不同改良剂修复重金属铬污染土壤的研究
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摘要
目前,土壤重金属铬污染日趋严重,铬已经成为土壤和水体重要的污染元素之一,改良剂原位修复技术是降低土壤重金属含量的有效办法之一。本研究以小白菜为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了石灰、活性炭及石灰+活性炭处理对铬胁迫下小白菜生长、生理生化、铬吸收量的影响,对铬污染土壤pH及土壤中铬形态分布的影响,旨在阐明改良剂抑制重金属铬对小白菜的毒害作用机理。主要研究结论如下:
(1)铬污染土壤对小白菜生长可产生影响,适量的重金属铬对小白菜的生长是有益的,过量的铬对小白菜产生抑制作用,且铬的污染水平越高,小白菜生长受抑制越严重。改良剂的施用会有效缓解铬污染对小白菜抑制,增加小白菜生物产量。小白菜株高升高,地上部和根部干重增加,叶绿素含量增加均说明这一点。其中活性炭处理增产效果最好,其次是石灰+活性炭,石灰最差。高量石灰处理(L_3,即2g/kg处理)与高量铬一起对小白菜生长产生明显的抑制作用。
(2)铬能够抑制小白菜叶绿素的合成。适量的石灰(L_1、L_2,即1.0、1.5g/kg处理)能够抑制铬对叶绿素的毒害,高浓度石灰处理的抑制作用效果不明显。石灰+活性炭的效果和单施石灰效果类似,活性炭处理的抑制效果最好。
(3)铬污染对小白菜生理生化活动产生影响。随着外源铬的添加的增加,小白菜SOD活性先升高后降低然后再升高、POD活性先升高后降低、CAT酶活性先降低后升高,MDA含量逐渐升高,说明铬引起细胞产生膜脂过氧化作用。适量改良剂处理可缓解膜脂过氧化。超量石灰处理(L_3浓度)可对小白菜产生另一种胁迫,与铬胁迫共同作用于小白菜,加剧了小白菜细胞膜受破坏的程度。铬处理下不同活性炭浓度处理,抗氧化酶系统表现的效应有所不同,其原因有待进一步研究。
(4)铬污染土壤会显著增加小白菜对铬的吸收,种植小白菜时,小白菜体内铬含量显著增加,且污染水平越高,小白菜体内的铬含量也越高。小白菜不同部位铬含量不同,以根部最多,其次为叶部,相对最少的在茎部。各污染土壤中加入石灰、活性炭等改良剂处理后,小白菜体内的铬含量较污染对照均有不同程度降低,改良剂用量越大,铬含量越低,说明石灰、活性炭等改良剂能有效抑制小白菜对土壤中铬的吸收,不同改良剂在不同铬处理下对小白菜吸收铬的抑制效果不同。
(5)外源铬的添加,有使土壤pH升高的趋势。低浓度铬处理下,石灰的施入使土壤pH值有显著升高,高浓度铬处理下,石灰对土壤pH影响相对较小。活性炭对土壤pH影响不显著。石灰+活性炭处理下,土壤pH值仍然升高,但没有石灰对土壤的pH值影响显著,可见活性炭的添加能够一定程度上缓冲土壤pH变化。
(6)小白菜吸收土壤中铬的量不仅与土壤总量有关,更重要的是取决于土壤中交换态铬含量的多少,土壤中交换态铬含量越多,越容易被植物吸收。石灰的加入一方面能提高土壤的pH,增加铬的沉淀态含量,降低铬的活性;另一方面,钙还可对铬产生拮抗作用,从而降低小白菜对土壤中铬的吸收。活性炭一方面可以直接吸附污染土壤中的重金属,降低土壤中交换态铬;另一方面,活性炭的加入可以提高土壤有机碳的含量,增加土壤铬的有机结合态含量,起到固定铬的作用。
The Pollution of heavy metal chromium in soil has been becoming more serious at Present. It has already become one of the pollution elements in soil. In situ remediation technology by ameliorant is one of the effective approaches to decrease the amount of heavy mental existed in soils. This study makes use of pakchoi as the materials, and uses pot-testing to research on the effect of the application of lime, activated carbon and the co-application of lime and activated carbon on pakchoi’s growth, physical and biochemical conditions, Cr absorption amount, pH of Cr contaminated soil and the morphological distribution of Cr. This study aims at explaining the mechanism of ameliorants in preventing Cr poison to the pakchoi. The main results are as follows:
(1) Cr contaminated soil has certain effect on Pakchoi’s growth. Proper concentration of Cr is beneficial to pakchoi’s growth, while excessive concentration of Cr can prevent pakchoi’s growth and the more serious the Cr contamination, the more serious growth suppression the pakchoi suffers. The application of soil conditioner can effectively mitigate Cr’s supression influence on pakchoi, and can increase pskchoi’s biological production. The increase of plant height and the dry weight of parts above the ground and the roots as well as the amount of chlorophyll can explain the phenomena. In the study, groups treated with activated carbon has the best production effect, followed by groups with the combination of activated carbon and lime, with groups treated with limes the worst. Treatment with high concentration of lime (L3, 2g/kg) and Cr shows obvious suppression effect on pakchoi’s growth.
