农业生态系统能值分析与模式构建
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摘要
农业是国民经济发展的基础,农业可持续发展是我国社会经济可持续发展的重要组成部分,是全面建设社会主义新农村的重大历史任务。
本文在综合分析农业生态系统研究进展的基础上,运用能值分析和投入产出理论,对开封市农业生态系统投入产出状况进行能值分析,研究系统组成要素之间及与环境之间的内在联系,揭示影响系统演替的因素及其演替特征。在此基础上,构建了开封市农业生态系统模式,从而为合理利用农业资源、实现农业生态系统的可持续发展奠定基础。
全文分为六部分:
第一部分是对农业生态系统研究进展进行评述。针对农业生态系统的研究进展状况,着重分析了农业生态系统的投入产出、能值分析理论、可持续性发展评价和生态服务功能等方面的研究现状,研究中存在的不足与发展趋势。
第二部分是开封市农业生态系统的研究方法。首先,分析了农业生态系统研究的能值分析方法,包括能值理论的基本概念、主要能值指标体系及能值分析的步骤等;然后,论述了本文研究的主要内容,包括研究区域选择、研究技术路线与主要内容及研究所需数据的获取方法等。
第三部分是开封市农业生态系统能值评价与分析。着重从两个方面对开封市农业生态系统进行能值分析,一是从宏观角度对开封市农业生态系统总体能值的投入-产出结构、系统的主要能值指标体系进行分析与评价;二是从微观层面对开封市农业生态系统农户水平的能值投入与产出结构进行研究,揭示系统能值投入产出的区域差异。在此基础上,建立了开封市农业生态系统能值投入产出生产函数模型。
结果表明:开封市农业生态系统结构较优,但还有待进一步优化。(1)农业生态系统总能值投入量增长缓慢,人工辅助能值投入比重大,而环境可更新资源投入能值比重较小。在不可更新的工业辅助能值投入中,化肥投入的能值比重大,说明传统的无机肥料还在发挥着其重要作用;(2)农业生态系统的总产出能值呈先增后减、又缓慢增加的趋势,种植业和畜牧业能值产出比重大,渔业和林业产出能值比重低;(3)农业生态系统净能值产出率较高,但增长缓慢,变化较大;而能值投资率在1997年之后明显下降,表明农业生态系统的经济能值投入水平较低;环境负载率逐渐下降,表明开封市农业生态系统生产环境压力减小,说明增加人工辅助能值投入以获得较大能值产出的潜力很大;(4)农业生态系统生产优势度总体较低,而系统稳定性指数较高,他们的变化反映出农业生态系统的各生产单元在组成上趋于均衡,内部网络连接、系统自控与反馈作用方面存在一些问题,今后应继续加强农业生态系统结构调整,同时注重结构调整的科学性;(5)无论从农户能值投入产出结构分析,还是从主要能值指标体系看,开封市农户能值投入产出的区域差异明显;(6)基于能值分析的基础上,根据柯布—道格拉斯生产函数模型,构建出了开封市农业生态系统生产函数模型,与开封市农业生态系统实际产出拟合较好。
第四部分对开封市农业生态系统演替状况进行分析。着重分析了土地利用变化、农业生产条件变化、环境条件变化、农户生产投资行为变化等对开封市农业生态系统的演替影响及其系统变化特征。结果表明开封市农业生态系统呈现顺行演替的特点,农业生产技术条件的变化与人类活动等是影响开封市农业生态系统演替的主导因素。
第五部分是开封市农业生态系统模式的构建。着重分析了农业生态模式构建原则与方法、开封市主要农业生态系统模式现状,在此基础上构建了开封市基于循环经济理念的农业生态系统模式,提出了开封市生态农业建设的对策。
第六部分是结论与讨论。通过分析得出了本文的主要结论、需要进一步研究的问题。
Agriculture is the foundation of national economic development. Agricultural sustainable development is an important part of the social-economic sustainable development and an key historical task of building new socialist countryside in our country.
