无线传感器网络LEACH协议算法改进与仿真研究
摘要
路由技术对无线传感器网络的生命周期有着至关重要的影响。能量有限性是无线传感器网络的最重要的特性,在网络路由算法中也是优先考虑的一个主要因素。分簇路由具有拓扑管理方便、能量利用高效、数据融合简单等优点,已成为当前路由技术一个十分重要的研究方向。
本文首先分析了无线传感器网络分簇路由机制,着重从簇头的产生、簇的形成和簇的路由角度系统地描述了当前典型的分簇路由算法,并对这些算法的特点和适用情况进行了比较和研究。
其次,对无线传感器网络的经典分簇路由协议LEACH协议进行了研究和仿真,由于簇头选取的随机性,不可避免的使得该协议存在簇首选举不合理性及节点能耗不均衡的缺点。
第三,针对传统LEACH算法的不足,提出了一种新的基于能量与簇头均衡分布的LEACH优化算法,本算法主要针对阈值公式的不合理性进行的改进,加入了乘性因子以平衡节点之间的能量。仿真结果表明,改进后的协议能均衡节点能耗,提高了负载均衡度,并延长了无线传感器网络的生存时间。
最后,介绍了基于PSO优化的LEACH协议改进算法,并将本文提出的算法与之进行了仿真对比结果研究。结果表明,基于簇首能量均衡分布的LEACH算法在节点分布、生命周期、负载均衡度,平均能耗等性能上略优于基于PSO的优化分簇算法。
Routing technology is vital to the lifecycle of wireless sensor network . One important feature of wireless sensor networks is that the energy is limited. This feature is considered to be the main element in routing algorithm of WSN. As an active branch of routing technology, cluster-based routing protocols have many advantages, such as network topology management, energy minimization, data aggregation and so on,which has become a very important routing technology research.
In this thesis, the author analyzed cluster-based routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks at first. Then the author emphasized cluster head selection, cluster formation and data transmission in cluster-based routing protocols. From these techniques perspective systemically recent representative cluster-based routing protocols are presented, and compared with their characteristics and application areas.Second, the cluster head is selected randomly, there are inevitably some shortcomings such as unreasonable cluster head and uneven energy consumption of sensor nodes. Third,This paper analyzes the shortage of the traditional algorithm-LEACH. this paper proposed a new protocol --- an improved LEACH algorithm based on energy and average distribution. This algorithm is mainly the threshold formulas for the irrationality of the improvements,and Joined the multiplicative factor in order to balance the energy between nodes.The results of simulation show that the improved routing protocol can balance energy consumption of nodes and prolong the lifetime of the whole networks.
Final, the author Introduced Algorithm of LEACH protocol based on PSO Optimization, and proposed algorithm compared with results of a simulation. The results show that the energy balance is a cluster head node LEACH algorithm distribution, life cycle, load balancing, better than the average energy consumption with minor performance optimization based on PSO clustering algorithm.
本文首先分析了无线传感器网络分簇路由机制,着重从簇头的产生、簇的形成和簇的路由角度系统地描述了当前典型的分簇路由算法,并对这些算法的特点和适用情况进行了比较和研究。
其次,对无线传感器网络的经典分簇路由协议LEACH协议进行了研究和仿真,由于簇头选取的随机性,不可避免的使得该协议存在簇首选举不合理性及节点能耗不均衡的缺点。
第三,针对传统LEACH算法的不足,提出了一种新的基于能量与簇头均衡分布的LEACH优化算法,本算法主要针对阈值公式的不合理性进行的改进,加入了乘性因子以平衡节点之间的能量。仿真结果表明,改进后的协议能均衡节点能耗,提高了负载均衡度,并延长了无线传感器网络的生存时间。
最后,介绍了基于PSO优化的LEACH协议改进算法,并将本文提出的算法与之进行了仿真对比结果研究。结果表明,基于簇首能量均衡分布的LEACH算法在节点分布、生命周期、负载均衡度,平均能耗等性能上略优于基于PSO的优化分簇算法。
Routing technology is vital to the lifecycle of wireless sensor network . One important feature of wireless sensor networks is that the energy is limited. This feature is considered to be the main element in routing algorithm of WSN. As an active branch of routing technology, cluster-based routing protocols have many advantages, such as network topology management, energy minimization, data aggregation and so on,which has become a very important routing technology research.
In this thesis, the author analyzed cluster-based routing mechanisms for wireless sensor networks at first. Then the author emphasized cluster head selection, cluster formation and data transmission in cluster-based routing protocols. From these techniques perspective systemically recent representative cluster-based routing protocols are presented, and compared with their characteristics and application areas.Second, the cluster head is selected randomly, there are inevitably some shortcomings such as unreasonable cluster head and uneven energy consumption of sensor nodes. Third,This paper analyzes the shortage of the traditional algorithm-LEACH. this paper proposed a new protocol --- an improved LEACH algorithm based on energy and average distribution. This algorithm is mainly the threshold formulas for the irrationality of the improvements,and Joined the multiplicative factor in order to balance the energy between nodes.The results of simulation show that the improved routing protocol can balance energy consumption of nodes and prolong the lifetime of the whole networks.
Final, the author Introduced Algorithm of LEACH protocol based on PSO Optimization, and proposed algorithm compared with results of a simulation. The results show that the energy balance is a cluster head node LEACH algorithm distribution, life cycle, load balancing, better than the average energy consumption with minor performance optimization based on PSO clustering algorithm.
引文
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[2]Akyildiz IF, Su W,Sankarasubramaniam Y,Cayirci E.Wireless sensor networks:A survey. Computer Networks, 2002,38(4): 393-422.
[3]C.E.Nishimura, D.M. Conlon.IUSS dual use:Monitoring whales and earthquakes using SOSUS.Mar.Technol.Socj.1994,27(pp):13~21.
