新开河流域景观格局动态变化及图谱分析
|
摘要
景观格局的研究是景观生态学关注的核心问题,特别是流域景观格局动态变化的研究能揭示大范围内生态过程演变的规律。有关景观格局的景观生态学最新的理论—格局、尺度、等级推广,以及地学信息图谱理论的兴起,为大尺度的景观格局动态变化的研究提供了新契机。本文试图以景观格局为核心,建立集景观生态学理论和地学信息图谱理论为一体的景观格局动态变化的研究框架。
论文从地理学、景观生态学、地图学、RS、GIS技术分析了景观生态学和地学信息图谱发展的背景。并根据地理学、景观生态学、地图学发展的现状,提出了景观格局研究的起步工作主要有四个方面:区域地理单元及其等级体系、景观格局与生态过程的关系、景观格局的表达方法、景观格局动态的图谱分析。景观格局的研究关键是要解决景观格局的概括、景观格局的分类、景观格局的信息及其表达的问题。
景观研究的尺度水平具有等级结构。因景观组织结构是有序的,景观单元的地理排列可以依次体现在不同的尺度水平上,形成不同的空间格局即景观格局。而这种尺度----结构体系就是地学图谱的表达模式。为了实现景观格局的图谱的表达,首先要确定图谱所能表达景观最小单元的大小。
景观格局的动态变化可以通过景观信息图谱动态分析表现出来,采用格局—尺度—等级—图谱—时间体系,表现景观变化的质变状况即景观进化。只有在特定的时间阶段,考虑景观的动态才更有意义。在特定阶段内能获得准确的大范围的景观格局动态变化信息靠现代的遥感技术,因此,遥感在景观格局动态变化的图谱分析上具有非常大的功能。通过新开河流域的实践,尝试了格局—尺度—等级—图谱—时间系列的分析与表达。利用景观分析的全新方法景观信息图谱,在大尺度的景观格局动态分析中发挥其独特的功用,它不仅能模拟景观格局的动态过程,而且能够揭示景观格局的生态演化规律,推测其发展趋势,对流域生态的可持续发展的规划决策提供重要的科学依据。
以新开河流域33年(1969年~2001年)土地利用和湿地景观4期空间数据(1969年,1979年,1992年,2001年)为基础,合成了一系列的土地利用和湿地景观图谱。运用ARC/INFO软件,以马尔柯夫空间概率模型和景观格局指数模型为基础,对新开河流域的土地利用格局和湿地景观格局的变化进行了图谱分析。结果显示:新开河流域土地利用结构日趋不合理,不仅林地占地最小,而且土地盐碱化、沙化严重,草地退化严重,生态环境质量整体向恶化方向发展;随着人口的增加、土地利用活动的加强和水文条件的变化,新开河该流域湿地不同程度地转化为了草地、耕地、沙地和盐碱地,植物群落发生逆向演变,而且期间湿地总面积经历了大幅度减少到显著增加的落起过程;新开河流域湿地景观破碎化严重。2001年沼泽地平均斑块面积、最大斑块面积、最大斑块周长较1969年分别减少了71.02%、71.08%、64.76%,沼泽地景观内部生境面积破碎化指数由0.78上升到0.93。有关研究成果可为流域的土地利用和湿地保护提供科学依据。
Landscape pattern research the core of landscape ecology. Especially the study of the dynamic change of the drainage basin’s landscape pattern can open out the evolutional rules of large-scale ecological progress. The newest theory of landscape ecology about the landscape pattern, scale, grade popularization, and the rising of TUPU theory of geography information give new chances to the study of the dynamic change of large-scale landscape pattern. Regarding the landscape pattern as a core, this dissertation attempts to build a research framework which amalgamates landscape ecology theory and geography information TUPU theory.
This dissertation analyzes the developing background of landscape ecology and geography information TUPU from different respects, such as geography, landscape ecology, cartology, RS, and GIS technology. According to the developing status of geography, landscape ecology and cartology, the article bring forward that there are 4 respects about the underway work of landscape pattern study, i.e., regional geography unit and its grading system, the relations between landscape pattern and ecological progress, the expressing means of landscape pattern, the dynamic TUPU analysis of landscape pattern. It is the research key of landscape pattern to resolve the summarization of landscape pattern, the classification of landscape pattern as well as the information and expression of landscape pattern. The scale level of landscape study has a grading frame. The landscape organization structure being ordinal, the geography arrangement of the landscape unit can be incarnated on different levels of scales. Thus, different special patterns, i.e. landscape pattern, are formed. However, this scale-structure system is the expressing mode of geography TUPU. In order to realize the TUPU expression of landscape pattern, the size of the minimum unit should firstly be confirmed through which the TUPU may express landscape.
The dynamic change of landscape pattern could be expressed through the dynamic analysis of landscape information TUPU. We may made use of pattern– scale– grade– TUPU - time system to show the qualitative change status of landscape change, i.e. landscape evolution. Only during special periods, it is significative to consider the landscape dynamic. If we want to obtain correct large-scale dynamic changing information of landscape pattern, we must depend on modern remote sensing technology. Therefore, the remote sensing technology plays an important role in the TUPU analysis of the dynamic change of landscape pattern.
Through the practice of Xinkai River drainage basin, the analysis and expression of pattern-scale-grade-TUPU-time system are attempted. This dissertation made use of the bran-new means of landscape analysis (landscape information TUPU) which played a very unique role in dynamic analysis of large-scale landscape pattern. This new means can not only simulate the dynamic progress of landscape pattern but also open up the ecological evolutional rules of landscape pattern, forecast its trend as well as offer important scientific basis for the continuable developing plan and decision of the ecology in this drainage basin.
This dissertation synthesized a series of ground usage and wetland landscape TUPU on the foundation of the thirty-three years’(1969~2001) ground usage and the 4 peroids of special data about wetland landscape (1969, 1979, 1992, 2001 ) in Xinkai River drainage basin. This article made an TUPU analysis of the change of land-use pattern and wetland landscape in the Xinkai River basin, which has been made with the support of ARC/INFO software after the Markov model of space probability and the model of landscape pattern index. The result shows that the land-use pattern in the basin has been unreasonable, as is proved by such facts as existence of few woods, serious land saline, desertification and progressive reduction of grassland—a general degradation of the eco-environment in the area.
The wetlands of Xinkai River Basin had changed to meadow, farmland, sandy land or salina to different degrees with the increase of population, intensification of land-use practices and changes of hydrological conditions, leading to the converse growth of the vegetation. Moreover, the total acreage of wetland went through up-and-down course from violent reduction to remarkable increase. The fragmentized situation in wetland landscape of this basin is serious. In 2001, the average area of the maximum parcel decreased by 71.02%, 71.08% and 64.76% respectively, compared with that of 1969 and the SL increased from 0.78 to 0.93.This research achievement can provide scientific basis for the protection and rational utilization of wetlands in the Basin.
论文从地理学、景观生态学、地图学、RS、GIS技术分析了景观生态学和地学信息图谱发展的背景。并根据地理学、景观生态学、地图学发展的现状,提出了景观格局研究的起步工作主要有四个方面:区域地理单元及其等级体系、景观格局与生态过程的关系、景观格局的表达方法、景观格局动态的图谱分析。景观格局的研究关键是要解决景观格局的概括、景观格局的分类、景观格局的信息及其表达的问题。
景观研究的尺度水平具有等级结构。因景观组织结构是有序的,景观单元的地理排列可以依次体现在不同的尺度水平上,形成不同的空间格局即景观格局。而这种尺度----结构体系就是地学图谱的表达模式。为了实现景观格局的图谱的表达,首先要确定图谱所能表达景观最小单元的大小。
景观格局的动态变化可以通过景观信息图谱动态分析表现出来,采用格局—尺度—等级—图谱—时间体系,表现景观变化的质变状况即景观进化。只有在特定的时间阶段,考虑景观的动态才更有意义。在特定阶段内能获得准确的大范围的景观格局动态变化信息靠现代的遥感技术,因此,遥感在景观格局动态变化的图谱分析上具有非常大的功能。通过新开河流域的实践,尝试了格局—尺度—等级—图谱—时间系列的分析与表达。利用景观分析的全新方法景观信息图谱,在大尺度的景观格局动态分析中发挥其独特的功用,它不仅能模拟景观格局的动态过程,而且能够揭示景观格局的生态演化规律,推测其发展趋势,对流域生态的可持续发展的规划决策提供重要的科学依据。
以新开河流域33年(1969年~2001年)土地利用和湿地景观4期空间数据(1969年,1979年,1992年,2001年)为基础,合成了一系列的土地利用和湿地景观图谱。运用ARC/INFO软件,以马尔柯夫空间概率模型和景观格局指数模型为基础,对新开河流域的土地利用格局和湿地景观格局的变化进行了图谱分析。结果显示:新开河流域土地利用结构日趋不合理,不仅林地占地最小,而且土地盐碱化、沙化严重,草地退化严重,生态环境质量整体向恶化方向发展;随着人口的增加、土地利用活动的加强和水文条件的变化,新开河该流域湿地不同程度地转化为了草地、耕地、沙地和盐碱地,植物群落发生逆向演变,而且期间湿地总面积经历了大幅度减少到显著增加的落起过程;新开河流域湿地景观破碎化严重。2001年沼泽地平均斑块面积、最大斑块面积、最大斑块周长较1969年分别减少了71.02%、71.08%、64.76%,沼泽地景观内部生境面积破碎化指数由0.78上升到0.93。有关研究成果可为流域的土地利用和湿地保护提供科学依据。
Landscape pattern research the core of landscape ecology. Especially the study of the dynamic change of the drainage basin’s landscape pattern can open out the evolutional rules of large-scale ecological progress. The newest theory of landscape ecology about the landscape pattern, scale, grade popularization, and the rising of TUPU theory of geography information give new chances to the study of the dynamic change of large-scale landscape pattern. Regarding the landscape pattern as a core, this dissertation attempts to build a research framework which amalgamates landscape ecology theory and geography information TUPU theory.