On the basis of the review of the agro-ecosystem researches, this dissertation applys the emergy analysis theory and input-output theory to analyse the input and output situation of the agro-ecosystem in Kaifeng City, to study the intrinsic relationships within the system inner elements consisted of the system and that one between them and the extral environment of the sestem, and reveals the factors and characteristics influencing the system succession. Then, relyed on the above research, the agricultural ecological model of Kaifeng City is built up, as a result, the foundation of the reasonable use of agricultural resources and the City’s agro-ecosystem sustainable development is established.
The dissertation is divided into six chapters:
Chapter one reviews the agro-ecosystem research progress. This part focused on the research present about the input and output, the emergy analysis, the sustainable development evaluation, and the ecological service functions of agro-ecosystem are emphersized to analyze. The deficiencies and the development trends in research are discussed also.
Chapter two explains the method of agro-ecosystem research. This part firstly explines the emergy analysis theory including the basic concepts of emergy theory, the major emergy indexes system and the process of emergy analysis. Sencondly, the main contents of the research is intruduced including the region choice, the study contents, and the methods to get the necessary data and so on.
Chapter three analyzes and evaluates the emergy of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem from two aspects. First, the total emergy input-output structure and major emergy index system of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem are analyzed and evaluated in a opinion of macro approach. Sceond, emergy input-output structure of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem in level of rural household is analyzed in micro approach opinion, and reveals the regional difference of ecosystem emergy input and output. Based on above analyses, the emergy input-output model of Kaifeng ecosystem is formed.
The conclusion drawn from the analyses is that the agro-ecosystem structure of Kaifeng city is relatively good, but still needs to be futher optimized. More detailed conclusions are as follows: (1) Total emergy input of agro-ecosystem grow slowly, in which the proportion of artificial auxiliary emergy input is larger than that of renewable environmental resources. Among unrenewable industrial emergy input, the emergy input of chemical fertilizer accounts for a significant proportion, which indicates that traditional inorganic fertilizer is still playing an important role. (2) Total emergy output of the agro-ecosystem has been in the development trend that first increase and then decrease and then increase again, in which farming and stockbreeding emergy output have higher proportion, meanwhile, fishery and forestry emergy output have lower proportion. (3) The net emergy yield rate of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem has been high but grows slowly and has varies significantly, which shows that the economic emergy input is in a low level. Environmental loading ratio has been going down, which indicates that Kaifeng agro-ecosystem has little environmental stress in production, and that more emergy output can be achieved when artificial auxiliary emergy input increases. (4) The agro-ecosystem has low production dominance and high stability indexes. The change indicates that the production units of the agro-ecosystem have the inclination towards balance, and that problems exist in the interactions between subsystems, in system automatic control and in the feedback mechanism. In the future, the agricultural ecosystem restructuring should be continued and strengthened, and more attention should be paid to the scientific nature of the restructuring. (5) Whether analyzed from the aspect of rural households’input-output structure, or analyzed from the the majar emergy idexes system, the regional difference of Kaifeng rural households’emergy input and output is significant. (6) On the basis of emergy analysis, by using Cobb-Douglas production function model , the production function model of agro-ecosystem for Kaifeng city is built, and it fit well with the actual input and output of kaifeng agro-ecosystem.
In chapter four, the succession of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem is analyzed. The focus is the impacts and their characteristics on the system by the changes in land use, environment condition and rural households’investing behaviors. The analysis results indicate that Kaifeng agro-ecosystem succession has the characteristics of anterograde(positive direction), and that the leading factors which influence Kaifeng agro-ecosystem succession are agricultural production technology conditions and human activities, etc.
The building of ecological model for Kaifeng is discussed in chapter five. Principles to build agricultural ecological model are analyzed emphatically, main current agricultural ecological patterns in Kaifeng are analyzed and evaluated also. Based on that, an ecological agriculture model for Kaifeng is built, and measures to construct ecological agriculture in Kaifeng city are put forward.