[4]Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-Efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In: Proc. of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Int’l Conf. on System Sciences. Maui: IEEE Computer Society, 2000. 3005-3014.
[5]Handy MJ, Haase M, Timmermann D. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection. In: Proc. of the 4th IEEE Conf. on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks. Stockholm: IEEE Communications Society, 2002. 368-372.
[6]张怡,李云,刘占军,聂能.无线传感器网络中基于能量的簇首选择改进算法[J].重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版),2007, 19(5): 613-616..
[7]胡君,王雷,林亚平.传感器网络中一种基于节点平均能耗的分布式簇头选取算法[J].计算机应用, 2007, 27(12): 2979-2981..
[8]Heinzelman W. Application-Specific protocol architectures for wireless networks [Ph.D. Thesis]. Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000.
[9]Murata T, Ishibuchi H. Performance evaluation of genetic algorithms for flowshop scheduling problems. In: Proc. of the 1st IEEE Conf. on Evolutionary Computation. Orlando: IEEE Press, 1994. 812-817.
[10]梁英,于海斌,曾鹏.应用PSO优化基于分簇的无线传感器网络路由协议[J].控制与决策, 2006, 21(4): 453-461.
[11]邹学玉,曹阳,刘徐迅,高洵.基于离散粒子群的WSN分簇路由算法[J].武汉大学学报,2008,54(1): 099-103..
[12]J Kennedy,R C Eberhart. Particle swarm optimization [C]. In : Proc of the IEEE Int’l Conf on Neural Networks , IV. Piscataway , NJ : IEEE Press , 1995:1942-1948.
[13]曾建潮,介婧,崔志华.微粒群算法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[14]杜玉红,张晓敏,蔡成闻.无线传感器网络能量均衡自适应分簇算法[J].传感技术学报, 2007, 20(7): 1616-1619..
[15]王雍,杨海波,冯淑娟.无线传感器网络中一种能量有效的分簇算法[J].传感器与微系统, 2007, 26(12): 19-21.
[16]王霄峻,陈晓曙.一种半集中式低能耗自适应无线传感器网络成簇算法[J].现代电子技术, 2007, 24: 37-39..
[17]朱光辉,张修如,刘卫彪.无线传感器网络中能量有效的加权分簇算法[J].信号与系统, 2007, 4: 44-47.
[18]傅军,张晓峰.一种基于簇头选择模型的无线传感器网络分簇算法[J].传感技术学报, 2007, 20(8): 1856-1859.
[19]李湃,陈向东,毕雪,张传武.一种新型自适应加权分簇算法的性能研究[J].传感器与微系统, 2007, 26(7): 27-30.
[20]李铁柱,郭拯危,张瑞青.一种基于节点度的LEACH改进算法[J].计算机时代, 2008, 2: 16-18.
[21]汤宇时,胡国锦.基于适应度的簇划分算法研究[J].计算机仿真,2008, 25(2): 171-174.
[22]张昱.无线传感器网络的簇头间距自适应HAD-LEACH算法[J].计算机工程与应用, 2007, 43(30): 124-127.
[23]吴臻,金心宇.无线传感器网络的LEACH算法的改进[J].传感技术学报, 2006, 19(1): 34-36.
[24]Lindsey S, Raghavendra CS. PEGASIS: Power-Efficient gathering in sensor information systems. In: Proc. of the IEEE Aerospace Conf. Montana: IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society, 2002. 1125-1130..
[25]冯跃喜,金心宇,蔡文郁.基于改进型蚁群算法的无线传感路由协议[J].传感技术学报, 2007, 20(11): 2461-2464.
[26]耶刚强,梁彦,孙世宇,潘泉,程咏梅.基于蚁群的无线传感器网络路由算法[J].计算机应用研究, 2008, 25(3): 715-717.
[27]夏佳,张曦煌,沈玉方.一种基于蚁群算法的WSN路由算法[J].计算机工程与应用, 2007, 43(27): 137-139.
[28]Marco Dorigo, Vittorio Maniezzo, Alberto Colorni. The Antsystem: Optimization by a Colony of Cooperating Agents [J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybirmetrics. 1996, 26(1): 1-13.
[29]Marco Dorigo, Luca Maria Gam bardella. Ant Colony System: A Cooperative LearingApproach to the Traveling Salesman Problem [J]. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1997, 1(1): 53-66.
[30]Sim KM, Sun W H, Ant Colony Optimization for Routing and Load-Balancing: Survey and New Directions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A . 2003, 33(5): 560-572.
[31]姚仲欢,王高才,孙野,邱军林.传感器网络中基于最短路径树的低延时节能路由算法[J].微电子学与计算机, 2007, 24(9): 174-177.
[32]郭拯危,毕俊蕾,李致远.一种新的传感器网络能量有效路由算法[J].计算机工程与应用, 2008, 44(10): 123-126.
[33]李翔,阎新芳,孙雨耕,杨挺.无线传感器网络中簇树骨干网的构建及算法[J].传感技术学报, 2006, 19(4): 1279-1283.
[34]孙雨耕,武晓光,刘洋.无线传感器网络中的簇状汇聚头算法[J].计算机工程, 2008, 34(5): 125-127.
[35]王素娟,冯秀芳.无线传感器网络分簇算法的研究[D].山西:太原理工大学, 2008.
[36]王振兴,熊伟丽,徐保国.基于LEACH的簇树网络路由算法研究[J].计算机测量与控制, 2008, 16(11): 1735-1737.
[37]Gupta I, Riordan D, Sampalli S. Cluster-Head election using fuzzy logic for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of the 3rd Annual Communication Networks and Services Research Conf. Halifax: IEEE Computer Society, 2005. 255-260.
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