This dissertation analyzes the developing background of landscape ecology and geography information TUPU from different respects, such as geography, landscape ecology, cartology, RS, and GIS technology. According to the developing status of geography, landscape ecology and cartology, the article bring forward that there are 4 respects about the underway work of landscape pattern study, i.e., regional geography unit and its grading system, the relations between landscape pattern and ecological progress, the expressing means of landscape pattern, the dynamic TUPU analysis of landscape pattern. It is the research key of landscape pattern to resolve the summarization of landscape pattern, the classification of landscape pattern as well as the information and expression of landscape pattern. The scale level of landscape study has a grading frame. The landscape organization structure being ordinal, the geography arrangement of the landscape unit can be incarnated on different levels of scales. Thus, different special patterns, i.e. landscape pattern, are formed. However, this scale-structure system is the expressing mode of geography TUPU. In order to realize the TUPU expression of landscape pattern, the size of the minimum unit should firstly be confirmed through which the TUPU may express landscape.
The dynamic change of landscape pattern could be expressed through the dynamic analysis of landscape information TUPU. We may made use of pattern– scale– grade– TUPU - time system to show the qualitative change status of landscape change, i.e. landscape evolution. Only during special periods, it is significative to consider the landscape dynamic. If we want to obtain correct large-scale dynamic changing information of landscape pattern, we must depend on modern remote sensing technology. Therefore, the remote sensing technology plays an important role in the TUPU analysis of the dynamic change of landscape pattern.
Through the practice of Xinkai River drainage basin, the analysis and expression of pattern-scale-grade-TUPU-time system are attempted. This dissertation made use of the bran-new means of landscape analysis (landscape information TUPU) which played a very unique role in dynamic analysis of large-scale landscape pattern. This new means can not only simulate the dynamic progress of landscape pattern but also open up the ecological evolutional rules of landscape pattern, forecast its trend as well as offer important scientific basis for the continuable developing plan and decision of the ecology in this drainage basin.
This dissertation synthesized a series of ground usage and wetland landscape TUPU on the foundation of the thirty-three years’(1969~2001) ground usage and the 4 peroids of special data about wetland landscape (1969, 1979, 1992, 2001 ) in Xinkai River drainage basin. This article made an TUPU analysis of the change of land-use pattern and wetland landscape in the Xinkai River basin, which has been made with the support of ARC/INFO software after the Markov model of space probability and the model of landscape pattern index. The result shows that the land-use pattern in the basin has been unreasonable, as is proved by such facts as existence of few woods, serious land saline, desertification and progressive reduction of grassland—a general degradation of the eco-environment in the area.
The wetlands of Xinkai River Basin had changed to meadow, farmland, sandy land or salina to different degrees with the increase of population, intensification of land-use practices and changes of hydrological conditions, leading to the converse growth of the vegetation. Moreover, the total acreage of wetland went through up-and-down course from violent reduction to remarkable increase. The fragmentized situation in wetland landscape of this basin is serious. In 2001, the average area of the maximum parcel decreased by 71.02%, 71.08% and 64.76% respectively, compared with that of 1969 and the SL increased from 0.78 to 0.93.This research achievement can provide scientific basis for the protection and rational utilization of wetlands in the Basin.
引文
A.r.伊萨钦科,胡寿田、徐樵利译:《今日地理学》[M],商务印书馆,1986.
A.T.伊萨钦科,JI..C.贝尔格等.中山大学地质地理系编译.景观概念和景观学的一般问题[M]. 商务印书馆,1991.
Aaviksoo K.1995. Simulating vegetation dynamics and land use in a mire landscape using a Markov model. Landscape and Urban Planning,31:129~142.
Acevedo M F,Urban D L,Ablan M.1995.Transition and gap models of forest dynamics. Ecological Applications,5(4):1040~1055.
Argis CD, Bissonette JA, David JL. The behavior of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation. Landscape Ecology, 1998, 13(3):167-186
B.B.索恰瓦.李世玢译,地理系统学说导论[M]. 商务印书馆,1991:101.
Bailey r.g.1989.Explanatory supplement eo ecoregions map of the continents Environmental Conservation 16:307-309 with separate map at 1:30,000,000.
Bailey r.g.1998.Ecorgions:The ecosystem geography of the oceans and continents. New York: Springer Verlag:1-50 with two separate maps.
Bailey R.G: Ecosystem Geography. Springer-Verlag, 1995.
Balzter H,Braun P W,Kohler W. 1998.Cellular automata models for vegetation dynamics.Ecological Modelling,107:113~125.
Bastian O,Roder M. Assessment of landscape change by land evaluation of past and present situatin. Landscape and Urban Planning,41:171~182.
Boumans R M J ,Sklar F H.1990. A polygon-based spatial(PBS) model for simulating landscape change.Landscape Ecology,4:83~97.
Bramsnaes.Spatial and functional relationships in landscape ecology. Ecology (CSSR), 1990, 9(1): 93-107
Britaldo Silveira Soares - Filho. Gustavo Continuo Cerqueira and Casio Lopes Panache in Dina mica—a stochastic cellular automata model designed to simulate the landscape dynamics in an mazonian colonization frontier. Ecological Modeling, 2002, 154 (3): 217~235.
Britaldo Silveira Soares - Filho. Gustavo Continuo Cerqueira and Casio Lopes Panache in Dina mica—a stochastic cellular automata model designed to simulate the landscape dynamics in an Amazonian colonization frontier. Ecological Modeling, 2002, 154 (3): 217～235.
Bunce R G H. Landscape ecology and agro-ecosystem, Lewis, Boca, Raton, Fi. 1993.
Burke I, Schimel D.1990.Metapopulation extinction in fragmented landscapes: Using bacteria and protozoa communities as model ecosystems.American Naturalist,150:568~591. C.B.卡列斯尼克,普通自然地理简明教程[M], 商务印书馆,1960
Chen J ,Franklin J F,Spies T A.1992.Vegetation responses to edge environments in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications,2:387~396.
Chorley R J,Kennedy B A.1971.Physical geography--A systems approach. Prentice Hall International Inc.,London.
Christopher L, Stuart M. The use of Archival Landsat Mss and Ancillary, 1995
Ciret C, Henderson-Sellers A.1998.Sensitivity of ecosystem models to the spatial; resolution of the NCAR community climate model CCM2. Climate Dynamics,14:409~429.
Clarke K C, Hoppen S,Gaydos L.1997.A self-modifying celludar automaton model of historical urbanization in the San Francisco Bay area. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,24:247~261.
Costanza R, Sklar F H,White M L. 1990. Modeling of coastal landscape dynamics. BioScience, 40:91~107.
Dale, V H., Brown, S., Haeuber, R A., et al., 2000. Ecological principles and guidelines for managing the use of land. Ecological Applications, 10(3): 639-670
David McNeill, Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought, University of Chicago Press,1992.
Denis Wood. The power of maps. Guilford Press,1992.
Didham P K, Hammond P M.1998.Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecological Monographs,68:295~323.
Dunn CP, et al. Methods for analyzing temporal changes in landscape pattern. In: Quantitative methods in landscape ecology. Editor, Turner MG, Gardner RH. Gardner Springer-verlag, 1991.173-194.
Ehleringer J R, Field C B,ed.1993.Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe. San Diego: Academic Press.
Farina A.1998. Principles and method in landscape ecology, London:Chapman and Hall. Forman R T T,Godron M.1986.Landscape Ecology.New York:John Wiley&Sons.
Forman R T T. Land Mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press,1995.
Forman RTT. Corridors in a landscape: their ecological structure and function. Eclogy(CSSR), 1983, 2:375-387
Forman RTT. Landscape Ecology Principles and Landscape Function. Godron M. Methodology in Landscape Ecological Research and Planning, theme 1, 1984
Freundschuh S., Egenhofer M. J. Human Conceptions of Spaces: Implications for Geographic Information Systems. Transactions in GIS 2(4),1997:361~375.
Fu Bojie. Chen Liding, Me Kerning, et al. The relationships between land-use and soil conditions in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau in northern shananxi China [J]. Catena, 2000.39(1):69-78.
