方法的综述,通过科学、全面的分析方法,结合宏观的政策环境及西部大开发的战略部署,本课题拟运用兴起于二十世纪七十年代的政策网络理论,以大量的理论及合理的预测为支撑,通过数据的收集及实地调研采集了一系列的详实的资料,为西部中小企业政策主体及政策网络的分析提供了依据,并克服了现有研究者对中小企业政策的“静态”研究,为西部中小企业政策网络中政策主体的目标确立,平衡主体间利益关系及创建合理的政策网络模型做出了尝试。
本课题侧重分析中国西部中小企业政策网络中的政策主体的利益及利益关系,从一种全新的视角剖析现行中国西部中小企业政策的盲点及政策效果不尽如人意的根本原因,那就是:政策主体的利益没有得到相关政策的充分保护,政策主体间没有为统一的政策目标结成稳固的“利益联盟”;同时,本课题根据中国西部中小企业政策网络中的政策主体的关系,分别对四大政策主体:西部地方行政部门、银行体系、社会化服务机构及中小企业自身提出了相应的政策建议,以期能在中国西部SMEs的扶持政策体系中得到反映,并能通过该政策体系反作用于四大政策主体以形成“合力”,共同推进中国西部中小企业的跨越式的发展。本课题的主要内容分为四部分:政策网络理论及其对研究西部中小企业发展的适用性;中国西部中小发展的客观要求及西部中小企业政策沿革;西部中小企业政策的政策网络分析及国外经验的借鉴;西部SMEs政策网络模型的构建及实现路径。
Following with the deepening reform of China’s Market Economy, China’s SMEs win a good chance to be equal with large-scale enterprises and they gradually perfect their important“role”for improving GDP, affording employing post and innovating techniques etc. under the good macro environments. In the field of Public Administration, Chinese scholars mainly center on analyzing the SMEs policy procedures and SMEs policy contents with the goal of reasonably utilizing resources, keeping social justification and searching the benefits for SMEs. Basing on the review of current research methods and research contents for China’s SMEs policy, the paper introduces a newly developing Policy Network Theory which stemmed from 1970s to explore the related benefits and beneficial relationships among policy stakeholders which includes local governments in Western region of China, banking system, social service organizations and SMEs and dig out the“blind spots”of current SMEs policy in China’s western region and the reasons why the current policy can’t be executed effectively. From the above mention, the paper sums up the reasons are as followed: the related policy can’t meet with or protect the benefits for the policy stakeholders and there is not a stable formation of“benefit alliance”with the same policy target. Meanwhile, the paper emphasizes the detailed relationship among different policy stakeholders within the policy network and puts forward some suggestions for balancing the contradictory benefits and establishes“The Policy Network for SMEs in Western Region of China”aiming at providing some useful implication to the whole policy process and making some regulations for the four policy stakeholders in order to cluster“synergy power”to advance the development of SMEs in China’s Western Region in return. In general, the paper divides into four parts: firstly, the paper reviews the theory of policy network and states its suitability for SMEs in China’s Western Region, then it analyzes the requirements of SMEs in China’s Western Region and summarizes the related policy which is utilizing at present; in the following, it pays more attention on the related policy network and the benefits of the related policy stakeholders; finally, it tries to establish a policy network for SMEs in Western Region of China and uncovers the concrete realizing path.