(2) Cr can prevent the compound of chlorophyll. Proper concentrations of lime (L1, L2; 1.0, 1.5g/kg) can decrease Cr’s toxins on chlorophyll. When it comes to high-concentration lime treatment, the effect is not obvious. The co-application of lime and activated carbon and the mere application of lime share nearly the same effect, worse than activated carbon treatment.
(3) Cr contamination influences pakchoi’s physical and biochemical activities. With the increase of adding Cr, the activity of pakchoi’s SOD increases, then decreases and then increases; POD increases and next decreases; CAT enzymes firstly decreases and then increases; the amount of MDA gradually increases, which indicates that Cr causes membrane-lipid peroxidation. Treatments with proper amount of ameliorants can remiss membrane-lipid peroxidation. Excessive lime treatment (L3 Concentration) can cause another stress, which influences pakchoi together with Cr stress, exacerbating damage on pakchoi’s cell membranes. With different Cr treatments and different concentrations of activated carbon, the effects of Antioxidant System are different, the reasons of which need to be further studied.
(4) Cr contaminated soil can clearly increase pakchoi’s absorption of Cr. When planting pakchoi in Cr contaminated soil, Cr amount in pakchoi increase largely, and the more serious the pollution, the larger amount pakchoi contains. Different parts share different Cr amount, with roots the most, followed by leaves and then stems. After adding ameliorants like lime, activated carbon, etc. to Cr contaminated soil, the amount of Cr contained by pakchoi decreases to certain extent compared with the control group. The larger amount of ameliorants added, the less Cr contained in pakchoi. This showed that ameliorants like lime and activated carbon can effectively suppress pakchoi’s absorption of Cr. Different soil conditioners share different suppression effect with different Cr treatment.
(5) The adding Cr can create an increasing tendency of pH. With low-concentration Cr treatment, the add of lime obviously increase soils pH, while with high-concentration Cr treatment, lime has little influence on soil pH. Activated carbon displayed little influence on soil pH. Under the circumstances of the co-application of lime and activated carbon, soil pH still increases, but not as obvious as that of lime. Then we can see that the add of activated carbon can in a sense mitigate soil pH changes.
(6) The amount of Cr absorbed by pakchoi is not only related with the amount of soil, but also importantly with the amount of exchangeable Cr in soil. The more exchangeable Cr in soils, the easier the plant absorbed. The add of lime for one thing can enhance soil pH, increase the amount of settling Cr and decrease Cr activity; for another Ca can cause antagonistic effect on Cr, and then prevent pakchoi’s absorption from Cr. Activated carbon for one thing can directly absorb heavy mental in soil and decrease the amount of exchangeable Cr; for another the add of activated carbon can enhance the amount of organic carbon in soil and the amount of organic coated Cr, and then fix Cr.
(1)铬污染土壤对小白菜生长可产生影响,适量的重金属铬对小白菜的生长是有益的,过量的铬对小白菜产生抑制作用,且铬的污染水平越高,小白菜生长受抑制越严重。改良剂的施用会有效缓解铬污染对小白菜抑制,增加小白菜生物产量。小白菜株高升高,地上部和根部干重增加,叶绿素含量增加均说明这一点。其中活性炭处理增产效果最好,其次是石灰+活性炭,石灰最差。高量石灰处理(L_3,即2g/kg处理)与高量铬一起对小白菜生长产生明显的抑制作用。
(2)铬能够抑制小白菜叶绿素的合成。适量的石灰(L_1、L_2,即1.0、1.5g/kg处理)能够抑制铬对叶绿素的毒害,高浓度石灰处理的抑制作用效果不明显。石灰+活性炭的效果和单施石灰效果类似,活性炭处理的抑制效果最好。
(3)铬污染对小白菜生理生化活动产生影响。随着外源铬的添加的增加,小白菜SOD活性先升高后降低然后再升高、POD活性先升高后降低、CAT酶活性先降低后升高,MDA含量逐渐升高,说明铬引起细胞产生膜脂过氧化作用。适量改良剂处理可缓解膜脂过氧化。超量石灰处理(L_3浓度)可对小白菜产生另一种胁迫,与铬胁迫共同作用于小白菜,加剧了小白菜细胞膜受破坏的程度。铬处理下不同活性炭浓度处理,抗氧化酶系统表现的效应有所不同,其原因有待进一步研究。
(4)铬污染土壤会显著增加小白菜对铬的吸收,种植小白菜时,小白菜体内铬含量显著增加,且污染水平越高,小白菜体内的铬含量也越高。小白菜不同部位铬含量不同,以根部最多,其次为叶部,相对最少的在茎部。各污染土壤中加入石灰、活性炭等改良剂处理后,小白菜体内的铬含量较污染对照均有不同程度降低,改良剂用量越大,铬含量越低,说明石灰、活性炭等改良剂能有效抑制小白菜对土壤中铬的吸收,不同改良剂在不同铬处理下对小白菜吸收铬的抑制效果不同。
(5)外源铬的添加,有使土壤pH升高的趋势。低浓度铬处理下,石灰的施入使土壤pH值有显著升高,高浓度铬处理下,石灰对土壤pH影响相对较小。活性炭对土壤pH影响不显著。石灰+活性炭处理下,土壤pH值仍然升高,但没有石灰对土壤的pH值影响显著,可见活性炭的添加能够一定程度上缓冲土壤pH变化。
(6)小白菜吸收土壤中铬的量不仅与土壤总量有关,更重要的是取决于土壤中交换态铬含量的多少,土壤中交换态铬含量越多,越容易被植物吸收。石灰的加入一方面能提高土壤的pH,增加铬的沉淀态含量,降低铬的活性;另一方面,钙还可对铬产生拮抗作用,从而降低小白菜对土壤中铬的吸收。活性炭一方面可以直接吸附污染土壤中的重金属,降低土壤中交换态铬;另一方面,活性炭的加入可以提高土壤有机碳的含量,增加土壤铬的有机结合态含量,起到固定铬的作用。