FuBojie, Gulinck, Masum M Z. Loess erosion in relation to landuse changes in Ganspoel catchment, central Belgium [J].Land Degradation& Rehabilitation, 1994, 5:261-270
Gautam A P,Webb E L,Shivakoti G P, et al.2003. .Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,99:83～96.
Goodchild M F, Steyaert L T,Parks B O, et al.1996. GIS and Environment Modeling: Progress and Research Issues.Fort Collins: GIS World Books.
Goodchild M F,Parks B O,Steyaert L T,ed.1993.Environment Modeling with GIS. New York:Oxford University Press.
Green D G.1994.Connectivity and complexity in landscapes and ecosystems. Pacific Conservation Biology,1:194~200.
Hamsen A ,J, Cadtri F di. Landscape boundaries: consequences for biotic diversity and ecological flows.New York,1991.
Hartmut Leser,Landscape Ecology,E.Ehlers(Eds.),40 years after:German geograph development trends and prospects 1952—1992.DFG,1992.
He F L.etal.1994.Diversity pattern and spatial scale: a study of a tropical rain forest of Malaysia, Environmental and Ecological Statistics,(1):256~286.
Hobbs R.J. 1994. Dynamics of vegetation mosaics:Can we predict responses to global change? Ecoscience,1:346~356.
Hobbs R.J. Effect of landscape fragmentation on ecosystem processes in the Western Australian wheatbelt, Biological Conservation, 1993, 64(3): 193-201
Hogeweg P.1998. Cellular automata as paradigm for ecological modeling.Applied Mathematics and Computation,27:81~100.
Holland M M, Risser P G,Naiman R T. Ecotones: the role of landscape boundaries in the management and reservation of changing environment. New York, Chapman and Hall, 1991.
Huggett R J.1993.Modelling the Human Impact on Nature: Systems Analysis of Environmental Problems.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
I.S.宗纳维尔著,李秀珍译,地生态学[M],北京:科学出版社,2003:29~45.
Ittelson W H 1973.Environment perception and contemporary perceptual theory. In Ittelson W H (ed) Environment and cognintion. New York, eminar:1~19
J.A.Ludwing and D.J.Tongway. Spatial organization of landscapes and its function in semi-arid woodland, Australia. Landscape Ecology, 1995, 10(1): 51-63
J.Brian Harley and David Woodward. Concepts in history of cartography:A review and perspective. Cartographica Monograph 26,1980.
J.V.Ward, F.Maland and K.Tockner.Landscape Ecology Integrates Patter and Process in River Corridor., In: Issues in Landscape Ecology, Jon A.Wiens, Michael R.Moss, Internaional
Jenerette G D, Wu J.2000. Analysis and simulation of land use change in the central ArizonaPhoenix region.Landscape Ecology.
Jenson J Q, Cowen D. Principles of change detection using digital remote sensor data. In: Jenson J Q ed. Integration of GIS and remote sensing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 1~25.
Jenson J Q, Cowen D. Principles of change detection using digital remote sensor data. In: Jenson J Q ed. Integration of GIS and remote sensing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 1～25.
Kammerbauer J,Ardon C.1999.Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a typical watershed in the hillside region of central Honduras. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,75:93～100.
Laurance W F, Yensen E.1991.Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats.Biological Conservation,55:77~92.
Lett C,Silber C,Dube P,et al.1999.Forest dynamics:A spatial gap model simulated on a cellular automata network.Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,25:403~411.
Li, H. and Reynolds, J.F. On definition and quantification of heterogeneity. Oikos, 1995, 73: 280-284.
Li. X L,Lu G D Cheng,Xiao H L.2001.Quantifying landscape structure of the Heihe River Basin, north-west China using FRAGSTATS. Journal of Arid Environments, 48:521~535.
Mark D.,Smith B.,Tversky B.. Ontology and geographic Objects: An Empirical Study of Cognitive Categorization.2000.
Monica G.Turner. 景观生态学发展现状. 生态学杂志.2006,25(7):834~844.
Mulders M A. Advances in the application of remote sensing and GIS for surveying mountainous land. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo-information. 2001, 3 (1):3~10.
Natasha B Kotliar,etal.1990.Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: a hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity OIKOS,59.253~260.
Naveh Z, Lieberman A S. Landscape ecology: theory and application. New York, Spinger-Verlag, 1993.
Naveh Z. Landscape ecology. SPB Academic Publishing, 1995.
Noss R.F. Landscape connectivity: different functions and different scales. In: Landscape linkages and biodiversity, Island Press, Washington, D.C. USA,1991: 27-29
O’Neill R V, De Angelis D L and Waide J B et al. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystem.Princetion University Press, Princetion,New Jersey,1986.
Pan Y, Melillo J M,McGuire A G et al.1998. Modeled response of terrestrial ecosystem to elevated atmospheric CO2:Acomparison of simulation studies among biogeochemistry models. Oecology, 114:389~404.
Peterjohn W T,Correll D L,1984.Nutrient dynamics in agricultural watersheds:Observations on the role of a riparian forest. Ecology, 65:1466~1475.
R.F.Johnston and others.Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process, M.G.Turner. in: Annual review of ecology and systematics, vol. 20, ed (Annual Reviews. Inc.) 1989: 171-197
Raines G L.2002.Description and comparison of geologic maps with FRAGSTATS-a spatial statistics program.Computers & Geoscience,28:169~177.
Rao K S,Pant R.2001.Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a typical micro watershed in the mid elevation zone of central Himalaya, India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,86:113～123.
Robert T.W., William D.S. Managing land use and land-cover change: the New Jersey pinelands biosphere reserve. Annals of the Associations of American, 1999, 89(2):220~237.
Robert T.W., William D.S. Managing land use and land-cover change: the New Jersey pinelands biosphere reserve. Annals of the Associations of American, 1999, 89(2):220～237.
Rosch,E.,Principles of categorization.In:E.Rosch and B.B.Loyd (eds.) Cognition and Categorizaion. Hillsadale, NJ: Erlbaum.1978.
Rouse,W.R.1991.Man-Modified climates. Man and environment processes edited by Gregory, K.J. and Walling,D.E.Butter Worths.London,Boston,Durban,Sydney,Toronto, Wellinggton.
Roy Haines-Young.景观格局背景与过程[A].国际景观生态学会中国分会译景观生态学论坛[c]长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2000
Sala O.E., Chapin F.S., Armesto J.J., et al. 2000. Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287:1770-1774
Saunders D A, Hobbs R ,J. Conservation 2: the role of Corridors, Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, Astralloa, 1991.
Schreiber(ed) K. F. Connectivity in landscape ecology. Munster, 1988.
Shugart H H.1998.Terrestrial Ecosystems in Changing Environments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sklar F H, Costanza R, Day J W.1985.Dynamic spatial simulation modeling of coastal wetland habitat succession. Ecological Modeling,29:261~281.
Skopek V,Bartos M.1988.Anthropo-ecological approach to landscape use optimization. Geojournal, 17(3):3 65~372.
Southworth,J, Munroeb D, Nagendra H.2004.Land cover change and landscape fragmentation-comparing the utility of continuous and discrete analyses for a western Honduras region.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,101:185~205.
Szaro R C. Biodiversity in managed landscape: theory and practice. Ofox University Press,1995.
Turner M G, Ruscher C L.1988.Changes in landscape patterns in Georgia, USA. Landscape Ecology,4:21~30.
Turner M G. Gardner R H. Quantitative Methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Turner MG. Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. New York, Springer-Verland, 1987. Turner T. Landscape planning. London, Hutchinson Education, 1987.
Urban D L, Bonan G B ,Smith T M,et al.1991.Spatial applications of gap models. Forest Ecology and Management,42:95~110.
Van Gardingen P R,Foody G M,Curran P J,ed.1997.Scaling-Up:From Cell to Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Verbrug P H, Koning G H J, et al. A spatial explicit allocation procedure for modeling the pattern of land use change based upon actual land use. Ecological Modeling, 1999,78(116):45~61.
Verbrug P H, Koning G H J, et al. A spatial explicit allocation procedure for modeling the pattern of land use change based upon actual land use. Ecological Modeling, 1999,78(116):45～61.
Vos C C, Opdam P. Landscape ecology of a stressed environment, Chapman & Hall. London, 1992.
White R, Engelen G.1994.Cellular dynamics and GIS: Modeling spatial complexity. Geographical Systems,1:237~253.
Wiens JA.1997.Metapopulation dynamics and landscape ecology. In:Hanski I A,Gilpin M E,ed. Metapopulation Biology:Ecology,Genetics and Evolution,San Diego:Academic Press.43~62.
Wiens JA.1999. The science and practice of landscape ecology[A].In: Klopatek TM,GardnerRH,eds. Landscape Ecological Analysis :Issues and Applications[C].New York:Springer Verlag, 372-383.
Wolfram S.1984.Cellular automata as models of complexity. Nature,311:419~424. Wu J, Vankat J L.1991b.An area-based model of species richness richness dynamics of forest island. Ecological Modelling,58:249~271.