引文
[1]世界主要国家和地区促进中小企业发展的政策措施.经济工作者学习资料.中国社会科学院,1998,69
[2] Falkner. G. Policy Networks in a Multi-level System: Convergence towards Moderate Diversity. Western European Politics. 2000 (3): 94-120
[3] Blom-Hansen. J. A New Institutional Perspective on Policy Networks. Public Administration. 1997(75): 669-693
[4] Kenis, P., & Schneider, V. Policy Network and Policy Analysis: Scrutinizing a New Analytic. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. 1997: 25-29
[5] Weible, C. M., & Sabatier. P. A. Comparing Policy Network: Marine Protected Areas in California. The Policy Studies Journal. 2005, 33(2): 181-201
[6][10] Benson, K. J. A Framework for Policy Analysis. In D. L. Rogers & D. Whetten (Eds.), Interorganizational coordination: Theory research and implementation. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 1982: 137-176
[7] Peterson, J, & Bomberg, E. E. Decision-making in the European Union. New York: Palgrave,1999
[8][14] Jordan, A. G. Sub-governments, Policy Communities and Networks. Refilling the Old Bottles. Journal of Theoretical Politics. 1990(2): 319-338
[9][18] Klijn, E.-H. Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks: A theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and its Problems. Administration & Society. 1996 , 28(1): 90-119
[11] Howlett, M. & Ramesh, M. Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Toronto; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
[12] Hayes, M. T. The Semi-sovereign Pressure Groups: A Critique of Current Theory and An alternative Typology. Journal of Politics. 1978, 2(3): 293-317
[13] Helco, H. Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment. In A. King (Ed.). The New American Political System. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy. 1978: 87-124
[15] Rhodes, R. A. W. Policy networks in British political science [A]. In R. A. W. Rhodes (Ed.), Understanding governance: Policy networks, governance, reflexivity, and accountability [C]. Buckingham; Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1997.
[16] B.Marin and R. Mayntz (eds). Policy Networks: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations, Westview, Boulder. 1991: 41
[17] Weible,C M., & Sabatier, P. A. Comparing policy network: Marine Protected Areas in California. The Policy Studies Journal. 2005, 33(2): 181-201
[19]胡伟,石凯.理解公共政策:“政策网络”的途径.上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),上海:上海交通大学出版社,2006,(4):16-24
[20] Nakamura, R. T. Policy Process and Implementation Research. Policy Studies Review. 1987(7): 142-154
[21] Skok, J. E. Policy Issue Networks and the Public Policy Cycle. Public Administration Review. 1995, 55(4): 325-332
[22][23] Skok, J. E. Policy Issue Networks and the Public Policy Cycle. Public Administration Review. 1995, 55(4): 327
[24] Freeman, G. P. National Styles and Policy Sectors: Explaining Structural Variation. Journal of Public Policy. 1986, 5(4): 467-496
[25]朱亚鹏.公共政策研究的政策网络分析视角.中山大学学报(社会科学版).广州:中山大学出版社,2006,3:81-82
[26] Gales, P. L. Urban Governance and Policy Network: On the Urban Political Boundedness of Policy Networks. A French Case Study. Public Administration. 2001, 79(1): 167-184
[27]鄞益奋.政策网络的研究边际探究.公共管理学报,2005,(4):41
[28] Carlsson L. Policy Networks as Collective Action. Policy Studies Journal, 2000, 28(3): 502-520
[29]张敏,刁乃莉.当前我国中西部中小企业的科技发展对策研究.中国科协—2003年学术年会—自然辩证法研究,2003
[30]蒋正华.中国中小企业发展报告.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005,12
[31][37]周贵川,揭筱文.资金问题对西部传统中小企业转型的影响和成因.商场现代化,2005,10:59
[32]田园.中小企业融资研究.中国林业经济,2006,(3):51-53