In chapter six, the conclusions of the dissertation are drawn from all the analysis above, issues need further study are brought forward.
本文在综合分析农业生态系统研究进展的基础上,运用能值分析和投入产出理论,对开封市农业生态系统投入产出状况进行能值分析,研究系统组成要素之间及与环境之间的内在联系,揭示影响系统演替的因素及其演替特征。在此基础上,构建了开封市农业生态系统模式,从而为合理利用农业资源、实现农业生态系统的可持续发展奠定基础。
全文分为六部分:
第一部分是对农业生态系统研究进展进行评述。针对农业生态系统的研究进展状况,着重分析了农业生态系统的投入产出、能值分析理论、可持续性发展评价和生态服务功能等方面的研究现状,研究中存在的不足与发展趋势。
第二部分是开封市农业生态系统的研究方法。首先,分析了农业生态系统研究的能值分析方法,包括能值理论的基本概念、主要能值指标体系及能值分析的步骤等;然后,论述了本文研究的主要内容,包括研究区域选择、研究技术路线与主要内容及研究所需数据的获取方法等。
第三部分是开封市农业生态系统能值评价与分析。着重从两个方面对开封市农业生态系统进行能值分析,一是从宏观角度对开封市农业生态系统总体能值的投入-产出结构、系统的主要能值指标体系进行分析与评价;二是从微观层面对开封市农业生态系统农户水平的能值投入与产出结构进行研究,揭示系统能值投入产出的区域差异。在此基础上,建立了开封市农业生态系统能值投入产出生产函数模型。
结果表明:开封市农业生态系统结构较优,但还有待进一步优化。(1)农业生态系统总能值投入量增长缓慢,人工辅助能值投入比重大,而环境可更新资源投入能值比重较小。在不可更新的工业辅助能值投入中,化肥投入的能值比重大,说明传统的无机肥料还在发挥着其重要作用;(2)农业生态系统的总产出能值呈先增后减、又缓慢增加的趋势,种植业和畜牧业能值产出比重大,渔业和林业产出能值比重低;(3)农业生态系统净能值产出率较高,但增长缓慢,变化较大;而能值投资率在1997年之后明显下降,表明农业生态系统的经济能值投入水平较低;环境负载率逐渐下降,表明开封市农业生态系统生产环境压力减小,说明增加人工辅助能值投入以获得较大能值产出的潜力很大;(4)农业生态系统生产优势度总体较低,而系统稳定性指数较高,他们的变化反映出农业生态系统的各生产单元在组成上趋于均衡,内部网络连接、系统自控与反馈作用方面存在一些问题,今后应继续加强农业生态系统结构调整,同时注重结构调整的科学性;(5)无论从农户能值投入产出结构分析,还是从主要能值指标体系看,开封市农户能值投入产出的区域差异明显;(6)基于能值分析的基础上,根据柯布—道格拉斯生产函数模型,构建出了开封市农业生态系统生产函数模型,与开封市农业生态系统实际产出拟合较好。
第四部分对开封市农业生态系统演替状况进行分析。着重分析了土地利用变化、农业生产条件变化、环境条件变化、农户生产投资行为变化等对开封市农业生态系统的演替影响及其系统变化特征。结果表明开封市农业生态系统呈现顺行演替的特点,农业生产技术条件的变化与人类活动等是影响开封市农业生态系统演替的主导因素。
第五部分是开封市农业生态系统模式的构建。着重分析了农业生态模式构建原则与方法、开封市主要农业生态系统模式现状,在此基础上构建了开封市基于循环经济理念的农业生态系统模式,提出了开封市生态农业建设的对策。
第六部分是结论与讨论。通过分析得出了本文的主要结论、需要进一步研究的问题。
Agriculture is the foundation of national economic development. Agricultural sustainable development is an important part of the social-economic sustainable development and an key historical task of building new socialist countryside in our country.