Wu J,Levin S A.1994. A spatial patch dynamic modeling approach to pattern and process in an annual grassland. Ecological Monographs,64(4):447~464.
Wu J,Levin S A.1997.A patch-based spatial modeling approach: Conceptual framework and simulation schme.Ecological Modeling,101:325~346.
Wu J,Loucks O L.1995.Form balance-of-nature to hierarchical patch dynamics:A paradigm shift in ecology.Quarterly Review of Biology,70:439~466.
Wu J. 1999.Hierarchy and scaling: Extrapolating information along a scaling ladder. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,25:367~380.
Wu J.1999. Hierarchy and scaling:Extrapolating information along a scaling ladder. Canandian Journal of Remote Sensing,25:367~346.
Ye Qinghua, Tian Guoliang, Liu Gaohuan, et al. Tupu methods of spatial-temporal pattern on land-use changes --a case study in the Yellow River Delta. journal of Geographical Science, 2004, 14(2): 131~142.
Zonneveld I S, Forman R T T. Changing landscape: an ecological perspective. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
阿尔夫雷德.赫特纳.地理学—它的历史、性质和方法[M]. 商务印书馆,1986.
白军红,欧阳华,杨志锋,崔保山,崔丽娟,王庆改.湿地景观格局变化研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展.2005,24(4):36~45.
柏延臣,王劲峰.遥感信息的不确定性研究--分类与尺度效应模型[M].北京出版社,2003.4:17~20
贝尔格等.中山大学地质地理系编译.景观概念和景观学的一般问题[M]. 商务印书馆,1964
布仁仓,王宪礼,肖笃宁.景观尺度变换分析--以黄河三角洲为例,见:景观生态学研究进展[M], 肖笃宁主编,长沙:湖南科学出版社,1999,127~135.
蔡孟裔. 新编地图学教程[M]. 高等教育出版社.2000,06.
蔡晓明编著,生态系统生态学[M].科学出版社,2000.
蔡云龙.自然地理学的创新视角[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(4):576~582.
曹成有,将德明. 科尔沁沙地植被发展生态过程.见:将德明,等.科尔沁沙地荒漠化过程与生态恢复[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2003.95～144.
曹成有. 科尔沁沙地的自然环境与退化原因.见:将德明,等.科尔沁沙地荒漠化过程与生态恢复[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2003.51～55.
曹小曙,李平,颜廷真,等. 近百年来西辽河流域土地开垦及其对环境的影响[J]. 地理研究, 2005, 4(6):889～898.
陈 春,吴雨航,刘志明,何海舰. ETM 图像地物反射率光谱反演[J].光谱学与光谱分析. 2007, 27(4):739~742.
陈利顶,傅伯杰,张淑荣等.异质景观中非点源污染动态变化比较研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(6):808-816
陈述彭,地图科学的几点前瞻性思考[J]测绘科学.2001. 3
陈述彭,岳天祥,励惠国. 地学信息图谱研究及其应用[J].地理研究.2000,(4):337~343.
陈述彭.大比例尺景观制图方法及其试验.地学的探索(第一卷):地理学,科学出版社,1990,189~211.
陈述彭.地学信息图谱雏议[J].地理研究.1998,17 (增刊):5~ 9.
陈述彭.地学信息图谱探索研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.2001.
陈述彭.太湖东西洞庭山的景观制图实验[M].北京:科学出版社,1957.
陈述彭等.地球信息科学的理解与实践[J].地球信息科学. 2004. 3
陈毓芬等.中国自然景观综合信息图谱研究[J].地球信息科学.2003. 9
承继成.资源环境信息图谱机理探讨[J].地理研究 1998. 17(增刊):17~22
傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等. 景观生态学原理及应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2002.
傅 伯 杰 , 陈 利 顶 , 王 军 , 等 . 土 地 利 用 结 构 与 生 态 过 程 . 第 四 纪 研 究 [M], 2003,23(3):247~255.
傅伯杰,陈利顶. 景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5): 454～462.
傅伯杰,郭旭东,陈利顶等.土地利用变化与土壤养分的变化— 以河北省遵化县为例[J].生态学报.2001,21(6):926-931.
傅伯杰,刘世梁. 长期生态研究中的若干重要问题及趋势[J]. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13(4):476～480
傅伯杰,赵文武,陈利顶等. 流域景观格局变化的生态水文效应.见:段昌群主编.生态科学进展[M], 高等教育出版社,2004, (1):99~119.
高俊. 地图的空间认知与认知地图学[J].见:中国地图学年鉴(1991).北京:中国地图出版社.1992.
谷花云等.基于 RS, GIS 技术对贵州土地利用/覆被演化信息图谱研究[J].贵州地质.2003. 3
顾朝林. 北京土地利用/覆盖变化机制研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 1999, 14 (4) : 307~312.
郭晋乎,薛俊杰,李志强.森林景观恢复过程中景观要素斑块规模的动态分析[J]. 生态学报,2000,20(2):218~223
郭庆胜. 现代地图学理论回顾与分析[J].地图.1[J]998,(2):2～6.
郭跃东,何岩,张明祥,严登华. 洮儿河中下游流域湿地景观演变及驱动力分析[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):118~121.
韩兴国.岛屿生物地理学理论与生物多样性保护.见:钱迎倩,马克平 主编. 生物多样性研究的理论与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1994,83~103.
胡震峰.土地利用与景观格局动态变化研究[J]. 科技情报开发与经济. 2003, 13(12): 143~145
黄秉维.地理学之历史演变[J].真理杂志,1944,1(2):237~245.
黄秉维.中国气候区划与自然地理区划的回顾与展望[J].地理集刊,第 21 号,1989.1~9.
黄秉维.自然地理学一些最主要的趋势[J].地理学报,1960,26(3): 149~154.
江斌,胡毓钜.地图视觉化—现代地图学的核心[J]. 地图.1995.2: 3～7.
景贵和.土地生态评价与土地生态设计..地理学报,1986, 41(1):1~7.
景贵和.我国东北地区某些荒芜土地的景观生态建设[J].地理学报,1991,46(1):8～15.
匡文慧,张树文,侯伟,张养贞.三江平原宝清县土地利用变化图谱分析[J].中国科学院研究生院学报.2006,23(2):242~250.
冷文芳,肖笃宁,李月辉,胡远满,贺红士.通过《Landscape Ecology》杂志看国际景观生态学研究动向[J]. 生态学杂志.2004,23(5):140~144.
李宪文,林培,朱德举.山麓地带耕地利用景观动态分析与质量评价[J].中国土地科学,2000,14(3):0-47
李小英等.土地利用演化信息图谱的研究[J].地球信息科学.2002 (2):55-60.
李晓文,方精云,朴世龙. 近 10 年来长江下游土地利用变化及其生态环境效[J]. 地理学报, 2003,58(5):659～667.
李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域—土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553～558.
廖克. 现代地图学[M]. 科学出版社.2003,04.
廖克. 综合制图理论研究及制图实践[J].见:中国地图学年鉴(1990).北京:中国地图出版社.1991.
廖克.地学信息图谱的探讨与展望[J]. 地球信息科学.2002,(1):14~20.
廖克.迈进 21 世纪的中国地图学[J].地球信息科学. 1999.2:46～57.
廖克等.地球信息图谱与数字地球[J].地理研究.2001. 2
刘 红 玉 , 张 世 奎 , 吕 宪 国 . 三 江 平 原 湿 地 景 观 结 构 的 时 空 变 化 [J]. 地 理 学报,2004,59(3):391-400.
刘红玉著. 湿地景观变化与环境效应[M]. 北京:科学出版社.2004:43~45.
刘纪远,布和敖斯尔 中国土地利用变化现代过程时空特征的研究—基于卫星遥感数据[J]. 第四纪研究,2000,20(3):229~239.
刘纪远,布和敖斯尔 中国土地利用变化现代过程时空特征的研究—基于卫星遥感数据[J]. 第四纪研究,2000,20(3):229～239.
刘茂松,张明娟.景观生态学--原理与方法[M].化学工业出版社,2004.
刘湘南等. 土地利用空间格局及其变化的图形信息特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2002.22 (1):79～84
鲁学军,承继成.地理学认知内涵分析[J].地理学报,1998, 53(2):132~140.
鲁学军,周成虎,龚建华.论地理学的形象思维--地理意象的发展[J].地理学报,1999(4). 401~409.
鲁学军,周成虎,龚建华.论地理学的形象思维--地理意象的发展[J].地理学报,1999(4):401~409.
闾国年等.地球空间信息图谱初步探讨[J],地理研究.1998. 17(增刊):23~32
吕宪国. 湿地科学研究进展及研究方向[J]. 中国科学院院刊. 2002 (3).
吕宪国.我国湿地研究进展-献给中国科学院长春地理研究所成立 40 周年[J]. 地理科学,1998.18(4):293~300.
吕宪国著. 湿地生态系统保护与管理[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社. 2004:6~11.
罗伯特.迪金森著,葛以德等译,近代地理学创始人[M], 商务印书馆,1984.
马克平,钱迎倩,王晨.生物多样性研究的理论与方法.见:钱迎倩,马克平 主编. 生物多样性研究的理论与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1994,1~12.
