住宅小区污染物扩散的数值模拟及分析
|
摘要
随着我国城市化和工业化进程的加快,环境空气污染问题已越来越受到许多研究领域的重视。目前,机动车排放的污染物已被认为是城市环境空气的主要污染来源,而研究表明,汽车尾气的排放主要在0.3～2m之间,正好是人体的呼吸范围,对人体健康损害非常严重,长期暴漏在这种环境中将引发多种疾病。而住宅小区又是人们生活和活动的主要场所,研究污染物在住宅小区内的扩散状况具有现实意义。
本文采用计算流体动力学CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)的方法,以哈尔滨市某新建住宅小区为研究对象,建立了物理模型和数学模型,对该住宅小区南区四种工况下室外气流流动情况和污染物浓度扩散情况分别进行了三维数值模拟分析,其中以车道中汽车排放的尾气氮氧化物为主要污染源。模拟结果表明:当来流的风速相同时,风向的变化对气流流场的影响是很大的;建筑群周围的绕流过程比单个建筑物更加复杂,除了具有单个建筑物绕流过程中所产生的流动分离和回流等复杂特征外,还存在建筑物之间的互相影响;受风的作用,建筑群周围产生局部湍流,这些湍流区控制着污染物的扩散;在建筑群周围产生湍流和低速区的地方,会出现污染物浓度累积情况。小区内污染物浓度的变化特征是随着离污染源的距离增大逐渐减少,其垂直分布仍符合地面源排放的扩散分布形式;不同风速条件下随风速增大,则污染物散布愈广,相应局部浓度降低。
对采样试验结果与相应数值模拟结果进行了对比,两者在趋势上比较一致,通过误差分析,得到采样试验与数值模拟结果的平均偏差仅为0.013mg/m3,平均比例误差仅为0.406,证实了模型的有效性。
通过CFD方法对小区气流流动进行模拟仿真,以直观形象的可视化结果展现,氮氧化物的模拟基本上反映了小区整体污染物浓度的变化趋势和特征,模拟结果对于小区布局设计及对小区内环境评价具有一定的参考价值。
Ambient air pollution has received more and more attentions in many scientific fields with increasing in urbanization and industrialization in China. Traffic emission is believed as the main air pollution source in the urban environment in current days, it is identified that the automobile exhaust discharges mainly between 0.3~2 meters, and long term exposed to this situation will do harm to people’s health. And the resident district is the main place for people’s living and leisure, to research the pollutant dispersion in the resident district is of great realistic significance.
Based on the method of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), the research takes a newly-built resident district in Harbin as the object of numerical simulation and monitoring. After establishing the physical and mathematical model of the resident district, the paper analyzes the airflow and dispersion of vehicle exhaust gas using 3D numerical simulation under four different kinds of states, which considers vehicle exhaust gas (nitrogen oxide) as the main source of pollution.
The results show that the state of flow field around building group is different when under the same wind speed and different direction. And the flow process is more complex than the single building, besides all the characteristics such as the breakaway and the backflow, which produces in the single building, but also has mutual influence among the buildings. Around the building group produces partial turbulence, these rapids areas are controlling the pollutant dispersion. In the rapids and the low speed places around the building group, may induce the accumulation of pollutant. Pollutant concentrations will decrease as the distance from measuring point to source increase. Vertical distribution of pollutant concentrations is in accordance with the rules of source on the ground. Pollutant concentrations will spread broadly as the wind speed rise, therewith the local concentrations decrease.
Comparing the simulation results with the sampling analysis, it indicates that the simulation value and the monitor value are quite consistent in the tendency, which proves the validity of the model. The error analysis further indicates the tally of monitoring and numerical simulation. The average deviation is only 0.013mg/m3, the average proportional error is only 0.406.
Carrying on the numerical simulation through the CFD method to the simulati- on of the district, can provide us a more intuitionistic image and visible result. which can be served for the layout design and environmental assessment more conveniently and effectively. The simulation results made reference to the layout design and environmental evaluation of the resident district.