[33]崔宇明,张高旗.论中小企业发展的政策支持系统.理论导刊,2000,(2):8-10
[34]彭宇文,吴林海.中小企业政策支持体系完善研究.现代管理科学.中国展望出版社,2007,3
[35]中国人民银行统计司.金融机构对中小企业信贷支持力度加大.中国创业投资与高科技, 2003,(11):25-26
[36]胡伟.中小企业融资难题尚未破解.中国发展观察,2005,(12):18-19
[38]《华中地区民营中小企业的现状、问题及对策—2001年华中地区民营中小企业调查报告》,“(PEK/992/316)课题组”,2001,10
[39]李士萍.科技型中小企业应成为三板市场的首选.产权导刊,2006,(5):36-37
[40]北京大军经济观察研究中心,www.dajun.com.cn
[41]四川省中小企业局门户网站(http://www.scsme.gov.cn/)
[42] Gidden.Study of Public Policy (3rd Edition), Monetary. California, Books/Cole Publishing Company,1984
[43]白钦先,薛誉华.各国中小企业政策性金融体系比较:强位弱势群体.北京:中国金融出版社,2001,9
[44] Michel Crozier & Erhard Friedberg. Actors and Systems: The Politics of Collective Action, Chicago: The. University of Chicago Press. 1980(3): 24-25
[45] OECD(1997b),转引Keith Newton Cruise:“Management Skills for Small Business”,“A Report Submitted to Small Business Policy Branch, Industry Canada”. March 30th, 2001, http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/
[46]揭筱纹,刘萤.我国中小企业发展比较研究.财经科学,2002,(1): 75-79
[47]樊纲.经济学家谈中国融入全球经济.经济参考报,2000年03月14日
[48] Ricardo, David.(周洁译).Principles of Political Economy and Taxation(政治经济学与税收原理).北京:华夏出版社,1817
[49] Charles O. Jones, An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy (3rd Edition), Moneterey. California, Books/Cole Publishing Company.1984: 27-29
[50]林震.政策网络分析.中国行政管理.2005,(9):39
[51]赵蜀蓉,潘娜.2005年Study on Cultivation of Core Competitiveness of China’s SMEs in the Economic Globalization Trend(经济全球化趋势下中国中小企业核心竞争力的培养).2005管理科学与工程国际会议论文集,2005,9
[52]章继刚.促进西部中小企业快速发展的对策建议.中国工商管理研究,2005,(6):43
[2] Falkner. G. Policy Networks in a Multi-level System: Convergence towards Moderate Diversity. Western European Politics. 2000 (3): 94-120
[3] Blom-Hansen. J. A New Institutional Perspective on Policy Networks. Public Administration. 1997(75): 669-693
[4] Kenis, P., & Schneider, V. Policy Network and Policy Analysis: Scrutinizing a New Analytic. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag. 1997: 25-29
[5] Weible, C. M., & Sabatier. P. A. Comparing Policy Network: Marine Protected Areas in California. The Policy Studies Journal. 2005, 33(2): 181-201
[6][10] Benson, K. J. A Framework for Policy Analysis. In D. L. Rogers & D. Whetten (Eds.), Interorganizational coordination: Theory research and implementation. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 1982: 137-176
[7] Peterson, J, & Bomberg, E. E. Decision-making in the European Union. New York: Palgrave,1999
[8][14] Jordan, A. G. Sub-governments, Policy Communities and Networks. Refilling the Old Bottles. Journal of Theoretical Politics. 1990(2): 319-338
[9][18] Klijn, E.-H. Analyzing and Managing Policy Processes in Complex Networks: A theoretical Examination of the Concept Policy Network and its Problems. Administration & Society. 1996 , 28(1): 90-119
[11] Howlett, M. & Ramesh, M. Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Toronto; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995
[12] Hayes, M. T. The Semi-sovereign Pressure Groups: A Critique of Current Theory and An alternative Typology. Journal of Politics. 1978, 2(3): 293-317
[13] Helco, H. Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment. In A. King (Ed.). The New American Political System. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy. 1978: 87-124
[15] Rhodes, R. A. W. Policy networks in British political science [A]. In R. A. W. Rhodes (Ed.), Understanding governance: Policy networks, governance, reflexivity, and accountability [C]. Buckingham; Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1997.