普雷斯顿.詹姆斯、杰弗雷.马丁著,李旭旦译,地理学思想史[M],商务印书馆,1989.
齐清文. 现代地图学的前沿问题.地球信息科学[J].2000.1:80～86
齐清文.地学信息图谱的最新进展.测绘科学.2004,29(6):15~23.
任春颖,刘湘南.区域土地利用变化信息图谱模型研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004.20(6):13～16.
任志远,张艳芳等.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].科学出版社,2003.
闰志刚,盛业华. 数字地图的理论基础[J].地图.2001.4:19～21
尚宗波, 高琼. 流域生态学—生态学研究的一个新领域[J]. 生态学报, 2001, 21(3): 465~473.
史培军,宫鹏,李晓兵. 土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究的方法与实践[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2000.
田德森.略论地图模型论的实践意义[J].中国地图学年鉴.1991
田德森.现代地图学理论[M].北京:测绘出版社.1991.
田 永 中 , 岳 天 祥 . 地 学 信 息 图 谱 的 研 究 及 其 模 型 应 用 探 讨 [J]. 地 球 信 息 科学,2003(3):103~106
万江波,祝国瑞,彭秋苟.土地利用信息图谱的研究及应用[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2005,30(4):355～358.
万荣荣,杨桂山. 太湖流域土地利用与景观格局演变研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(3):475~480.
王汝槦. 科尔沁沙地土壤类型及其性质.见:将德明,等.科尔沁沙地荒漠化过程与生态恢复[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2003.176～269.
王宪礼,布仁仓,胡远满等.辽河三角洲湿地景观破碎化分析[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(3):299~304.
乌兰图雅. 科尔沁沙地近 50 年的垦殖与土地利用变化[J]. 地理科学进展, 2000, 19(3):273～278.
邬建国. 景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2000.2～18, 163~221.
邬建国.数学模型及自然保护.应用生态学报,1992,3:286~288.
邬建国.自然保护区学说与麦克阿瑟-威尔逊理论.生态学报,1990,10(2):187~191.
吴绍洪,杨勤业,郑度.生态地理区域系统的比较研究[J].地理学报,2003,58(5):686~694.
肖笃宁,胡远满,李秀珍. 环渤海三角洲湿地的景观生态学研究.科学出版社,2001.
肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展和展望. 地理科学. 1996,17(4):356~364.
肖笃宁,论现代景观科学的形成与发展,地理科学,19(4),1999 年:79-384.
肖笃宁.景观生态学-理论方法及应用.北京:中国林业出版社,1991.
肖笃宁等.景观生态学.北京:科学出版社,2003.
肖捷颖,葛京凤等. 基于TM和ETM + 遥感分析的石家庄市土地利用/覆被变化研究[J]. 地理科学, 2005, 25(4):495~500.
严登华. 东辽河流域景观格局及其动态变化研究[J]. 资源科学,2004, 26(1):31~37.
杨国清,祝国瑞,喻国荣.可视化与现代地图学的发展[J]. 测绘通报.2004,(6):40～42.
杨永兴.国际湿地科学研究的主要特点、进展与展望.地理科学进展[J],2002.21(2):56~62
叶庆华,刘高焕,陆洲,等.基于GIS的时空复合体--土地利用图谱模型研究方法[J].地理科学进展,2002, 21(4): 349~357
叶庆华等.黄河三角洲土地利用时空复合变化图谱分析[J].中国科学 D 辑 地球科学.2004. 34(5):461～474.
叶庆华等.黄河三角洲新生湿地土地利用变化图谱[J].地理科学进展.2003. 3
叶庆华等.基于 GIS 的时空复合体-土地利用变化图谱模型研究方法[J].地理科学进展.2002. 7
岳天祥.空间异质性定量研究方法.地球信息科学,1999,1(2):75-9.
张百平等.数字山地垂直带谱及其体系的探索[J].山地学报.2002. 12
张奠坤,杨凯元.地图学[M].陕西人民出版社.1986,5.
张国坤,陈春,邢福,张洪岩,赵云生. QuickBird 数字遥感图像光谱辐射定标[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析,2008,28(3) :494～498.
张国坤,邓伟,宋开山,等.新开河流域土地利用格局变化及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):3027~3028.
张国坤.现代地图学理论对计算机地图制图的作用[J]. 松辽学刊(自然科学版).1995.2:41～43
张 洪 岩 , 王 钦 敏 , 鲁 学 军 , 等 . 地 学 信 息 图 谱 方 法 研 究 的 框 架 . 地 球 信 息 科学,2003(4):101~103
张 洪 岩 , 王 钦 敏 , 鲁 学 军 , 励 惠 国 . 地 学 信 息 图 谱 方 法 前 瞻 . 地 球 科 学 进展.2004,19(6):997~1001.
张金屯,邱扬,郑凤英. 景观格局的数量研究方法[J]. 山地学报,2000, 18(4):346～352.
张力果,赵淑梅,周占螯.地图学[M].高等教育出版社.1990,9.
张 秋 菊 , 傅 伯 杰 , 陈 利 顶 . 关 于 景 观 格 局 演 变 研 究 的 几 个 问 题 [J]. 地 理 科学,2003,23(3):264~270.
张镒锂,李秀彬,傅小锋,等. 拉萨城市用地变化分析[J]. 地理学报, 2000, 55 (4) : 395~406.
赵淑清,方精云,陈安平,等. 洞庭湖区50年土地利用/覆盖的变化研究[J]. 长江流域资源境,2002,11(6):536～542.
赵松乔.综合自然地理学与黄秉维教授的学术思想和卓越贡献--学习《自然地理综合工作六十年》纪念文集[J].地理研究.1994,13(1):1~8.
赵羿,李月辉. 实用景观生态学[M]. 北京:科学出版社. 2001.
赵英时. 遥感应用分析原理与方法[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2003
郑 度 , 杨 勤 业 , 赵 名 茶 , 等 . 自 然 地 域 系 统 研 究 [M]. 北 京 : 中 国 环 境 科 学 出 版社,1997.102~124.
郑度.关于地理学的区域性和地域分异研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(1):4~9.
郑度.自然地理综合研究的主要进展与前沿领域[J].中国地理学会会刊,1999,6:7~9.
周成虎等.地球空间信息图谱初步探讨[J].地理研究.1998. 17(增刊)
朱会义,李秀彬. 关于区域土地利用变化指数模型方法的讨论[J]. 地理学报, 2003, 58(5):643～650.
A.T.伊萨钦科,JI..C.贝尔格等.中山大学地质地理系编译.景观概念和景观学的一般问题[M]. 商务印书馆,1991.
Aaviksoo K.1995. Simulating vegetation dynamics and land use in a mire landscape using a Markov model. Landscape and Urban Planning,31:129~142.
Acevedo M F,Urban D L,Ablan M.1995.Transition and gap models of forest dynamics. Ecological Applications,5(4):1040~1055.
Argis CD, Bissonette JA, David JL. The behavior of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation. Landscape Ecology, 1998, 13(3):167-186
B.B.索恰瓦.李世玢译,地理系统学说导论[M]. 商务印书馆,1991:101.
Bailey r.g.1989.Explanatory supplement eo ecoregions map of the continents Environmental Conservation 16:307-309 with separate map at 1:30,000,000.
Bailey r.g.1998.Ecorgions:The ecosystem geography of the oceans and continents. New York: Springer Verlag:1-50 with two separate maps.
Bailey R.G: Ecosystem Geography. Springer-Verlag, 1995.
Balzter H,Braun P W,Kohler W. 1998.Cellular automata models for vegetation dynamics.Ecological Modelling,107:113~125.
Bastian O,Roder M. Assessment of landscape change by land evaluation of past and present situatin. Landscape and Urban Planning,41:171~182.
Boumans R M J ,Sklar F H.1990. A polygon-based spatial(PBS) model for simulating landscape change.Landscape Ecology,4:83~97.
Bramsnaes.Spatial and functional relationships in landscape ecology. Ecology (CSSR), 1990, 9(1): 93-107
Britaldo Silveira Soares - Filho. Gustavo Continuo Cerqueira and Casio Lopes Panache in Dina mica—a stochastic cellular automata model designed to simulate the landscape dynamics in an mazonian colonization frontier. Ecological Modeling, 2002, 154 (3): 217~235.
Britaldo Silveira Soares - Filho. Gustavo Continuo Cerqueira and Casio Lopes Panache in Dina mica—a stochastic cellular automata model designed to simulate the landscape dynamics in an Amazonian colonization frontier. Ecological Modeling, 2002, 154 (3): 217～235.
Bunce R G H. Landscape ecology and agro-ecosystem, Lewis, Boca, Raton, Fi. 1993.
Burke I, Schimel D.1990.Metapopulation extinction in fragmented landscapes: Using bacteria and protozoa communities as model ecosystems.American Naturalist,150:568~591. C.B.卡列斯尼克,普通自然地理简明教程[M], 商务印书馆,1960
Chen J ,Franklin J F,Spies T A.1992.Vegetation responses to edge environments in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications,2:387~396.