本文采用计算流体动力学CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)的方法,以哈尔滨市某新建住宅小区为研究对象,建立了物理模型和数学模型,对该住宅小区南区四种工况下室外气流流动情况和污染物浓度扩散情况分别进行了三维数值模拟分析,其中以车道中汽车排放的尾气氮氧化物为主要污染源。模拟结果表明:当来流的风速相同时,风向的变化对气流流场的影响是很大的;建筑群周围的绕流过程比单个建筑物更加复杂,除了具有单个建筑物绕流过程中所产生的流动分离和回流等复杂特征外,还存在建筑物之间的互相影响;受风的作用,建筑群周围产生局部湍流,这些湍流区控制着污染物的扩散;在建筑群周围产生湍流和低速区的地方,会出现污染物浓度累积情况。小区内污染物浓度的变化特征是随着离污染源的距离增大逐渐减少,其垂直分布仍符合地面源排放的扩散分布形式;不同风速条件下随风速增大,则污染物散布愈广,相应局部浓度降低。
对采样试验结果与相应数值模拟结果进行了对比,两者在趋势上比较一致,通过误差分析,得到采样试验与数值模拟结果的平均偏差仅为0.013mg/m3,平均比例误差仅为0.406,证实了模型的有效性。
通过CFD方法对小区气流流动进行模拟仿真,以直观形象的可视化结果展现,氮氧化物的模拟基本上反映了小区整体污染物浓度的变化趋势和特征,模拟结果对于小区布局设计及对小区内环境评价具有一定的参考价值。
Ambient air pollution has received more and more attentions in many scientific fields with increasing in urbanization and industrialization in China. Traffic emission is believed as the main air pollution source in the urban environment in current days, it is identified that the automobile exhaust discharges mainly between 0.3~2 meters, and long term exposed to this situation will do harm to people’s health. And the resident district is the main place for people’s living and leisure, to research the pollutant dispersion in the resident district is of great realistic significance.
Based on the method of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), the research takes a newly-built resident district in Harbin as the object of numerical simulation and monitoring. After establishing the physical and mathematical model of the resident district, the paper analyzes the airflow and dispersion of vehicle exhaust gas using 3D numerical simulation under four different kinds of states, which considers vehicle exhaust gas (nitrogen oxide) as the main source of pollution.
The results show that the state of flow field around building group is different when under the same wind speed and different direction. And the flow process is more complex than the single building, besides all the characteristics such as the breakaway and the backflow, which produces in the single building, but also has mutual influence among the buildings. Around the building group produces partial turbulence, these rapids areas are controlling the pollutant dispersion. In the rapids and the low speed places around the building group, may induce the accumulation of pollutant. Pollutant concentrations will decrease as the distance from measuring point to source increase. Vertical distribution of pollutant concentrations is in accordance with the rules of source on the ground. Pollutant concentrations will spread broadly as the wind speed rise, therewith the local concentrations decrease.
Comparing the simulation results with the sampling analysis, it indicates that the simulation value and the monitor value are quite consistent in the tendency, which proves the validity of the model. The error analysis further indicates the tally of monitoring and numerical simulation. The average deviation is only 0.013mg/m3, the average proportional error is only 0.406.
Carrying on the numerical simulation through the CFD method to the simulati- on of the district, can provide us a more intuitionistic image and visible result. which can be served for the layout design and environmental assessment more conveniently and effectively. The simulation results made reference to the layout design and environmental evaluation of the resident district.