[16] B.Marin and R. Mayntz (eds). Policy Networks: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations, Westview, Boulder. 1991: 41
[17] Weible,C M., & Sabatier, P. A. Comparing policy network: Marine Protected Areas in California. The Policy Studies Journal. 2005, 33(2): 181-201
[19]胡伟,石凯.理解公共政策:“政策网络”的途径.上海交通大学学报(哲学社会科学版),上海:上海交通大学出版社,2006,(4):16-24
[20] Nakamura, R. T. Policy Process and Implementation Research. Policy Studies Review. 1987(7): 142-154
[21] Skok, J. E. Policy Issue Networks and the Public Policy Cycle. Public Administration Review. 1995, 55(4): 325-332
[22][23] Skok, J. E. Policy Issue Networks and the Public Policy Cycle. Public Administration Review. 1995, 55(4): 327
[24] Freeman, G. P. National Styles and Policy Sectors: Explaining Structural Variation. Journal of Public Policy. 1986, 5(4): 467-496
[25]朱亚鹏.公共政策研究的政策网络分析视角.中山大学学报(社会科学版).广州:中山大学出版社,2006,3:81-82
[26] Gales, P. L. Urban Governance and Policy Network: On the Urban Political Boundedness of Policy Networks. A French Case Study. Public Administration. 2001, 79(1): 167-184
[27]鄞益奋.政策网络的研究边际探究.公共管理学报,2005,(4):41
[28] Carlsson L. Policy Networks as Collective Action. Policy Studies Journal, 2000, 28(3): 502-520
[29]张敏,刁乃莉.当前我国中西部中小企业的科技发展对策研究.中国科协—2003年学术年会—自然辩证法研究,2003
[30]蒋正华.中国中小企业发展报告.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005,12
[31][37]周贵川,揭筱文.资金问题对西部传统中小企业转型的影响和成因.商场现代化,2005,10:59
[32]田园.中小企业融资研究.中国林业经济,2006,(3):51-53
[33]崔宇明,张高旗.论中小企业发展的政策支持系统.理论导刊,2000,(2):8-10
[34]彭宇文,吴林海.中小企业政策支持体系完善研究.现代管理科学.中国展望出版社,2007,3
[35]中国人民银行统计司.金融机构对中小企业信贷支持力度加大.中国创业投资与高科技, 2003,(11):25-26
[36]胡伟.中小企业融资难题尚未破解.中国发展观察,2005,(12):18-19
[38]《华中地区民营中小企业的现状、问题及对策—2001年华中地区民营中小企业调查报告》,“(PEK/992/316)课题组”,2001,10
[39]李士萍.科技型中小企业应成为三板市场的首选.产权导刊,2006,(5):36-37
[40]北京大军经济观察研究中心,www.dajun.com.cn
[41]四川省中小企业局门户网站(http://www.scsme.gov.cn/)
[42] Gidden.Study of Public Policy (3rd Edition), Monetary. California, Books/Cole Publishing Company,1984
[43]白钦先,薛誉华.各国中小企业政策性金融体系比较:强位弱势群体.北京:中国金融出版社,2001,9
[44] Michel Crozier & Erhard Friedberg. Actors and Systems: The Politics of Collective Action, Chicago: The. University of Chicago Press. 1980(3): 24-25
[45] OECD(1997b),转引Keith Newton Cruise:“Management Skills for Small Business”,“A Report Submitted to Small Business Policy Branch, Industry Canada”. March 30th, 2001, http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/
[46]揭筱纹,刘萤.我国中小企业发展比较研究.财经科学,2002,(1): 75-79
[47]樊纲.经济学家谈中国融入全球经济.经济参考报,2000年03月14日
[48] Ricardo, David.(周洁译).Principles of Political Economy and Taxation(政治经济学与税收原理).北京:华夏出版社,1817
[49] Charles O. Jones, An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy (3rd Edition), Moneterey. California, Books/Cole Publishing Company.1984: 27-29
[50]林震.政策网络分析.中国行政管理.2005,(9):39
[51]赵蜀蓉,潘娜.2005年Study on Cultivation of Core Competitiveness of China’s SMEs in the Economic Globalization Trend(经济全球化趋势下中国中小企业核心竞争力的培养).2005管理科学与工程国际会议论文集,2005,9
[52]章继刚.促进西部中小企业快速发展的对策建议.中国工商管理研究,2005,(6):43