Chorley R J,Kennedy B A.1971.Physical geography--A systems approach. Prentice Hall International Inc.,London.
Christopher L, Stuart M. The use of Archival Landsat Mss and Ancillary, 1995
Ciret C, Henderson-Sellers A.1998.Sensitivity of ecosystem models to the spatial; resolution of the NCAR community climate model CCM2. Climate Dynamics,14:409~429.
Clarke K C, Hoppen S,Gaydos L.1997.A self-modifying celludar automaton model of historical urbanization in the San Francisco Bay area. Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,24:247~261.
Costanza R, Sklar F H,White M L. 1990. Modeling of coastal landscape dynamics. BioScience, 40:91~107.
Dale, V H., Brown, S., Haeuber, R A., et al., 2000. Ecological principles and guidelines for managing the use of land. Ecological Applications, 10(3): 639-670
David McNeill, Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought, University of Chicago Press,1992.
Denis Wood. The power of maps. Guilford Press,1992.
Didham P K, Hammond P M.1998.Beetle species responses to tropical forest fragmentation. Ecological Monographs,68:295~323.
Dunn CP, et al. Methods for analyzing temporal changes in landscape pattern. In: Quantitative methods in landscape ecology. Editor, Turner MG, Gardner RH. Gardner Springer-verlag, 1991.173-194.
Ehleringer J R, Field C B,ed.1993.Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe. San Diego: Academic Press.
Farina A.1998. Principles and method in landscape ecology, London:Chapman and Hall. Forman R T T,Godron M.1986.Landscape Ecology.New York:John Wiley&Sons.
Forman R T T. Land Mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press,1995.
Forman RTT. Corridors in a landscape: their ecological structure and function. Eclogy(CSSR), 1983, 2:375-387
Forman RTT. Landscape Ecology Principles and Landscape Function. Godron M. Methodology in Landscape Ecological Research and Planning, theme 1, 1984
Freundschuh S., Egenhofer M. J. Human Conceptions of Spaces: Implications for Geographic Information Systems. Transactions in GIS 2(4),1997:361~375.
Fu Bojie. Chen Liding, Me Kerning, et al. The relationships between land-use and soil conditions in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau in northern shananxi China [J]. Catena, 2000.39(1):69-78.
FuBojie, Gulinck, Masum M Z. Loess erosion in relation to landuse changes in Ganspoel catchment, central Belgium [J].Land Degradation& Rehabilitation, 1994, 5:261-270
Gautam A P,Webb E L,Shivakoti G P, et al.2003. .Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,99:83～96.
Goodchild M F, Steyaert L T,Parks B O, et al.1996. GIS and Environment Modeling: Progress and Research Issues.Fort Collins: GIS World Books.
Goodchild M F,Parks B O,Steyaert L T,ed.1993.Environment Modeling with GIS. New York:Oxford University Press.
Green D G.1994.Connectivity and complexity in landscapes and ecosystems. Pacific Conservation Biology,1:194~200.
Hamsen A ,J, Cadtri F di. Landscape boundaries: consequences for biotic diversity and ecological flows.New York,1991.
Hartmut Leser,Landscape Ecology,E.Ehlers(Eds.),40 years after:German geograph development trends and prospects 1952—1992.DFG,1992.
He F L.etal.1994.Diversity pattern and spatial scale: a study of a tropical rain forest of Malaysia, Environmental and Ecological Statistics,(1):256~286.
Hobbs R.J. 1994. Dynamics of vegetation mosaics:Can we predict responses to global change? Ecoscience,1:346~356.
Hobbs R.J. Effect of landscape fragmentation on ecosystem processes in the Western Australian wheatbelt, Biological Conservation, 1993, 64(3): 193-201
Hogeweg P.1998. Cellular automata as paradigm for ecological modeling.Applied Mathematics and Computation,27:81~100.
Holland M M, Risser P G,Naiman R T. Ecotones: the role of landscape boundaries in the management and reservation of changing environment. New York, Chapman and Hall, 1991.
Huggett R J.1993.Modelling the Human Impact on Nature: Systems Analysis of Environmental Problems.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
I.S.宗纳维尔著,李秀珍译,地生态学[M],北京:科学出版社,2003:29~45.
Ittelson W H 1973.Environment perception and contemporary perceptual theory. In Ittelson W H (ed) Environment and cognintion. New York, eminar:1~19
J.A.Ludwing and D.J.Tongway. Spatial organization of landscapes and its function in semi-arid woodland, Australia. Landscape Ecology, 1995, 10(1): 51-63
J.Brian Harley and David Woodward. Concepts in history of cartography:A review and perspective. Cartographica Monograph 26,1980.
J.V.Ward, F.Maland and K.Tockner.Landscape Ecology Integrates Patter and Process in River Corridor., In: Issues in Landscape Ecology, Jon A.Wiens, Michael R.Moss, Internaional
Jenerette G D, Wu J.2000. Analysis and simulation of land use change in the central ArizonaPhoenix region.Landscape Ecology.
Jenson J Q, Cowen D. Principles of change detection using digital remote sensor data. In: Jenson J Q ed. Integration of GIS and remote sensing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 1~25.
Jenson J Q, Cowen D. Principles of change detection using digital remote sensor data. In: Jenson J Q ed. Integration of GIS and remote sensing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 1～25.
Kammerbauer J,Ardon C.1999.Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a typical watershed in the hillside region of central Honduras. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,75:93～100.
Laurance W F, Yensen E.1991.Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats.Biological Conservation,55:77~92.
Lett C,Silber C,Dube P,et al.1999.Forest dynamics:A spatial gap model simulated on a cellular automata network.Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,25:403~411.
Li, H. and Reynolds, J.F. On definition and quantification of heterogeneity. Oikos, 1995, 73: 280-284.
Li. X L,Lu G D Cheng,Xiao H L.2001.Quantifying landscape structure of the Heihe River Basin, north-west China using FRAGSTATS. Journal of Arid Environments, 48:521~535.
Mark D.,Smith B.,Tversky B.. Ontology and geographic Objects: An Empirical Study of Cognitive Categorization.2000.
Monica G.Turner. 景观生态学发展现状. 生态学杂志.2006,25(7):834~844.
Mulders M A. Advances in the application of remote sensing and GIS for surveying mountainous land. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo-information. 2001, 3 (1):3~10.
Natasha B Kotliar,etal.1990.Multiple scales of patchiness and patch structure: a hierarchical framework for the study of heterogeneity OIKOS,59.253~260.
Naveh Z, Lieberman A S. Landscape ecology: theory and application. New York, Spinger-Verlag, 1993.
Naveh Z. Landscape ecology. SPB Academic Publishing, 1995.
Noss R.F. Landscape connectivity: different functions and different scales. In: Landscape linkages and biodiversity, Island Press, Washington, D.C. USA,1991: 27-29
O’Neill R V, De Angelis D L and Waide J B et al. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystem.Princetion University Press, Princetion,New Jersey,1986.
Pan Y, Melillo J M,McGuire A G et al.1998. Modeled response of terrestrial ecosystem to elevated atmospheric CO2:Acomparison of simulation studies among biogeochemistry models. Oecology, 114:389~404.
Peterjohn W T,Correll D L,1984.Nutrient dynamics in agricultural watersheds:Observations on the role of a riparian forest. Ecology, 65:1466~1475.
R.F.Johnston and others.Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process, M.G.Turner. in: Annual review of ecology and systematics, vol. 20, ed (Annual Reviews. Inc.) 1989: 171-197
Raines G L.2002.Description and comparison of geologic maps with FRAGSTATS-a spatial statistics program.Computers & Geoscience,28:169~177.
Rao K S,Pant R.2001.Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a typical micro watershed in the mid elevation zone of central Himalaya, India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,86:113～123.
Robert T.W., William D.S. Managing land use and land-cover change: the New Jersey pinelands biosphere reserve. Annals of the Associations of American, 1999, 89(2):220~237.
Robert T.W., William D.S. Managing land use and land-cover change: the New Jersey pinelands biosphere reserve. Annals of the Associations of American, 1999, 89(2):220～237.
Rosch,E.,Principles of categorization.In:E.Rosch and B.B.Loyd (eds.) Cognition and Categorizaion. Hillsadale, NJ: Erlbaum.1978.
Rouse,W.R.1991.Man-Modified climates. Man and environment processes edited by Gregory, K.J. and Walling,D.E.Butter Worths.London,Boston,Durban,Sydney,Toronto, Wellinggton.
Roy Haines-Young.景观格局背景与过程[A].国际景观生态学会中国分会译景观生态学论坛[c]长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,2000
Sala O.E., Chapin F.S., Armesto J.J., et al. 2000. Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287:1770-1774
Saunders D A, Hobbs R ,J. Conservation 2: the role of Corridors, Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, Astralloa, 1991.
Schreiber(ed) K. F. Connectivity in landscape ecology. Munster, 1988.
Shugart H H.1998.Terrestrial Ecosystems in Changing Environments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sklar F H, Costanza R, Day J W.1985.Dynamic spatial simulation modeling of coastal wetland habitat succession. Ecological Modeling,29:261~281.