引文
1最不可忍受的污染物.防灾博览.哈尔滨建筑工程学院学报. 2006,2: 44~45
2 Andy T Chan, Ellen S P So, Subach C Sam ad. Strategic Guidelines for Street Geometry to Sustainable Street Air Quality. Atoms Environ. 2001,35: 4089~4098
3蒋维嵋,苗世光,刘红年等.城市街区污染扩散的数值模拟与风洞实验的比较分析.环境科学学报. 2003,23(5):652~656
4 Theurer W, Plate E J, Hoeschele K. Semi-Empirical Models as a Combinati-on of Wind Tunnel and Numerical Dispersion Modeling. Atoms Environ. 1996,30:3583~3597
5 Mikkelsen T, Alexandersen S, Atrup P, etl. Investigation of Airborne Disease Transmission during Low-Wind Condition in the Early Phase of the UK 2001 Epidemic. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2003, (3):2101~2110
6 Murakami S. Current Status and Future Trends in Computational Wind Engineering. Wind Eng Indus Aerodyne. 1997:3~34
7陈水福,孙炳楠,唐锦春.建筑表面风压的三维数值模拟.工程力学. 1997,14(2):38~43
8 A.Walton, A.Y.S.Cheng, WC.Yeung. Large-eddy Simulation of Pollution Dispersion in an Urban Street Carryon-Part I: Comparison with Field Data. Atmospheric Environment. 2002,36:3601~3613
9汤广发,赵福云,周安伟.城市住宅小区风环境数值模拟.湖南大学学报.自然科学版. 2003,30(2):86~90
10 Jianming He, Charles CS Song. Evaluation of Pedestrian Winds in Urban Ar-ea by Numerical Approach. J Wind Eng Indus Aerodyne. 1999,81:295~309
11 Ferreira AD, Sousa ACM, Vie gas DX. Prediction of Building Interference Effects on Pedestrian Level Comfort. J Wind Eng Indus Aerodyne. 2002, 90:305~315
12陈建国,钱炜祺,符松.蓝旗营住宅楼群风环境数值模拟.清华大学学报. 2003,3(8):1074~1078
13郁有礼.高层建筑物绕流风场的数值模拟研究.西安建筑科技大学硕士论文. 2005
14王辉,陈水福,唐锦春.群体建筑风环境的数值模拟及分析.力学与实践. 2006,28(1):14~18
15任东峰,田苗,肖晓妮等.建筑物周围风绕流水平运动的数值模拟.工业建筑. 2006,36:131~133
16 Maithili Sharan M. P. Singh etl. Mathematical Model for Atmospheric Dispersion in Low Winds with Eddy Diffusivities as Linear Functions of Down Wind Distance. Atmospheric Environment. 1996,30:1137~1145
17汪立敏,王嘉松,谢晓敏等.城市街道峡谷中气态污染物扩散数值计算方法研究.环境科学与技术. 2005.3,28(2):9~12
18 Nakamura Y., Oke, T. R.. Wind, Temperature and Stability Conditions in an East-West Oriented Urban Canyon [J]. Atmospheric Environment. 1988,22 (12):2691~2700
19 Oke, T.R.. Street Design and Urban Canopy Layer Climate [J]. Energy of Building. 1988,11:103~113
20 Bemd M. Leitl, P.Kastner-K1ein,etl. Concentration and Flow Distributions in the Vicinity of U-shaped Buildings: Wind-tunnel and Computational Date, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 1997,67&68: 745~755
21 Sini J.F., Anquetin S, Mestayer P.G.. Pollutant Dispersion and Thermal in Urban Effects Street Canyons [J]. Atmospheric Environment. 1996,30(15): 2659~2677
22 Meroney R. N., Pavageau M., Rafailidis S., etl. Study of Line Source Chara-cteristics for 2D Physical Modeling of Pollution Dispersion in Street Canyon-s. J. of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 1996,62:37~56
23 Pavageau M., Schatzmann M.. Wind Tunnel Measurements of Concentration Fluctuations in an Urban Street Canyon. Atmospheric Environment. 1999,33: 3961~3971