On the basis of the review of the agro-ecosystem researches, this dissertation applys the emergy analysis theory and input-output theory to analyse the input and output situation of the agro-ecosystem in Kaifeng City, to study the intrinsic relationships within the system inner elements consisted of the system and that one between them and the extral environment of the sestem, and reveals the factors and characteristics influencing the system succession. Then, relyed on the above research, the agricultural ecological model of Kaifeng City is built up, as a result, the foundation of the reasonable use of agricultural resources and the City’s agro-ecosystem sustainable development is established.
The dissertation is divided into six chapters:
Chapter one reviews the agro-ecosystem research progress. This part focused on the research present about the input and output, the emergy analysis, the sustainable development evaluation, and the ecological service functions of agro-ecosystem are emphersized to analyze. The deficiencies and the development trends in research are discussed also.
Chapter two explains the method of agro-ecosystem research. This part firstly explines the emergy analysis theory including the basic concepts of emergy theory, the major emergy indexes system and the process of emergy analysis. Sencondly, the main contents of the research is intruduced including the region choice, the study contents, and the methods to get the necessary data and so on.
Chapter three analyzes and evaluates the emergy of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem from two aspects. First, the total emergy input-output structure and major emergy index system of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem are analyzed and evaluated in a opinion of macro approach. Sceond, emergy input-output structure of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem in level of rural household is analyzed in micro approach opinion, and reveals the regional difference of ecosystem emergy input and output. Based on above analyses, the emergy input-output model of Kaifeng ecosystem is formed.
The conclusion drawn from the analyses is that the agro-ecosystem structure of Kaifeng city is relatively good, but still needs to be futher optimized. More detailed conclusions are as follows: (1) Total emergy input of agro-ecosystem grow slowly, in which the proportion of artificial auxiliary emergy input is larger than that of renewable environmental resources. Among unrenewable industrial emergy input, the emergy input of chemical fertilizer accounts for a significant proportion, which indicates that traditional inorganic fertilizer is still playing an important role. (2) Total emergy output of the agro-ecosystem has been in the development trend that first increase and then decrease and then increase again, in which farming and stockbreeding emergy output have higher proportion, meanwhile, fishery and forestry emergy output have lower proportion. (3) The net emergy yield rate of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem has been high but grows slowly and has varies significantly, which shows that the economic emergy input is in a low level. Environmental loading ratio has been going down, which indicates that Kaifeng agro-ecosystem has little environmental stress in production, and that more emergy output can be achieved when artificial auxiliary emergy input increases. (4) The agro-ecosystem has low production dominance and high stability indexes. The change indicates that the production units of the agro-ecosystem have the inclination towards balance, and that problems exist in the interactions between subsystems, in system automatic control and in the feedback mechanism. In the future, the agricultural ecosystem restructuring should be continued and strengthened, and more attention should be paid to the scientific nature of the restructuring. (5) Whether analyzed from the aspect of rural households’input-output structure, or analyzed from the the majar emergy idexes system, the regional difference of Kaifeng rural households’emergy input and output is significant. (6) On the basis of emergy analysis, by using Cobb-Douglas production function model , the production function model of agro-ecosystem for Kaifeng city is built, and it fit well with the actual input and output of kaifeng agro-ecosystem.
In chapter four, the succession of Kaifeng agro-ecosystem is analyzed. The focus is the impacts and their characteristics on the system by the changes in land use, environment condition and rural households’investing behaviors. The analysis results indicate that Kaifeng agro-ecosystem succession has the characteristics of anterograde(positive direction), and that the leading factors which influence Kaifeng agro-ecosystem succession are agricultural production technology conditions and human activities, etc.
The building of ecological model for Kaifeng is discussed in chapter five. Principles to build agricultural ecological model are analyzed emphatically, main current agricultural ecological patterns in Kaifeng are analyzed and evaluated also. Based on that, an ecological agriculture model for Kaifeng is built, and measures to construct ecological agriculture in Kaifeng city are put forward.
In chapter six, the conclusions of the dissertation are drawn from all the analysis above, issues need further study are brought forward.
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