Skopek V,Bartos M.1988.Anthropo-ecological approach to landscape use optimization. Geojournal, 17(3):3 65~372.
Southworth,J, Munroeb D, Nagendra H.2004.Land cover change and landscape fragmentation-comparing the utility of continuous and discrete analyses for a western Honduras region.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,101:185~205.
Szaro R C. Biodiversity in managed landscape: theory and practice. Ofox University Press,1995.
Turner M G, Ruscher C L.1988.Changes in landscape patterns in Georgia, USA. Landscape Ecology,4:21~30.
Turner M G. Gardner R H. Quantitative Methods in landscape ecology: the analysis and interpretation of landscape heterogeneity. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Turner MG. Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. New York, Springer-Verland, 1987. Turner T. Landscape planning. London, Hutchinson Education, 1987.
Urban D L, Bonan G B ,Smith T M,et al.1991.Spatial applications of gap models. Forest Ecology and Management,42:95~110.
Van Gardingen P R,Foody G M,Curran P J,ed.1997.Scaling-Up:From Cell to Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Verbrug P H, Koning G H J, et al. A spatial explicit allocation procedure for modeling the pattern of land use change based upon actual land use. Ecological Modeling, 1999,78(116):45~61.
Verbrug P H, Koning G H J, et al. A spatial explicit allocation procedure for modeling the pattern of land use change based upon actual land use. Ecological Modeling, 1999,78(116):45～61.
Vos C C, Opdam P. Landscape ecology of a stressed environment, Chapman & Hall. London, 1992.
White R, Engelen G.1994.Cellular dynamics and GIS: Modeling spatial complexity. Geographical Systems,1:237~253.
Wiens JA.1997.Metapopulation dynamics and landscape ecology. In:Hanski I A,Gilpin M E,ed. Metapopulation Biology:Ecology,Genetics and Evolution,San Diego:Academic Press.43~62.
Wiens JA.1999. The science and practice of landscape ecology[A].In: Klopatek TM,GardnerRH,eds. Landscape Ecological Analysis :Issues and Applications[C].New York:Springer Verlag, 372-383.
Wolfram S.1984.Cellular automata as models of complexity. Nature,311:419~424. Wu J, Vankat J L.1991b.An area-based model of species richness richness dynamics of forest island. Ecological Modelling,58:249~271.
Wu J,Levin S A.1994. A spatial patch dynamic modeling approach to pattern and process in an annual grassland. Ecological Monographs,64(4):447~464.
Wu J,Levin S A.1997.A patch-based spatial modeling approach: Conceptual framework and simulation schme.Ecological Modeling,101:325~346.
Wu J,Loucks O L.1995.Form balance-of-nature to hierarchical patch dynamics:A paradigm shift in ecology.Quarterly Review of Biology,70:439~466.
Wu J. 1999.Hierarchy and scaling: Extrapolating information along a scaling ladder. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,25:367~380.
Wu J.1999. Hierarchy and scaling:Extrapolating information along a scaling ladder. Canandian Journal of Remote Sensing,25:367~346.
Ye Qinghua, Tian Guoliang, Liu Gaohuan, et al. Tupu methods of spatial-temporal pattern on land-use changes --a case study in the Yellow River Delta. journal of Geographical Science, 2004, 14(2): 131~142.
Zonneveld I S, Forman R T T. Changing landscape: an ecological perspective. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1990.
阿尔夫雷德.赫特纳.地理学—它的历史、性质和方法[M]. 商务印书馆,1986.
白军红,欧阳华,杨志锋,崔保山,崔丽娟,王庆改.湿地景观格局变化研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展.2005,24(4):36~45.
柏延臣,王劲峰.遥感信息的不确定性研究--分类与尺度效应模型[M].北京出版社,2003.4:17~20
贝尔格等.中山大学地质地理系编译.景观概念和景观学的一般问题[M]. 商务印书馆,1964
布仁仓,王宪礼,肖笃宁.景观尺度变换分析--以黄河三角洲为例,见:景观生态学研究进展[M], 肖笃宁主编,长沙:湖南科学出版社,1999,127~135.
蔡孟裔. 新编地图学教程[M]. 高等教育出版社.2000,06.
蔡晓明编著,生态系统生态学[M].科学出版社,2000.
蔡云龙.自然地理学的创新视角[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(4):576~582.
曹成有,将德明. 科尔沁沙地植被发展生态过程.见:将德明,等.科尔沁沙地荒漠化过程与生态恢复[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2003.95～144.
曹成有. 科尔沁沙地的自然环境与退化原因.见:将德明,等.科尔沁沙地荒漠化过程与生态恢复[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2003.51～55.
曹小曙,李平,颜廷真,等. 近百年来西辽河流域土地开垦及其对环境的影响[J]. 地理研究, 2005, 4(6):889～898.
陈 春,吴雨航,刘志明,何海舰. ETM 图像地物反射率光谱反演[J].光谱学与光谱分析. 2007, 27(4):739~742.
陈利顶,傅伯杰,张淑荣等.异质景观中非点源污染动态变化比较研究[J].生态学报,2002,22(6):808-816
陈述彭,地图科学的几点前瞻性思考[J]测绘科学.2001. 3
陈述彭,岳天祥,励惠国. 地学信息图谱研究及其应用[J].地理研究.2000,(4):337~343.
陈述彭.大比例尺景观制图方法及其试验.地学的探索(第一卷):地理学,科学出版社,1990,189~211.
陈述彭.地学信息图谱雏议[J].地理研究.1998,17 (增刊):5~ 9.
陈述彭.地学信息图谱探索研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.2001.
陈述彭.太湖东西洞庭山的景观制图实验[M].北京:科学出版社,1957.
陈述彭等.地球信息科学的理解与实践[J].地球信息科学. 2004. 3
陈毓芬等.中国自然景观综合信息图谱研究[J].地球信息科学.2003. 9
承继成.资源环境信息图谱机理探讨[J].地理研究 1998. 17(增刊):17~22
傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等. 景观生态学原理及应用[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2002.
傅 伯 杰 , 陈 利 顶 , 王 军 , 等 . 土 地 利 用 结 构 与 生 态 过 程 . 第 四 纪 研 究 [M], 2003,23(3):247~255.
傅伯杰,陈利顶. 景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996,51(5): 454～462.
傅伯杰,郭旭东,陈利顶等.土地利用变化与土壤养分的变化— 以河北省遵化县为例[J].生态学报.2001,21(6):926-931.
傅伯杰,刘世梁. 长期生态研究中的若干重要问题及趋势[J]. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13(4):476～480
傅伯杰,赵文武,陈利顶等. 流域景观格局变化的生态水文效应.见:段昌群主编.生态科学进展[M], 高等教育出版社,2004, (1):99~119.
高俊. 地图的空间认知与认知地图学[J].见:中国地图学年鉴(1991).北京:中国地图出版社.1992.
谷花云等.基于 RS, GIS 技术对贵州土地利用/覆被演化信息图谱研究[J].贵州地质.2003. 3
顾朝林. 北京土地利用/覆盖变化机制研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 1999, 14 (4) : 307~312.
郭晋乎,薛俊杰,李志强.森林景观恢复过程中景观要素斑块规模的动态分析[J]. 生态学报,2000,20(2):218~223
郭庆胜. 现代地图学理论回顾与分析[J].地图.1[J]998,(2):2～6.
郭跃东,何岩,张明祥,严登华. 洮儿河中下游流域湿地景观演变及驱动力分析[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):118~121.
韩兴国.岛屿生物地理学理论与生物多样性保护.见:钱迎倩,马克平 主编. 生物多样性研究的理论与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1994,83~103.
胡震峰.土地利用与景观格局动态变化研究[J]. 科技情报开发与经济. 2003, 13(12): 143~145
黄秉维.地理学之历史演变[J].真理杂志,1944,1(2):237~245.
黄秉维.中国气候区划与自然地理区划的回顾与展望[J].地理集刊,第 21 号,1989.1~9.
黄秉维.自然地理学一些最主要的趋势[J].地理学报,1960,26(3): 149~154.
江斌,胡毓钜.地图视觉化—现代地图学的核心[J]. 地图.1995.2: 3～7.
景贵和.土地生态评价与土地生态设计..地理学报,1986, 41(1):1~7.
景贵和.我国东北地区某些荒芜土地的景观生态建设[J].地理学报,1991,46(1):8～15.
匡文慧,张树文,侯伟,张养贞.三江平原宝清县土地利用变化图谱分析[J].中国科学院研究生院学报.2006,23(2):242~250.
冷文芳,肖笃宁,李月辉,胡远满,贺红士.通过《Landscape Ecology》杂志看国际景观生态学研究动向[J]. 生态学杂志.2004,23(5):140~144.
李宪文,林培,朱德举.山麓地带耕地利用景观动态分析与质量评价[J].中国土地科学,2000,14(3):0-47
李小英等.土地利用演化信息图谱的研究[J].地球信息科学.2002 (2):55-60.