24 Hassan A A, Crowther J M. Modeling of Fluid Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in a Street Canyon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 1998,52: 281~297
25 Chan, Andy. T., So, Ellen S. P.,etl. Strategic Guidelines for Street Canyon Geometry to Achieve Sustainable Street Air Quality. Atmospheric Environm-ent. 2001,35:4089~4098
26 Jeong, Sang Jin, Andrews. Malcolm Application of the k–εTurbulence Model to the High Reynolds Number Skimming Flow Field of an Urban Street Canyon. Atmospheric Environment. 2002,36:1137~1145
27 Kim, Jae Jin, Baikal, etl. Two Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Flow and Dispersion in the Presence of Hill and Building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 2001,89:947~966
28程雪玲,胡非,崔桂香等.街区污染物扩散的数值研究.城市环境与城市生态. 2004,17(4):1~4
29李磊,胡非,程雪玲等. Fluent在城市街区大气环境中的一个应用.中国科学院研究生报. 2004,21(4):476~480
30尤学一,李莉.污染源对建筑小区影响的数值模拟.环境科学研究. 2006, 19(3):13~17
31王嘉松,陈达良,黄震.实际大气条件下汽车尾气扩散的模拟与观测.上海交通大学学报. 2005,39(11):1891~1894
32叶春,王嘉松.街道峡谷内汽车排放污染物浓度分布的观测与数值模拟.环境化学. 2006,25(3)
33杜荣光,齐冰,郭惠惠. FLUENT软件在大气污染扩散中的应用.气象水文海洋仪器. 2007, (1):14~18
34 http://jpkc.hnu.cn/hjstxdl/word/7.htm
35王军方,丁焰,倪虹.浅析机动车污染控制.大气污染与控制. 2001:34~35
36蒋维嵋.空气污染气象学.南京大学出版社, 2003:35~45
37 PatrickJ Roache. Computational Fluid Dynamics. United Kingdom. Hermosa Publishers.1980
38 G. K.巴切勒.流体动力学引论.北京.科学出版社, 1997
39赵福云.城市住宅小区热环境数值模拟.湖南大学.硕士论文. 2003
40张福军.计算流体动力学分析——CFD软件原理与应用.清华大学出版社, 2004
41 B. E. Launder, D. B. Spalding. Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbule-nce. Academic Press. London, 1972
42王嘉松,黄震.应用不同湍流模式预测城市街道峡谷的大气环境.上海交通大学学报. 2002,36(10):1489~1496
43 Zznnetti.p. Air Pollution Modeling. Theories Computational Method andAvailable Software. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990
44 Jan M.Herbert, Glenn T.Johnson, A.John Arnfield. Modeling the Thermal Climate in City Canyons. Environmental Modeling & Software. 1998, (13): 267~277
45 Helmut E.Feustel. COMIS-An International Multizone Airflows and Contam-inant Transport Model. Environment Energy Technologies Division. 1998,8
46张维佳,潘大林.工程流体力学.黑龙江科学技术出版社, 2001
47海颖,宣捷.两个相邻高建筑物周围的风环境.环境工程. 1999, (2):52~55
48关滨蓉,马国憋.建筑设计和风环境.建筑学报. 1995, (11):44~48
49来纯瑞.谈汽车排气污染及控制.环境保护. 1997,11
50余常昭.环境流体力学导论.北京.清华大学出版社,1992,10
51环境科学大辞典.北京.中国环境科学出版社, 1993
52 21世纪——环境保护与综合治理(上、下卷).北京.科学技术文献出版社, 2000,5
53吴忠标.大气污染控制工程.科学出版社, 2002,7
54尹凤,梅宁.气体污染物线源扩散模型的理论与数值模拟.中国高等教育学会工程热物理专业委员会第十一届全国学术会议论文集.哈尔滨.中国高等教育学会工程热物理专业委员会. 2005,5:790~793
55欧阳琰,蒋维楣,胡非等.城市小区环境流场及污染物扩散的风洞实验研究.南京大学学报. 2003,11(39):6770~780
56 Jiang W M. NJL Environmental Wind Tunnel and Study on Fluid Modeling. Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences), Special Issue on Celebrati-on of the 60’x’Anniversary of Prof. Zhu Binghai's Metrological Teaching and Research Work, 1994:221~226
57 Jiang W M,Cao W J,Jiang R B. Course of Air Pollution Meteorology. Meteorological Press, Beijing.1993:296~306
58中华人民共和国家标准(GB 8969-88).空气质量氮氧化物的测定盐酸萘乙二胺比色法. 1988:53~55
59李云生.城市区域大气环境容量总量控制技术指南.中国环境科学出版社. 2005