The Pollution of heavy metal chromium in soil has been becoming more serious at Present. It has already become one of the pollution elements in soil. In situ remediation technology by ameliorant is one of the effective approaches to decrease the amount of heavy mental existed in soils. This study makes use of pakchoi as the materials, and uses pot-testing to research on the effect of the application of lime, activated carbon and the co-application of lime and activated carbon on pakchoi’s growth, physical and biochemical conditions, Cr absorption amount, pH of Cr contaminated soil and the morphological distribution of Cr. This study aims at explaining the mechanism of ameliorants in preventing Cr poison to the pakchoi. The main results are as follows:
(1) Cr contaminated soil has certain effect on Pakchoi’s growth. Proper concentration of Cr is beneficial to pakchoi’s growth, while excessive concentration of Cr can prevent pakchoi’s growth and the more serious the Cr contamination, the more serious growth suppression the pakchoi suffers. The application of soil conditioner can effectively mitigate Cr’s supression influence on pakchoi, and can increase pskchoi’s biological production. The increase of plant height and the dry weight of parts above the ground and the roots as well as the amount of chlorophyll can explain the phenomena. In the study, groups treated with activated carbon has the best production effect, followed by groups with the combination of activated carbon and lime, with groups treated with limes the worst. Treatment with high concentration of lime (L3, 2g/kg) and Cr shows obvious suppression effect on pakchoi’s growth.
(2) Cr can prevent the compound of chlorophyll. Proper concentrations of lime (L1, L2; 1.0, 1.5g/kg) can decrease Cr’s toxins on chlorophyll. When it comes to high-concentration lime treatment, the effect is not obvious. The co-application of lime and activated carbon and the mere application of lime share nearly the same effect, worse than activated carbon treatment.
(3) Cr contamination influences pakchoi’s physical and biochemical activities. With the increase of adding Cr, the activity of pakchoi’s SOD increases, then decreases and then increases; POD increases and next decreases; CAT enzymes firstly decreases and then increases; the amount of MDA gradually increases, which indicates that Cr causes membrane-lipid peroxidation. Treatments with proper amount of ameliorants can remiss membrane-lipid peroxidation. Excessive lime treatment (L3 Concentration) can cause another stress, which influences pakchoi together with Cr stress, exacerbating damage on pakchoi’s cell membranes. With different Cr treatments and different concentrations of activated carbon, the effects of Antioxidant System are different, the reasons of which need to be further studied.
(4) Cr contaminated soil can clearly increase pakchoi’s absorption of Cr. When planting pakchoi in Cr contaminated soil, Cr amount in pakchoi increase largely, and the more serious the pollution, the larger amount pakchoi contains. Different parts share different Cr amount, with roots the most, followed by leaves and then stems. After adding ameliorants like lime, activated carbon, etc. to Cr contaminated soil, the amount of Cr contained by pakchoi decreases to certain extent compared with the control group. The larger amount of ameliorants added, the less Cr contained in pakchoi. This showed that ameliorants like lime and activated carbon can effectively suppress pakchoi’s absorption of Cr. Different soil conditioners share different suppression effect with different Cr treatment.
(5) The adding Cr can create an increasing tendency of pH. With low-concentration Cr treatment, the add of lime obviously increase soils pH, while with high-concentration Cr treatment, lime has little influence on soil pH. Activated carbon displayed little influence on soil pH. Under the circumstances of the co-application of lime and activated carbon, soil pH still increases, but not as obvious as that of lime. Then we can see that the add of activated carbon can in a sense mitigate soil pH changes.
(6) The amount of Cr absorbed by pakchoi is not only related with the amount of soil, but also importantly with the amount of exchangeable Cr in soil. The more exchangeable Cr in soils, the easier the plant absorbed. The add of lime for one thing can enhance soil pH, increase the amount of settling Cr and decrease Cr activity; for another Ca can cause antagonistic effect on Cr, and then prevent pakchoi’s absorption from Cr. Activated carbon for one thing can directly absorb heavy mental in soil and decrease the amount of exchangeable Cr; for another the add of activated carbon can enhance the amount of organic carbon in soil and the amount of organic coated Cr, and then fix Cr.
引文
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