李晓文,方精云,朴世龙. 近 10 年来长江下游土地利用变化及其生态环境效[J]. 地理学报, 2003,58(5):659～667.
李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域—土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553～558.
廖克. 现代地图学[M]. 科学出版社.2003,04.
廖克. 综合制图理论研究及制图实践[J].见:中国地图学年鉴(1990).北京:中国地图出版社.1991.
廖克.地学信息图谱的探讨与展望[J]. 地球信息科学.2002,(1):14~20.
廖克.迈进 21 世纪的中国地图学[J].地球信息科学. 1999.2:46～57.
廖克等.地球信息图谱与数字地球[J].地理研究.2001. 2
刘 红 玉 , 张 世 奎 , 吕 宪 国 . 三 江 平 原 湿 地 景 观 结 构 的 时 空 变 化 [J]. 地 理 学报,2004,59(3):391-400.
刘红玉著. 湿地景观变化与环境效应[M]. 北京:科学出版社.2004:43~45.
刘纪远,布和敖斯尔 中国土地利用变化现代过程时空特征的研究—基于卫星遥感数据[J]. 第四纪研究,2000,20(3):229~239.
刘纪远,布和敖斯尔 中国土地利用变化现代过程时空特征的研究—基于卫星遥感数据[J]. 第四纪研究,2000,20(3):229～239.
刘茂松,张明娟.景观生态学--原理与方法[M].化学工业出版社,2004.
刘湘南等. 土地利用空间格局及其变化的图形信息特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2002.22 (1):79～84
鲁学军,承继成.地理学认知内涵分析[J].地理学报,1998, 53(2):132~140.
鲁学军,周成虎,龚建华.论地理学的形象思维--地理意象的发展[J].地理学报,1999(4). 401~409.
鲁学军,周成虎,龚建华.论地理学的形象思维--地理意象的发展[J].地理学报,1999(4):401~409.
闾国年等.地球空间信息图谱初步探讨[J],地理研究.1998. 17(增刊):23~32
吕宪国. 湿地科学研究进展及研究方向[J]. 中国科学院院刊. 2002 (3).
吕宪国.我国湿地研究进展-献给中国科学院长春地理研究所成立 40 周年[J]. 地理科学,1998.18(4):293~300.
吕宪国著. 湿地生态系统保护与管理[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社. 2004:6~11.
罗伯特.迪金森著,葛以德等译,近代地理学创始人[M], 商务印书馆,1984.
马克平,钱迎倩,王晨.生物多样性研究的理论与方法.见:钱迎倩,马克平 主编. 生物多样性研究的理论与方法[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社.1994,1~12.
普雷斯顿.詹姆斯、杰弗雷.马丁著,李旭旦译,地理学思想史[M],商务印书馆,1989.
齐清文. 现代地图学的前沿问题.地球信息科学[J].2000.1:80～86
齐清文.地学信息图谱的最新进展.测绘科学.2004,29(6):15~23.
任春颖,刘湘南.区域土地利用变化信息图谱模型研究[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004.20(6):13～16.
任志远,张艳芳等.土地利用变化与生态安全评价[M].科学出版社,2003.
闰志刚,盛业华. 数字地图的理论基础[J].地图.2001.4:19～21
尚宗波, 高琼. 流域生态学—生态学研究的一个新领域[J]. 生态学报, 2001, 21(3): 465~473.
史培军,宫鹏,李晓兵. 土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究的方法与实践[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2000.
田德森.略论地图模型论的实践意义[J].中国地图学年鉴.1991
田德森.现代地图学理论[M].北京:测绘出版社.1991.
田 永 中 , 岳 天 祥 . 地 学 信 息 图 谱 的 研 究 及 其 模 型 应 用 探 讨 [J]. 地 球 信 息 科学,2003(3):103~106
万江波,祝国瑞,彭秋苟.土地利用信息图谱的研究及应用[J]. 武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2005,30(4):355～358.
万荣荣,杨桂山. 太湖流域土地利用与景观格局演变研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(3):475~480.
王汝槦. 科尔沁沙地土壤类型及其性质.见:将德明,等.科尔沁沙地荒漠化过程与生态恢复[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2003.176～269.
王宪礼,布仁仓,胡远满等.辽河三角洲湿地景观破碎化分析[J].应用生态学报,1996,7(3):299~304.
乌兰图雅. 科尔沁沙地近 50 年的垦殖与土地利用变化[J]. 地理科学进展, 2000, 19(3):273～278.
邬建国. 景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2000.2～18, 163~221.
邬建国.数学模型及自然保护.应用生态学报,1992,3:286~288.
邬建国.自然保护区学说与麦克阿瑟-威尔逊理论.生态学报,1990,10(2):187~191.
吴绍洪,杨勤业,郑度.生态地理区域系统的比较研究[J].地理学报,2003,58(5):686~694.
肖笃宁,胡远满,李秀珍. 环渤海三角洲湿地的景观生态学研究.科学出版社,2001.
肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展和展望. 地理科学. 1996,17(4):356~364.
肖笃宁,论现代景观科学的形成与发展,地理科学,19(4),1999 年:79-384.
肖笃宁.景观生态学-理论方法及应用.北京:中国林业出版社,1991.
肖笃宁等.景观生态学.北京:科学出版社,2003.
肖捷颖,葛京凤等. 基于TM和ETM + 遥感分析的石家庄市土地利用/覆被变化研究[J]. 地理科学, 2005, 25(4):495~500.
严登华. 东辽河流域景观格局及其动态变化研究[J]. 资源科学,2004, 26(1):31~37.
杨国清,祝国瑞,喻国荣.可视化与现代地图学的发展[J]. 测绘通报.2004,(6):40～42.
杨永兴.国际湿地科学研究的主要特点、进展与展望.地理科学进展[J],2002.21(2):56~62
叶庆华,刘高焕,陆洲,等.基于GIS的时空复合体--土地利用图谱模型研究方法[J].地理科学进展,2002, 21(4): 349~357
叶庆华等.黄河三角洲土地利用时空复合变化图谱分析[J].中国科学 D 辑 地球科学.2004. 34(5):461～474.
叶庆华等.黄河三角洲新生湿地土地利用变化图谱[J].地理科学进展.2003. 3
叶庆华等.基于 GIS 的时空复合体-土地利用变化图谱模型研究方法[J].地理科学进展.2002. 7
岳天祥.空间异质性定量研究方法.地球信息科学,1999,1(2):75-9.
张百平等.数字山地垂直带谱及其体系的探索[J].山地学报.2002. 12
张奠坤,杨凯元.地图学[M].陕西人民出版社.1986,5.
张国坤,陈春,邢福,张洪岩,赵云生. QuickBird 数字遥感图像光谱辐射定标[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析,2008,28(3) :494～498.
张国坤,邓伟,宋开山,等.新开河流域土地利用格局变化及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2006,26(9):3027~3028.
张国坤.现代地图学理论对计算机地图制图的作用[J]. 松辽学刊(自然科学版).1995.2:41～43
张 洪 岩 , 王 钦 敏 , 鲁 学 军 , 等 . 地 学 信 息 图 谱 方 法 研 究 的 框 架 . 地 球 信 息 科学,2003(4):101~103
张 洪 岩 , 王 钦 敏 , 鲁 学 军 , 励 惠 国 . 地 学 信 息 图 谱 方 法 前 瞻 . 地 球 科 学 进展.2004,19(6):997~1001.
张金屯,邱扬,郑凤英. 景观格局的数量研究方法[J]. 山地学报,2000, 18(4):346～352.
张力果,赵淑梅,周占螯.地图学[M].高等教育出版社.1990,9.
张 秋 菊 , 傅 伯 杰 , 陈 利 顶 . 关 于 景 观 格 局 演 变 研 究 的 几 个 问 题 [J]. 地 理 科学,2003,23(3):264~270.
张镒锂,李秀彬,傅小锋,等. 拉萨城市用地变化分析[J]. 地理学报, 2000, 55 (4) : 395~406.
赵淑清,方精云,陈安平,等. 洞庭湖区50年土地利用/覆盖的变化研究[J]. 长江流域资源境,2002,11(6):536～542.
赵松乔.综合自然地理学与黄秉维教授的学术思想和卓越贡献--学习《自然地理综合工作六十年》纪念文集[J].地理研究.1994,13(1):1~8.
赵羿,李月辉. 实用景观生态学[M]. 北京:科学出版社. 2001.
赵英时. 遥感应用分析原理与方法[M]. 北京:科学出版社,2003
郑 度 , 杨 勤 业 , 赵 名 茶 , 等 . 自 然 地 域 系 统 研 究 [M]. 北 京 : 中 国 环 境 科 学 出 版社,1997.102~124.
郑度.关于地理学的区域性和地域分异研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(1):4~9.
郑度.自然地理综合研究的主要进展与前沿领域[J].中国地理学会会刊,1999,6:7~9.
周成虎等.地球空间信息图谱初步探讨[J].地理研究.1998. 17(增刊)
朱会义,李秀彬. 关于区域土地利用变化指数模型方法的讨论[J]. 地理学报, 2003, 58(5):643～650.