60邓顺熙.公路与长隧道空气污染影响分析方法.科学出版社, 2004
2 Andy T Chan, Ellen S P So, Subach C Sam ad. Strategic Guidelines for Street Geometry to Sustainable Street Air Quality. Atoms Environ. 2001,35: 4089~4098
3蒋维嵋,苗世光,刘红年等.城市街区污染扩散的数值模拟与风洞实验的比较分析.环境科学学报. 2003,23(5):652~656
4 Theurer W, Plate E J, Hoeschele K. Semi-Empirical Models as a Combinati-on of Wind Tunnel and Numerical Dispersion Modeling. Atoms Environ. 1996,30:3583~3597
5 Mikkelsen T, Alexandersen S, Atrup P, etl. Investigation of Airborne Disease Transmission during Low-Wind Condition in the Early Phase of the UK 2001 Epidemic. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2003, (3):2101~2110
6 Murakami S. Current Status and Future Trends in Computational Wind Engineering. Wind Eng Indus Aerodyne. 1997:3~34
7陈水福,孙炳楠,唐锦春.建筑表面风压的三维数值模拟.工程力学. 1997,14(2):38~43
8 A.Walton, A.Y.S.Cheng, WC.Yeung. Large-eddy Simulation of Pollution Dispersion in an Urban Street Carryon-Part I: Comparison with Field Data. Atmospheric Environment. 2002,36:3601~3613
9汤广发,赵福云,周安伟.城市住宅小区风环境数值模拟.湖南大学学报.自然科学版. 2003,30(2):86~90
10 Jianming He, Charles CS Song. Evaluation of Pedestrian Winds in Urban Ar-ea by Numerical Approach. J Wind Eng Indus Aerodyne. 1999,81:295~309
11 Ferreira AD, Sousa ACM, Vie gas DX. Prediction of Building Interference Effects on Pedestrian Level Comfort. J Wind Eng Indus Aerodyne. 2002, 90:305~315
12陈建国,钱炜祺,符松.蓝旗营住宅楼群风环境数值模拟.清华大学学报. 2003,3(8):1074~1078
13郁有礼.高层建筑物绕流风场的数值模拟研究.西安建筑科技大学硕士论文. 2005
14王辉,陈水福,唐锦春.群体建筑风环境的数值模拟及分析.力学与实践. 2006,28(1):14~18
15任东峰,田苗,肖晓妮等.建筑物周围风绕流水平运动的数值模拟.工业建筑. 2006,36:131~133
16 Maithili Sharan M. P. Singh etl. Mathematical Model for Atmospheric Dispersion in Low Winds with Eddy Diffusivities as Linear Functions of Down Wind Distance. Atmospheric Environment. 1996,30:1137~1145
17汪立敏,王嘉松,谢晓敏等.城市街道峡谷中气态污染物扩散数值计算方法研究.环境科学与技术. 2005.3,28(2):9~12
18 Nakamura Y., Oke, T. R.. Wind, Temperature and Stability Conditions in an East-West Oriented Urban Canyon [J]. Atmospheric Environment. 1988,22 (12):2691~2700
19 Oke, T.R.. Street Design and Urban Canopy Layer Climate [J]. Energy of Building. 1988,11:103~113
20 Bemd M. Leitl, P.Kastner-K1ein,etl. Concentration and Flow Distributions in the Vicinity of U-shaped Buildings: Wind-tunnel and Computational Date, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 1997,67&68: 745~755
21 Sini J.F., Anquetin S, Mestayer P.G.. Pollutant Dispersion and Thermal in Urban Effects Street Canyons [J]. Atmospheric Environment. 1996,30(15): 2659~2677
22 Meroney R. N., Pavageau M., Rafailidis S., etl. Study of Line Source Chara-cteristics for 2D Physical Modeling of Pollution Dispersion in Street Canyon-s. J. of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 1996,62:37~56
23 Pavageau M., Schatzmann M.. Wind Tunnel Measurements of Concentration Fluctuations in an Urban Street Canyon. Atmospheric Environment. 1999,33: 3961~3971
24 Hassan A A, Crowther J M. Modeling of Fluid Flow and Pollutant Dispersion in a Street Canyon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 1998,52: 281~297
25 Chan, Andy. T., So, Ellen S. P.,etl. Strategic Guidelines for Street Canyon Geometry to Achieve Sustainable Street Air Quality. Atmospheric Environm-ent. 2001,35:4089~4098
26 Jeong, Sang Jin, Andrews. Malcolm Application of the k–εTurbulence Model to the High Reynolds Number Skimming Flow Field of an Urban Street Canyon. Atmospheric Environment. 2002,36:1137~1145
27 Kim, Jae Jin, Baikal, etl. Two Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Flow and Dispersion in the Presence of Hill and Building. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 2001,89:947~966
28程雪玲,胡非,崔桂香等.街区污染物扩散的数值研究.城市环境与城市生态. 2004,17(4):1~4
29李磊,胡非,程雪玲等. Fluent在城市街区大气环境中的一个应用.中国科学院研究生报. 2004,21(4):476~480
30尤学一,李莉.污染源对建筑小区影响的数值模拟.环境科学研究. 2006, 19(3):13~17
31王嘉松,陈达良,黄震.实际大气条件下汽车尾气扩散的模拟与观测.上海交通大学学报. 2005,39(11):1891~1894
32叶春,王嘉松.街道峡谷内汽车排放污染物浓度分布的观测与数值模拟.环境化学. 2006,25(3)
33杜荣光,齐冰,郭惠惠. FLUENT软件在大气污染扩散中的应用.气象水文海洋仪器. 2007, (1):14~18
34 http://jpkc.hnu.cn/hjstxdl/word/7.htm
35王军方,丁焰,倪虹.浅析机动车污染控制.大气污染与控制. 2001:34~35
36蒋维嵋.空气污染气象学.南京大学出版社, 2003:35~45
37 PatrickJ Roache. Computational Fluid Dynamics. United Kingdom. Hermosa Publishers.1980
38 G. K.巴切勒.流体动力学引论.北京.科学出版社, 1997
39赵福云.城市住宅小区热环境数值模拟.湖南大学.硕士论文. 2003
40张福军.计算流体动力学分析——CFD软件原理与应用.清华大学出版社, 2004
41 B. E. Launder, D. B. Spalding. Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbule-nce. Academic Press. London, 1972
42王嘉松,黄震.应用不同湍流模式预测城市街道峡谷的大气环境.上海交通大学学报. 2002,36(10):1489~1496
43 Zznnetti.p. Air Pollution Modeling. Theories Computational Method andAvailable Software. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990
44 Jan M.Herbert, Glenn T.Johnson, A.John Arnfield. Modeling the Thermal Climate in City Canyons. Environmental Modeling & Software. 1998, (13): 267~277
45 Helmut E.Feustel. COMIS-An International Multizone Airflows and Contam-inant Transport Model. Environment Energy Technologies Division. 1998,8
46张维佳,潘大林.工程流体力学.黑龙江科学技术出版社, 2001
47海颖,宣捷.两个相邻高建筑物周围的风环境.环境工程. 1999, (2):52~55
48关滨蓉,马国憋.建筑设计和风环境.建筑学报. 1995, (11):44~48
49来纯瑞.谈汽车排气污染及控制.环境保护. 1997,11
50余常昭.环境流体力学导论.北京.清华大学出版社,1992,10
51环境科学大辞典.北京.中国环境科学出版社, 1993
52 21世纪——环境保护与综合治理(上、下卷).北京.科学技术文献出版社, 2000,5
53吴忠标.大气污染控制工程.科学出版社, 2002,7
54尹凤,梅宁.气体污染物线源扩散模型的理论与数值模拟.中国高等教育学会工程热物理专业委员会第十一届全国学术会议论文集.哈尔滨.中国高等教育学会工程热物理专业委员会. 2005,5:790~793
55欧阳琰,蒋维楣,胡非等.城市小区环境流场及污染物扩散的风洞实验研究.南京大学学报. 2003,11(39):6770~780
56 Jiang W M. NJL Environmental Wind Tunnel and Study on Fluid Modeling. Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences), Special Issue on Celebrati-on of the 60’x’Anniversary of Prof. Zhu Binghai's Metrological Teaching and Research Work, 1994:221~226
57 Jiang W M,Cao W J,Jiang R B. Course of Air Pollution Meteorology. Meteorological Press, Beijing.1993:296~306
58中华人民共和国家标准(GB 8969-88).空气质量氮氧化物的测定盐酸萘乙二胺比色法. 1988:53~55
59李云生.城市区域大气环境容量总量控制技术指南.中国环境科学出版社. 2005
60邓顺熙.公路与长隧道空气污染影响分析方法.科学出版社, 2004